Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:17:26.413Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Characterization of structural transformation of graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide during thermal annealing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2020

Iman Sengupta ,
Suddhapalli S.S. Sharat Kumar ,
Surjya K. Pal  and
Sudipto Chakraborty
Iman Sengupta
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
Suddhapalli S.S. Sharat Kumar
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
Surjya K. Pal
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
Sudipto Chakraborty*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: sc@che.iitkgp.ernet.in
Get access

Abstract

Graphene enticed the scientific community for its interesting properties since its discovery. Among different synthesis routes of graphene, reduction of graphene oxide (GO) is mostly preferred because of scalability and advantage of modulation of properties of the end product. Thermal reduction of GO is considered to be the simplest and economic among different reduction techniques. The current work reports an experimental analysis of the structural evolution of GO to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) during thermal treatment. GO has been thermally annealed at an optimized temperature of 350 °C in ambient. Thermal reduction is observed after 7 min of annealing and confirmed by shifting of the first major peak from 12° to 23° in X-ray diffraction pattern. Significant carbon content enrichment and exfoliation are two aspects of the thermal reduction of GO. Carbon content suddenly enriches from 38 wt% in GO to 77 wt%. Exfoliation is confirmed by morphological alterations and decrease in carbon layers from eleven to three.

Keywords

annealingphase transformation
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 35 , Issue 9 , 14 May 2020 , pp. 1197 - 1204
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Geim, A.K. and Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, C., Xu, W., Brown, N., Naud, C., Li, X., Song, Z., Mayou, D., Li, T., Hass, J., Marchenkov, A., Conrad, E.H., First, P.N., De Heer, W.A.: Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene. Science 312, 1191 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, R.B., Yu, C., Chou, T., and Iqbal, Z.: Novel synthesis route to graphene using iron nanoparticles. J. Mater. Res. 29, 1522 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randviir, E.P., Brownson, D.A.C., and Banks, C.E.: A decade of graphene research: Production, applications and outlook. Mater. Today 17, 426 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pei, S. and Cheng, H.M.: The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 50, 3210 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Si, Y. and Samulski, E.T.: Synthesis of water soluble graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 1679 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, H.J., Kim, K.K., Benayad, A., Yoon, S.M., Park, H.K., Jung, I.S., Jin, M.H., Jeong, H.K., Kim, J.M., Choi, J.Y., and Lee, Y.H.: Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 1987 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández-Merino, M.J., Guardia, L., Paredes, J.I., Villar-Rodil, S., Solís-Fernández, P., Martínez-Alonso, A., and Tascón, J.M.D.: Vitamin C is an ideal substitute for hydrazine in the reduction of graphene oxide suspensions. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 6426 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, H., Wang, X-F., Qian, Q., Wang, F., and Xia, X.: A green approach to the synthesis of graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano 3, 2653 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero, A., Lavin-Lopez, M.P., Sanchez-Silva, L., Valverde, J.L., and Paton-Carrero, A.: Comparative study of different scalable routes to synthesize graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Mater. Chem. Phys. 203, 284 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y. and Wang, X.: An improved process for the graphene preparation via redox potential control. J. Mater. Res. 34, 3212 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, A., Sharma, N., Arif, M., and Katiyar, R.S.: Electrically reduced graphene oxide for photovoltaic application. J. Mater. Res. 34, 652 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sengupta, I., Chakraborty, S., Talukdar, M., Pal, S.K., and Chakraborty, S.: Thermal reduction of graphene oxide: How temperature influences purity. J. Mater. Res. 33, 4113 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, D., Velamakanni, A., Bozoklu, G., Park, S., Stoller, M., Piner, R.D., Stankovich, S., Jung, I., Field, D.A., Ventrice, C.A., and Ruoff, R.S.: Chemical analysis of graphene oxide films after heat and chemical treatments by X-ray photoelectron and Micro-Raman spectroscopy. Carbon 47, 145 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, S., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Wang, Y., and Hu, J.: Facile preparation of reduced graphene by optimizing oxidation condition and further reducing the exfoliated products. J. Mater. Res. 32, 383 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X., Wang, H., Robinson, J.T., Sanchez, H., and Diankov, G.: Simultaneous nitrogen doping and reduction of graphene oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 13, 15939 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, G.T.T., Manyam, J., Opaprakasit, P., Chanlek, N., Grisdanurak, N., and Sreearunothai, P.: Divergent mechanisms for thermal reduction of graphene oxide and their highly different ion affinities. Diam. Relat. Mater. 89, 246 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerf, A., He, H., Forster, M., and Klinowski, J.: Structure of graphite oxide revisited. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 4477 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabó, T., Berkesi, O., Forgó, P., Josepovits, K., Sanakis, Y., Petridis, D., and Dékány, I.: Evolution of surface functional groups in a series of progressively oxidized graphite oxides evolution of surface functional groups in a series of progressively oxidized graphite oxides. Chem. Mater. 