Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:35:54.339Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microstructure characteristics and constitutive modeling for elevated temperature flow behavior of Al–Cu–Li X2A66 alloy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 December 2017

Liwei Zhong ,
Wenli Gao ,
Zhaohui Feng ,
Zheng Lu  and
Guoling Mao
Liwei Zhong
Affiliation:
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
Wenli Gao*
Affiliation:
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
Zhaohui Feng
Affiliation:
Institute of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloy, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China; and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Aluminum Alloys and Applications, Beijing 100095, China
Zheng Lu
Affiliation:
Institute of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloy, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China; and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Aluminum Alloys and Applications, Beijing 100095, China
Guoling Mao
Affiliation:
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: wenligaohd@163.com
Get access

Abstract

Uniaxial compression tests at the temperatures of 573–773 K and strain rates of 0.01–10 s−1 were conducted to investigate the hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of Al–Cu–Li X2A66 alloy. The results indicate that the main dynamic softening mechanisms of the alloy are dynamic recovery and partial dynamic recrystallization. The flow stress increases obviously with the decrease of temperature or the increase of strain rate. The material constants considering the effect of strain were determined by sixth-order polynomial fitting based on the corrected data. The developed Arrhenius-type constitutive equation coupling temperature, strain rate, and strain was established and could well predict the flow stress in the whole range of temperatures and strain rates except at 1 s−1 and 573 K. Moreover, the values of correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error were calculated, which further proved that the proposed constitutive model has high accuracy and reliability.

Keywords

Almicrostructuretransmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 33 , Issue 8 , 27 April 2018 , pp. 912 - 922
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Jürgen Eckert

References

REFERENCES

Dursun, T. and Soutis, C.: Recent developments in advanced aircraft aluminium alloys. Mater. Des. 56, 862–871 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starke, E.A.: Chapter 1—Historical development and present status of aluminum-lithium alloys. In Aluminum–Lithium Alloys, Prasad, N.E., Gokhale, A.A., and Wanhill, R.J.H., eds. (Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2014); pp. 3–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanhill, R.J.H.: Chapter 15—Aerospace applications of aluminum-lithium alloys. In Aluminum–Lithium Alloys, Prasad, N.E., Gokhale, A.A., and Wanhill, R.J.H., eds. (Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2014); pp. 503–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Y.Y., Zhang, C.S., Zhao, G.Q., Guan, Y.J., Gao, A.J., and Sun, W.C.: Constitutive equation and processing maps of an Al–Mg–Si aluminum alloy: Determination and application in simulating extrusion process of complex profiles. Mater. Des. 92, 983–997 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L., Zhao, G.Q., Yu, J.Q., and Zhang, W.D.: Constitutive analysis of homogenized 7005 aluminum alloy at evaluated temperature for extrusion process. Mater. Des. 66, 129–136 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paturi, U.M.R., Narala, S.K.R., and Pundir, R.S.: Constitutive flow stress formulation, model validation and FE cutting simulation for AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 605, 176–185 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezaei Ashtiani, H.R., Parsa, M.H., and Bisadi, H.: Constitutive equations for elevated temperature flow behavior of commercial purity aluminum. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 545, 61–67 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.C., Li, Q.F., Xia, Y.C., and Li, L.T.: A phenomenological constitutive model for high temperature flow stress prediction of Al–Cu–Mg alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 534, 654–662 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezaei Ashtiani, H.R. and Shahsavari, P.: Strain-dependent constitutive equations to predict high temperature flow behavior of AA2030 aluminum alloy. Mech. Mater. 100, 209–218 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.C., Wen, D.X., Huang, Y.C., Chen, X.M., and Chen, X.W.: A unified physically based constitutive model for describing strain hardening effect and dynamic recovery behavior of a Ni-based superalloy. J. Mater. Res. 30, 3784–3794 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shu, X.Y., Lu, S.Q., Wang, K.L., and Li, G.F.: A comparative study on constitutive equations and artificial neural network model to predict high-temperature deformation behavior in Nitinol 60 shape memory alloy. J. Mater. Res. 30, 1988–1998 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.C. and Chen, X.M.: A critical review of experimental results and constitutive descriptions for metals and alloys in hot working. Mater. Des. 32, 1733–1759 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zener, C. and Hollomon, J.H.: Effect of strain rate upon plastic flow of steel. J. Appl. Phys. 15, 22–32 (1944).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellars, C.M. and McTegart, W.J.: On the mechanism of hot deformation. Acta Metall. 14, 1136–1138 (1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonas, J.J., Sellars, C.M., and Tegart, W.J.McG.: Strength and structure under hot-working conditions. Int. Mater. Rev. 14, 1–24 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQueen, H.J. and Ryan, N.D.: Constitutive analysis in hot working. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 322, 43–63 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.C., Xia, Y.C., Chen, X.M., and Chen, M.S.: Constitutive descriptions for hot compressed 2124-T851 aluminum alloy over a wide range of temperature and strain rate. Comput. Mater. Sci. 50, 227–233 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L., Zhou, J., and Duszczyk, J.: Determination of a constitutive relationship for AZ31B magnesium alloy and validation through comparison between simulated and real extrusion. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 172, 372–380 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slooff, F.A., Zhou, J., Duszczyk, J., and Katgerman, L.: Constitutive analysis of wrought magnesium alloy Mg–Al4–Zn1. Scr. Mater. 57, 759–762 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebrahimi, R. and Najafizadeh, A.: A new method for evaluation of friction in bulk metal forming. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 152, 136–143 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roebuck, B., Lord, J.D., Brooks, M., Loveday, M.S., Sellars, C.M., and Evans, R.W.: Measurement of flow stress in hot axisymmetric compression tests. Mater. High Temp. 23, 59–83 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, Z.W., Chen, F.X., and Guo, J.Q.: Constitutive model for elevated temperature flow stress of AZ41M magnesium alloy considering the compensation of strain. J. Alloys Compd. 648, 215–222 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xia, Y.N., Zhang, C., Zhang, L.W., Shen, W.F., and Xu, Q.H.: A comparative study of constitutive models for flow stress behavior of medium carbon Cr–Ni–Mo alloyed steel at elevated temperature. J. Mater. Res. 32, 1–10 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, X.N., Guo, H.Z., Shi, Z.F., Qin, C., and Zhao, Z.L.: Constitutive equations for high temperature flow stress of TC4-DT alloy incorporating strain, strain rate and temperature. Mater. Des. 50, 198–206 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J.G., Liu, Y.C., Liu, C.X., Zhou, X.S., and Li, H.J.: Study on microstructural evolution and constitutive modeling for hot deformation behavior of a low-carbon RAFM steel. J. Mater. Res. 32, 1376–1385 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, H., Yang, L., Dong, J.X., Zhang, M.C., and Yao, Z.H.: The recrystallization model and microstructure prediction of alloy 690 during hot deformation. Mater. Des. 104, 162–173 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, L.Y., Fang, G., Zeng, P., and Wang, L.X.: Correction of flow stress and determination of constitutive constants for hot working of API X100 pipeline steel. Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping 132–133, 43–51 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, M. and Clode, M.P.: Constitutive equations for modelling flow softening due to dynamic recovery and heat generation during plastic deformation. Mech. Mater. 27, 63–76 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.C., He, D.G., Chen, M.S., Chen, X.M., Zhao, C.Y., Ma, X., and Long, Z.L.: EBSD analysis of evolution of dynamic recrystallization grains and δ phase in a nickel-based superalloy during hot compressive deformation. Mater. Des. 97, 13–24 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ning, Y.Q., Wang, T., Fu, M.W., Li, M.Z., Wang, L., and Zhao, C.D.: Competition between work-hardening effect and dynamic-softening behavior for processing as-cast GH4720Li superalloys with original dendrite microstructure during moderate-speed hot compression. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 642, 187–193 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, P.: Serrated plastic flow. Bull. Mater. Sci. 6, 653–663 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pu, E.X., Zheng, W.J., Song, Z.G., Feng, H., and Dong, H.: Hot deformation characterization of nickel-based superalloy UNS10276 through processing map and microstructural studies. J. Alloys Compd. 694, 617–631 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, D.F., Guo, Q.M., Guo, S.L., Peng, H.J., and Wu, Z.G.: The microstructure evolution and nucleation mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization in hot-deformed Inconel 625 superalloy. Mater. Des. 32, 696–705 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, M., Lin, Y.C., Deng, J., and Jiang, Y.Q.: Hot tensile deformation behaviors and constitutive model of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. Mater. Des. 59, 141–150 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, F., Shen, J., Yan, X.D., Sun, J.L., Sun, X.L., Yang, Y., and Liu, Y.: High-temperature flow behavior modeling of 2099 alloy considering strain effects. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24, 798–805 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, H., Jin, N.P., and Chen, J.H.: Hot deformation behavior of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr aluminum alloys during compression at elevated temperature. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 21, 437–442 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, J., Li, F.G., Liu, T.Y., Chen, B., and He, M.: Constitutive equations for elevated temperature flow stress of Ti–6Al–4V alloy considering the effect of strain. Mater. Des. 32, 1144–1151 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srinivasulu, S. and Jain, A.: A comparative analysis of training methods for artificial neural network rainfall-runoff models. Appl. Soft Comput. 6, 295–306 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar