Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T21:50:35.519Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Orientation dependence of swift heavy ion track formation in potassium titanyl phosphate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2016

Yu-Jie Ma ,
Pablo Mota Santiago ,
Matias D. Rodriguez ,
Felipe Kremer ,
Daniel Schauries ,
Boshra Afra ,
Thomas Bierschenk ,
David J. Llewellyn ,
Fei Lu  and
Mark C. Ridgway
...Show all authors
Yu-Jie Ma
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia; and School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
Pablo Mota Santiago
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Matias D. Rodriguez
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Felipe Kremer
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Daniel Schauries
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Boshra Afra
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Thomas Bierschenk
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
David J. Llewellyn
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Fei Lu
Affiliation:
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
Mark C. Ridgway
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Patrick Kluth*
Affiliation:
Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: patrick.kluth@anu.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

Potassium titanyl phosphate crystals in both x-cut and z-cut were irradiated with 185 MeV Au ions. The morphology of the resulting ion tracks was investigated using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SAXS measurements indicate the presence of cylindrical ion tracks with abrupt boundaries and a density contrast of 1 ± 0.5% compared to the surrounding matrix, consistent with amorphous tracks. The track radius depends on the crystalline orientation, with 6.0 ± 0.1 nm measured for ion tracks along the x-axis and 6.3 ± 0.1 nm for those along the z-axis. TEM images in both cross-section and plan-view show amorphous ion tracks with radii comparable to those determined from SAXS analysis. The protruding hillocks covering the sample surface detected by AFM are consistent with a lower density of the amorphous material within the ion tracks compared to the surrounding matrix. Simulations using an inelastic thermal-spike model indicate that differences in the thermal conductivity along the z- and x-axis can partially explain the different track radii along these directions.

Keywords

ion-solid interactionsdefects
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 31 , Issue 15 , 15 August 2016 , pp. 2329 - 2336
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Dunlop, A. and Lesueur, D.: Damage creation via electronic excitations in metallic targets part I: Experimental results. Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 126, 123 (1993).Google Scholar
Meftah, A., Costantini, J.M., Khalfaoui, N., Boudjadar, S., Stoquert, J.P., Studer, F., and Toulemonde, M.: Experimental determination of track cross-section in Gd3Ga5O12 and comparison to the inelastic thermal spike model applied to several materials. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 237, 563 (2005).Google Scholar
Levalois, M., Bogdanski, P., and Toulemonde, M.: Induced damage by high energy heavy ion irradiation at the GANIL accelerator in semiconductor materials. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 63, 14 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesch, W., Kamarou, A., and Wendler, E.: Effect of high electronic energy deposition in semiconductors. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 225, 111 (2004).Google Scholar
Ridgway, M.C., Bierschenk, T., Giulian, R., Afra, B., Rodriguez, M.D., Araujo, L.L., Byrne, A.P., Kirby, N., Pakarinen, O.H., Djurabekova, F., Nordlund, K., Schleberger, M., Osmani, O., Medvedev, N., Rethfeld, B., and Kluth, P.: Tracks and voids in amorphous Ge induced by swift heavy-ion irradiation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 245502 (2013).Google Scholar
Bierschenk, T., Giulian, R., Afra, B., Rodriguez, M.D., Schauries, D., Mudie, S., Pakarinen, O.H., Djurabekova, F., Nordlund, K., Osmani, O., Medvedev, N., Rethfeld, B., Ridgway, M.C., and Kluth, P.: Latent ion tracks in amorphous silicon. Phys. Rev. B 88, 174111 (2013).Google Scholar
Trautmann, C., Toulemonde, M., Schwartz, K., Costantini, J.M., and Mueller, A.: Damage structure in the ionic crystal LiF irradiated with swift heavy ions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 164–165, 365 (2000).Google Scholar
Toulemonde, M., Balanzat, E., Bouffard, S., and Jousset, J.C.: Structural modifications induced by electronic energy deposition during the slowing down of heavy ions in matter. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 39, 1 (1989).Google Scholar
Toulemonde, M., Trautmann, C., Balanzat, E., Hjort, K., and Weidinger, A.: Track formation and fabrication of nanostructures with MeV-ion beams. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 216, 1 (2004).Google Scholar
Meftah, A., Brisard, F., Costantini, J.M., Dooryhee, E., Hage-Ali, M., Hervieu, M., Stoquert, J.P., Studer, F., and Toulemonde, M.: Track formation in SiO2 quartz and the thermal-spike mechanism. Phys. Rev. B 49, 12457 (1994).Google Scholar
Barbu, A., Dunlop, A., Lesueur, D., and Averback, R.S.: Latent tracks do exist in metallic materials. Europhys. Lett. 15, 37 (1991).Google Scholar
Dufour, C., Audouard, A., Beuneu, F., Dural, J., Girard, J.P., Hairie, A., Levalois, M., Paumier, E., and Toulemonde, M.: A high-resistivity phase induced by swift heavy-ion irradiation of Bi: A probe for thermal spike damage? J. Phys. Condens. Matter 5, 4573 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y.S., Dentz, D., and Belt, R.: High-average-power intracavity second-harmonic generation using KTiOPO4 in an acousto-optically Q-switched Nd:YAG laser oscillator at 5 kHz. Opt. Lett. 9, 76 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zumsteg, F.C., Bierlein, J.D., and Gier, T.E.: K x Rb1−x TiOPO4: A new nonlinear optical material. J. Appl. Phys. 47, 4980 (1976).Google Scholar
Chen, F.: Micro- and submicrometric waveguiding structures in optical crystals produced by ion beams for photonic applications. Laser Photonics Rev. 6, 622 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opfermann, Th., Höche, Th., Klaumünzer, S., and Wesch, W.: Formation of amorphous tracks in KTiOPO4 during swift heavy ion implantation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 166–167, 954 (2000).Google Scholar
Bindner, P., Boudrioua, A., Loulergue, J.C., and Moretti, P.: Formation of planar optical waveguides in potassium titanyl phosphate by double implantation of protons. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2558 (2001).Google Scholar
Opfermann, Th., Höche, Th., and Wesch, W.: Radiation damage in KTiOPO4 by ion implantation of light elements. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sec. B 166–167, 309 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesch, W., Opfermann, Th., and Bachmann, T.: Radiation damage in KTiOPO4 by ion implantation of light elements. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sec. B 141, 338 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, K.M. and Shi, B.R.: Waveguide formation of KTiOPO4 by multienergy MeV He+ implantation. J. Mater. Res. 11, 1333 (1996).Google Scholar
Rodriguez, M.D., Afra, B., Trautmann, C., Toulemonde, M., Bierschenk, T., Leslie, J., Giulian, R., Kirby, N., and Kluth, P.: Morphology of swift heavy ion tracks in metallic glasses. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 358, 571 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluth, P., Schnohr, C.S., Pakarinen, O.H., Djurabekova, F., Sprouster, D.J., Giulian, R., Ridgway, M.C., Byrne, A.P., Trautmann, C., Cookson, D.J., Nordlund, K., and Toulemonde, M.: Fine structure in swift heavy ion tracks in amorphous SiO2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 175503 (2008).Google Scholar
Kluth, P., Schnohr, C.S., Sprouster, D.J., Byrne, A.P., Cookson, D.J., and Ridgway, M.C.: Measurement of latent tracks in amorphous SiO2 using small angle X-ray scattering. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sec. B 266, 2994 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluth, P., Pakarinen, O.H., Djurabekova, F., Giulian, R., Ridgway, M.C., Byrne, A.P., and Nordlund, K.: Nanoscale density fluctuations in swift heavy ion irradiated amorphous SiO2 . J. Appl. Phys. 110, 123520 (2011).Google Scholar
Afra, B., Lang, M., Rodriguez, M.D., Zhang, J., Giulian, R., Kirby, N., Ewing, R.C., Trautmann, C., Toulemonde, M., and Kluth, P.: Annealing kinetics of latent particle tracks in Durango apatite. Phys. Rev. B 83, 064116 (2011).Google Scholar
Kirby, N.M., Mudie, S.T., Hawley, A.M., Cookson, D.J., Mertens, H.D.T., Cowieson, N., and Samardzic-Boban, V.: A low-background-intensity focusing small-angle X-ray scattering undulator beamline. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46, 1670 (2013).Google Scholar
Zhang, F., Ilavsky, J., Long, G.G., Quintana, J.P.G., Allen, A.J., and Jemian, P.R.: Glassy carbon as an absolute intensity calibration standard for small-angle scattering. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 41A, 1151 (2010).Google Scholar
Riedel, C. and Spohr, R.: Statistical properties of etched nuclear tracks I. Analytical theory and computer simulation. Radiat. Eff. 42, 69 (1979).Google Scholar
Schauries, D., Lang, M., Pakarinen, O.H., Botis, S., Afra, B., Rodriguez, M.D., Djurabekova, F., Nordlund, K., Severin, D., Bender, M., Li, W.X., Trautmann, C., Ewing, R.C., Kirby, N., and Kluth, P.: Temperature dependence of ion track formation in quartz and apatite. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46, 1558 (2013).Google Scholar
Schauries, D., Leino, A.A., Afra, B., Rodriguez, M.D., Djurabekova, F., Nordlund, K., Kirby, N., Trautmann, C., and Kluth, P.: Orientation dependent annealing kinetics of ion tracks in c-SiO2 . J. Appl. Phys. 118, 224305 (2015).Google Scholar
Rodriguez, M.D., Li, W.X., Chen, F., Trautmann, C., Bierschenk, T., Afra, B., Schauries, D., Ewing, R.C., Mudie, S.T., and Kluth, P.: SAXS and TEM investigation of ion tracks in neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 326, 150 (2014).Google Scholar
Skuratov, V.A., Zinkle, S.J., Efimov, A.E., and Havancsak, K.: Swift heavy ion-induced modification of Al2O3 and MgO surfaces. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 203, 136 (2003).Google Scholar
Ramos, S.M.M., Bonardi, N., Canut, B., Bouffard, S., and Della-Negra, S.: Damage creation in α-Al2O3 by MeV fullerene impacts. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 143, 319 (1998).Google Scholar
Wang, Z.G., Dufour, C., Paumier, E., and Toulemonde, M.: The S e sensitivity of metals under swift-heavy-ionirradiation: A transient thermal process. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 6, 6733 (1994).Google Scholar
Toulemonde, M., Paumier, E., Costantini, J.M., Dufour, Ch., Meftah, A., and Studer, F.: Track creation in SiO2 and BaFe12O19 by swift heavy ions: A thermal spike description. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 116, 37 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toulemonde, M., Dufour, C., Meftah, A., and Paumier, E.: Transient thermal processes in heavy ion irradiation of crystalline inorganic insulators. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 116–167, 903 (2000).Google Scholar
Waligórski, M.P.R., Hamm, R.N., and Katz, R.: The radial distribution of dose around the path of a heavy ion in liquid water. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 11, 309 (1986).Google Scholar
Dufour, Ch., Khomenkov, V., Rizza, G., and Toulemonde, M.: Ion-matter interaction: The three-dimensional version of the thermal spike model. Application to nanoparticle irradiation with swift heavy ions. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45, 065302 (2012).Google Scholar
Martynenko, Y.V. and Yavlinskii, Y.N.: Cooling of the electron gas of a metal at high temperatures. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 28, 391 (1983).Google Scholar
Komarov, F.F.: Defect and track formation in solids irradiated by superhigh-energy ions. Phys.-Usp. 46, 1253 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
T. Hikita, Y. Shiozaki, E. Nakamura, and T. Mitsui (ed.) Springer Materials 35A-6: 10-11, 13, 15-16 KTiOPO4[F]: 10 Light Scattering, 11 Conduction, 13 NMR, ESR, 15 Domains, 16 Miscellanea, Landolt-Börnstein—Group III Condensed Matter 36B1 (Inorganic Substances Other than Oxides. Part 1: SbSI family… TAAP) (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg ©2004).Google Scholar
Chu, D.K.T., Bierlein, J.D., and Hunsperger, G.: Piezoelectric and acoustic properties of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and its isomorphs. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectrics Freq. Contr. 39, 683 (1992).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D.K.T. Chu, J.D. Bierlein, and G. Hunsperger: Piezoelectric, elastic, and ferroelectric properties of KTiOPO4 and its isomorphs. In Frequency Control Symposium, 1992. 46th. Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE, 732 (1992).Google Scholar
Li, W., Kluth, P., Schauries, D., Rodriguez, M.D., Lang, M., Zhang, F., Zdorovets, M., Trautmann, C., and Ewing, R.C.: Effect of orientation on ion track formation in apatite and zircon. Am. Mineral. 99, 1127 (2014).Google Scholar