18, 2740 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schniepp, H.C., Li, J.L., McAllister, M.J., Sai, H., Herrera-Alonson, M., Adamson, D.H., Prud’homme, R.K., Car, R., Seville, D.A., and Aksay, I.A.: Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 8535 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qiu, Y., Guo, F., Hurt, R., and Külaots, I.: Explosive thermal reduction of graphene oxide-based materials: Mechanism and safety implications. Carbon 72, 215 (2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, P.V., Bardhan, N.M., Chen, G.Y., Li, Z., Belcher, A.M., and Grossman, J.C.: New insights into the thermal reduction of graphene oxide: Impact of oxygen clustering. Carbon 100, 90 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, X., Jang, J., and Nagase, S.: Hydrazine and thermal reduction of graphene oxide: Reaction mechanisms and design. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 832 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, Y., Moore, S., Hurt, R., and Külaots, I.: Influence of external heating rate on the structure and porosity of thermally exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 111, 651 (2017).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dao, T.D. and Jeong, H.M.: Graphene prepared by thermal reduction—Exfoliation of graphite oxide: Effect of raw graphite particle size on the properties of graphite oxide and graphene. Mater. Res. Bull. 70, 651 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, M., Xu, C., and Gao, Y.: Open-air combustion synthesis of three-dimensional graphene for oil absorption and energy storage. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 238–239, 149 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, S.B. and De, M.: Thermally exfoliated graphene oxide for hydrogen storage. Mater. Chem. Phys. 239, 122102 (2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, G., Ocola, L.E., and Chen, J.: Gas detection using low-temperature reduced graphene oxide sheets. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 2 (2009).Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Lacey, S.D., Xu, L., Xie, H., Li, T., Danner, V.A., and Hu, L.: Reduced graphene oxide film with record-high conductivity and mobility. Mater. Today 21, 186 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, K. and Xue, D.: From graphite-clay composites to graphene electrode materials: In situ electrochemical oxidation and functionalization. Mater. Res. Bull. 96, 281 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y-R., Chiu, K-F., Lin, H.C., Hsieh, C-Y., Tsai, C.B., and Chu, B.T.T.: The effect of dispersion status with functionalized graphenes for electric double-layer capacitors. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 190, 59 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandi, S., Hastak, V., Pavithra, C.L.P., Kashyap, S., Singh, D.K., Luqman, S., Peshwe, D.R., and Srivastav, A.K.: Graphene/chitosan-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. J. Mater. Res. 34, 3389 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sengupta, I., Bhattacharya, P., Talukdar, M., Neogi, S., Pal, S.K., and Chakraborty, S.: Bactericidal effect of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide: Influence of shape of bacteria. Colloid Interface Sci. Commun. 28, 60 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fathy, M., Gomaa, A., Taher, F.A., El-Fass, M.M., and Kashyout, A.E.H.B.: Optimizing the preparation parameters of GO and rGO for large-scale production. J. Mater. Sci. 51, 5664 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azizighannad, S. and Mitra, S.: Stepwise reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and its effects on chemical and colloidal properties. Sci. Rep. 8, 10083 (2018).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, H., De Silva, K., Kumara, G.R.A., and Yoshimura, M.: Structural evolution of hydrothermally derived reduced graphene oxide. Sci. Rep. 8, 6849 (2018).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Silva, K.K.H., Huang, H.H., and Yoshimura, M.: Progress of reduction of graphene oxide by ascorbic acid. Appl. Surf. Sci. 447, 338 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcano, D.C., Kosynkin, D.V., Berlin, J.M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A., Alemany, L.B., Lu, W., and Tour, J.M.: Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 4, 4806 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattevi, C., Eda, G., Agnoli, S., Miller, S., Mkhoyan, K.A., Celik, O., Mastrogiovanni, D., Granozzi, G., Carfunkel, E., and Chhowalla, M.: Evolution of electrical, chemical, and structural properties of transparent and conducting chemically derived graphene thin films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 2577 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, Y., Collin, F., Hurt, R.H., and Külaots, I.: Thermochemistry and kinetics of graphite oxide exothermic decomposition for safety in large-scale storage and processing. Carbon 96, 20 (2016).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, H., Zhang, B., Bulin, C., Li, R., and Xing, R.: High-efficient synthesis of graphene oxide based on improved hummers method. Sci. Rep. 6, 36143 (2016).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saleh, T.A., Al-Shalalfeh, M.M., and Al-Saadi, A.A.: Silver loaded graphene as a substrate for sensing 2-thiouracil using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Sens. Actuators, B 254, 1110 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorio, A., Ferreira, E.H.M., Moutinho, M.V.O., Stavale, F., Achete, C.A., and Capaz, R.B.: Measuring disorder in graphene with the G and D bands. Phys. Status Solidi B 247, 2980 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araujo, P.T., Terrones, M., and Dresselhaus, M.S.: Defects and impurities in graphene-like materials. Mater. Today 15, 98 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eftekhari, A. and Garcia, H.: The necessity of structural irregularities for the chemical applications of graphene. Mater. Today Chem. 4, 1 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavin-Lopez, M.P., Paton-Carrero, A., Sanchez-Silva, L., Valverde, J.L., and Romero, A.: Influence of the reduction strategy in the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide. Adv. Powder Technol. 28, 3195 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chua, C.K. and Pumera, M.: Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: A synthetic chemistry viewpoint. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 291 (2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aunkor, M.T.H., Mahbubul, I.M., Saidur, R., and Metselaar, H.S.C.: Deoxygenation of graphene oxide using household baking soda as a reducing agent: A green approach. RSC Adv. 5, 70461 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar