Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:58:24.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nanoindentation of compliant materials using Berkovich tips and flat tips

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2016

Congrui Jin  and
Donna M. Ebenstein
Congrui Jin*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
Donna M. Ebenstein
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, USA
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: cjin@binghamton.edu
Get access

Abstract

Nanoindentation testing of compliant materials has recently attracted substantial attention. However, nanoindentation is not readily applicable to softer materials, as numerous challenges remain to be overcome. One key concern is the significant effect of adhesion between the indenter tip and the sample, leading to larger contact areas and higher contact stiffness for a given applied force relative to the Hertz model. Although the nano-Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) force curve method has demonstrated its capabilities to correct for errors due to adhesion, it has not been widely adopted, mainly because it works only with perfectly spherical tips. In this paper, we successfully extend the nano-JKR force curve method to include Berkovich and flat indenter tips by conducting numerical simulations in which the adhesive interactions are represented by an interaction potential and the surface deformations are coupled by using half-space Green’s functions discretized on the surface.

Keywords

adhesionnanoindentationpolymer
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , 27 January 2017 , pp. 435 - 450
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

ISO standard 14577: Metallic materials—Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameter. Part 1, part 2 and part 3, 2003; part 4, 2007. Google Scholar
Ebenstein, D.M. and Pruitt, L.A.: Nanoindentation of biological materials. Nano Today 1, 26 (2006).Google Scholar
Ebenstein, D.M.: Nanoindentation of soft tissues and other biological materials. In Handbook of Nanoindentation with Biological Applications, Oyen, M.L., ed. (Pan Stanford Publishing, Singapore, 2010); p. 350.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J.D., Miller, G.J., Morgan, E.F., and Klapperich, C.M.: Time-dependent mechanical characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels using nanoindentation and unconfined compression. J. Mater. Res. 23, 1472 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J.D. and Klapperich, C.M.: Surface detection errors cause overestimation of the modulus in nanoindentation on soft materials. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2, 312 (2009).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deuschle, J., Enders, S., and Arzt, E.: Surface detection in nanoindentation of soft polymers. J. Mater. Res. 22, 3107 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Landingham, M.R., Villarrubia, J.S., Guthrie, W.F., and Meyers, G.F.: Nanoindentation of polymers: An overview. Macromol. Symp. 167, 15 (2001).3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrillo, F., Gupta, S., Balooch, M., Marshall, S.J., Marshall, G.W., Pruitt, L., and Puttlitz, C.M.: Nanoindentation of polydimethylsiloxane elastomers: Effect of crosslinking, work of adhesion, and fluid environment on elastic modulus. J. Mater. Res. 20, 2820 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebenstein, D.M. and Wahl, K.J.: A comparison of JKR-based methods to analyze quasi-static and dynamic indentation force curves. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 298, 652 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, S., Carrillo, F., Li, C., Pruitt, L., and Puttlitz, C.: Adhesive forces significantly affect elastic modulus determination of soft polymeric materials in nanoindentation. Mater. Lett. 61, 448 (2007).Google Scholar
Franke, O., Goken, M., and Hodge, A.M.: The nanoindentation of soft tissue: Current and developing approaches. JOM 60, 49 (2008).Google Scholar
Tang, B. and Ngan, A.H.W.: Nanoindentation measurement of mechanical properties of soft solid covered by a thin liquid film. Soft Matter 5, 169 (2007).Google Scholar
Cao, Y.F., Yang, D.H., and Soboyejoy, W.: Nanoindentation method for determining the initial contact and adhesion characteristics of soft polydimethylsiloxane. J. Mater. Res. 20, 2004 (2005).Google Scholar
Grunlan, J.C., Xinyun, X., Rowenhorst, D., and Gerberich, W.W.: Preparation and evaluation of tungsten tips relative to diamond for nanoindentation of soft materials. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 2804 (2001).Google Scholar
Deuschle, J.K., Buerki, G., Deuschle, H.M., Enders, S., Michler, J., and Arzt, E.: In situ indentation testing of elastomers. Acta Mater. 56, 4390 (2008).Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Volinsky, A.A., and Gallant, N.D.: Nanoindentation study of polydimethylsiloxane elastic modulus using Berkovich and flat punch tips. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 41384 (2015).Google Scholar
De Paoli, F. and Volinsky, A.A.: Obtaining full contact for measuring polydimethylsiloxane mechanical properties with flat punch nanoindentation. MethodsX 2, 374 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buffinton, C.M., Tong, K.J., Blaho, R.A., Buffinton, E.M., and Ebenstein, D.M.: Comparison of mechanical testing methods for biomaterials: Pipette aspiration, nanoindentation, and macroscale testing. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 51, 367 (2015).Google Scholar
Tong, K.J. and Ebenstein, D.M.: Comparison of spherical and flat tips for indentation of hydrogels. JOM 67, 713 (2015).Google Scholar
Kohn, J.C. and Ebenstein, D.M.: Eliminating adhesion errors in nanoindentation of compliant polymers and hydrogels. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 20, 316 (2013).Google Scholar
Ferguson, V.L., Bushby, A.J., and Boyde, A.: Nanomechanical properties and mineral concentration in articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone. J. Anat. 203, 191 (2003).Google Scholar
Leong, P.L. and Morgan, E.F.: Measurement of fracture callus material properties via nanoindentation. Acta Biomaterialia 4, 1569 (2008).Google Scholar
Ebenstein, D.M.: Nano-JKR force curve method overcomes challenges of surface detection and adhesion for nanoindentation of a compliant polymer in air and water. J. Mater. Res. 28, 1026 (2011).Google Scholar
Alisafaei, F., Han, C-S., and Sanei, S.H.R.: On the time and indentation depth dependence of hardness, dissipation and stiffness in poly-dimethylsiloxane. Polym. Test. 32, 1220 (2013).Google Scholar
Klapperich, C., Pruitt, L., and Komvopoulos, K.: Nanomechanical properties of energetically treated polyethylene surfaces. J. Mater. Res. 17, 423 (2002).Google Scholar
Johnson, K.L.: Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, W.C. and Pharr, G.M.: An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borodich, F.M. and Galanov, B.A.: Non-direct estimations of adhesive and elastic properties of materials by depth-sensing indentation. Proc. R. Soc., Ser. A 464, 2759 (2008).Google Scholar
Berkovich, E.S.: Three-faced diamond pyramid for micro-hardness testing. Int. Diamond Rev. 11, 129 (1951).Google Scholar
Sneddon, I.A.: The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 3, 47 (1965).Google Scholar
Tabor, D.: Surface forces and surface interactions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 58, 2 (1977).Google Scholar
Barthel, E.: Adhesive elastic contacts: JKR and more. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 163001 (2008).Google Scholar
Muller, V.M., Yushchenko, V.S., and Derjaguin, B.V.: On the influence of molecular forces on the deformation of an elastic sphere and its sticking to a rigid plane. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 77, 91 (1980).Google Scholar
Greenwood, J.A.: Adhesion of elastic spheres. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 453, 1277 (1997).Google Scholar
Galanov, B.A.: Development of analytical and numerical methods for study of models of materials. In Report for the Project 7.06.00/001-92, 7.06.00/015-92. (Institute for Problems in Materials Science, Kiev, Ukrainian, 1993).Google Scholar
Borodich, F.M.: Hertz type contact problems for power-law shaped bodies. In Contact Problems: The Legacy of L.A. Galin, Gladwell, G.M.L., ed. (Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2008); p. 261.Google Scholar
Borodich, F.M.: The Hertz-type and adhesive contact problems for depth-sensing indentation. Adv. Appl. Mech. 47, 225 (2014).Google Scholar
Jin, C., Jagota, A., and Hui, C-Y.: An easy-to-implement numerical simulation method for adhesive contact problems involving asymmetric adhesive contact. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44, 405303 (2011).Google Scholar
Giannakopoulos, A.E., Larsson, P-L., and Vestregaard, R.: Analysis of Vickers indentation. Int. J. Solids Struct. 31, 2670 (1994).Google Scholar
Larsson, P-L., Giannakopoulos, A.E., Soderlund, E., Rowcliffe, D.J., and Vestergaard, R.: Analysis of Berkovich indentation. Int. J. Solids Struct. 33, 221 (1996).Google Scholar
Chudoba, T. and Jennett, N.: Higher accuracy analysis of instrumented indentation data obtained with pointed indenters. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 215407 (2008).Google Scholar
Israelachvili, J.N.: Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd ed. (Academic, San Diego, 1992).Google Scholar
Hui, C-Y., Jagota, A., Bennison, S.J., and Londono, J.D.: Crack blunting and the strength of soft elastic solids. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 459, 1489 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, T., Hui, C.Y., Jagota, A., and Chaudhury, M.K.: Thermal fluctuations limit the adhesive strength of compliant solids. J. Adhes. 82, 671 (2006).Google Scholar
Johnson, K.L. and Greenwood, J.A.: An adhesion map for the contact of elastic spheres. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 192, 326 (1997).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kogut, L. and Etsion, I.: Adhesion in elastic-plastic spherical microcontact. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 261, 372 (2003).Google Scholar
Du, Y., Chen, L., McGruer, N.E., Adams, G.G., and Etsion, I.: A finite element model of loading and unloading of an asperity contact with adhesion and plasticity. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 312, 522 (2007).Google Scholar
Song, Z. and Komvopoulos, K.: Adhesion-induced instabilities in elastic and elastic–plastic contacts during single and repetitive normal loading. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 59, 884 (2011).Google Scholar
Jagota, A. and Argento, C.: An intersurface stress tensor. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 191, 326 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, N. and Polycarpou, A.: Adhesive contact based on the Lennard–Jones potential: A correction to the value of the equilibrium distance as used in the potential. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 278, 428 (2004).Google Scholar
Borodich, F.M., Galanov, B.A., Keer, L.M., and Suarez-Alvarez, M.M.: The JKR-type adhesive contact problems for transversely isotropic elastic solids. Mech. Mater. 75, 34 (2014).Google Scholar
Fafard, M. and Massicotte, B.: Geometrical interpretation of the arc-length method. Comput. Struct. 46, 603 (1993).Google Scholar
Jin, C., Khare, K., Vajpayee, S., Yang, S., Jagota, A., and Hui, C-Y.: Adhesive contact between a rippled elastic surface and a rigid spherical indenter: From partial to full contact. Soft Matter 7, 10728 (2011).Google Scholar
Borodich, F.M., Galanov, B.A., and Suarez-Alvarez, M.M.: The JKR-type adhesive contact problems for power-law shaped axisymmetric punches. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 68, 14 (2014).Google Scholar
Spolenak, R., Gorb, S., Gao, H., and Arzt, E.: Effects of contact shape on biological attachments. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 461, 305 (2005).Google Scholar
McElhaney, K.W., Vlassak, J.J., and Nix, W.D.: Determination of indenter tip geometry and indentation contact area for depth-sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 13, 1300 (1998).Google Scholar
Johnston, I.D., McCluskey, D.K., Tan, C.K.L., and Tracey, M.C.: Mechanical characterization of bulk Sylgard 184 for microfluidics and microengineering. J. Micromech. Microeng. 24, 035017 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharfeddin, A., Volinsky, A.A., Mohan, G., and Gallant, N.D.: Comparison of the macroscale and microscale tests for measuring elastic properties of polydimethylsiloxane. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 42680 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shull, K.R.: Contact mechanics and the adhesion of soft solids. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 36, 1 (2002).Google Scholar
Yu, Y.L., Sanchez, D., and Lu, N.S.: Work of adhesion/separation between soft elastomers of different mixing ratios. J. Mater. Res. 30, 2702 (2015).Google Scholar
Smith, R.L. and Sutherland, G.E.: Some notes on the use of a diamond pyramid for hardness testing. Iron Steel Inst. 1, 285 (1925).Google Scholar
Knoop, F., Peters, C.G., and Emerson, W.B.: A sensitive pyramidal-diamond tool for indentation measurements. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 23, 39 (1939).Google Scholar