Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:56:06.321Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of benzoxazine-based heteroatom-doped carbon materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2019

Xiaoli Gao ,
Xiaobo Sun ,
Li Xu ,
Haihan Zhang  and
Guoji Liu
Xiaoli Gao
Affiliation:
School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
Xiaobo Sun
Affiliation:
School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
Li Xu*
Affiliation:
School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
Haihan Zhang
Affiliation:
School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
Guoji Liu
Affiliation:
School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: xuli@zzu.edu.cn
Get access

Abstract

In this work, the nitrogen-doped carbon materials (NCM) and nitrogen/sulfur codoped carbon materials (NSCM) were prepared using conventional benzoxazine (BOZ) and sulfur-containing benzoxazine as precursor and SBA-15 as template. The morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of carbon materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, the X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge. The results show that the as-prepared carbon materials have ordered mesoporous structure, large specific surface area, and excellent electrochemical properties. The NSCM treated at 800 °C exhibit an extremely high specific capacitance of 550 F/g at the current density of 0.5 A/g in 0.5 mol H2SO4 electrolyte, which shows great improvement compared with NCM. The nitrogen/sulfur codoping is suggested to be a very effective method to improve the performance of carbon materials, and the NSCM should be a promising candidate as electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Keywords

chemical synthesisenergy storagenanostructure
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 34 , Issue 7: Focus Section: Interconnects and Interfaces in Energy Conversion Materials , 15 April 2019 , pp. 1219 - 1228
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

El-Kady, M.F., Strong, V., Dubin, S., and Kaner, R.B.: Laser scribing of high performance and flexible graphene-based electrochemical capacitors. Science 335, 1326 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niu, Z-Q., Dong, H-B., Zhu, B-W., Li, J-Z., Hng, H.H., Zhou, W-Y., Chen, X-D., and Xie, S-S.: Highly stretchable, integrated supercapacitors based on single-walled carbon nanotube films with continuous reticulate architecture. Adv. Mater. 25, 1058 (2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merlet, C., Rotenberg, B., Madden, P.A., Taberna, P.L., Simon, P., Gogotsi, Y., and Salanne, M.: On the molecular origin of supercapacitance in nanoporous carbon electrodes. Nat. Mater. 11, 306 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhattacharjya, D., Kim, M.S., Bae, T.S., and Yu, J-S.: High performance supercapacitor prepared from hollow mesoporous carbon capsules with hierarchical nanoarchitecture. J. Power Sources 244, 800 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, J., Zhang, D-Y., Zhao, J-Q., Wang, X-L., Zhu, H., and Wang, C-Y.: Meso- and micro- porous composite carbons derived from humic acid for supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 136, 504 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, J-J., Chen, S., Jaroniec, M., and Qiao, S-Z.: Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for energy-relevant electrocatalytic processes. ACS Catal. 5, 5207 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasegawa, G., Deguchi, T., Kanamori, K., Kobayashi, Y., Kageyama, H., Abe, T., and Nakanishi, K.: High-level doping of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur into activated carbon monoliths and their electrochemical capacitances. Chem. Mater. 27, 4703 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, T., Zhang, C-X., Sun, X., Guo, Y-X., Guo, H., Tang, J., Xue, H-R., Liu, M-Z., Zhang, X-X., Zhu, L., Xie, Q-Q., and He, J-P.: Synthesis of ordered mesoporous boron-containing carbon films and their corrosion behavior in simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cells environment. J. Power Sources 212, 1 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, D-S., Zhou, T-X., Zhou, S-L., Zou, W-J., Mo, S-S., and Xia, N-N.: Nitrogen-enriched carbon nanowires from the direct carbonization of polyaniline nanowires and its electrochemical properties. Electrochem. Commun. 13, 242 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, J-H., Cao, C-B., Idrees, F., and Ma, X-L.: Hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets derived from silk for ultrahigh-capacity battery anodes and supercapacitors. ACS Nano 9, 2556 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y-J., Wang, G-L., Wei, T., Fan, Z-J., and Yan, P.: Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon nanosheets derived from willow catkin for supercapacitors. Nano Energy 19, 165 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, Y., Cong, W-T., Fujita, T., Tang, Z., and Chen, M-W.: High catalytic activity of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped nanoporous graphene in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 54, 2131 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, C-L., Sun, L., Zhou, Y., Wan, P., Zhang, X., and Qiu, J-S.: P/N co-doped microporous carbons from H3PO4-doped poly-aniline by in situ activation for supercapacitors. Carbon 59, 537 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Z-S., Winter, A., Chen, L., Sun, Y., Turchanin, A., Feng, X-L., and Mullen, K.: Three-dimensional nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene for high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 24, 5130 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agag, T., Arza, C.R., Maurer, F.H.J., and Ishida, H.: Primary amine-functional benzoxazine monomers and their use for amide-containing monomeric benzoxazines. Macromolecules 43, 2748 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hao, G-P., Li, W-C., Qian, D., Wang, G-H., Zhang, W-P., Zhang, T., Wang, A-Q., Schüth, F., Bongard, H.J., and Lu, A-H.: Structurally designed synthesis of mechanically stable poly-(benzoxazine-co-resol)-based porous carbon monoliths and their application as high-performance CO2 capture sorbents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 11379 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wan, L., Wang, J-L., Xie, L-J., Sun, Y-H., and Li, K-X.: Nitrogen-enriched hierarchically porous carbons prepared from polybenzoxazine for high performance supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 15583 (2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ai, W., Xie, L-H., Du, Z-Z., Zeng, Z-Y., Liu, J-Q., Zhang, H., Huang, Y-H., Huang, W., and Yu, T.: A novel graphene-polysulfide anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 3, 2341 (2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, N-N., Yin, L-W., Wang, C-X., Zhang, L-Y., Lun, N., Xiang, D., Qi, Y-X., and Gao, R.: Adjusting the texture and nitrogen content of ordered mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon materials prepared using SBA-15 silica as a template. Carbon 48, 3581 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mateyshina, Y.L., Ukhina, A., Brezhneva, L., and Uvarov, N.: Synthesis and electrochemical properties of nanoporous carbon electrode materials for supercapacitors. J. Alloys Compd. 707, 339 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, T-K., Zhang, J-K., Du, Z., Liu, Y-H., Zhou, G-L., and Wang, J-T.: Dopamine-derived N-doped carbon decorated titanium carbide composite for enhanced supercapacitive performance. Electrochim. Acta 254, 311 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, D-Y., Hao, Y., Zheng, L-W., Ma, Y., Feng, H-X., and Luo, H-M.: Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped ordered mesoporous carbon with enhanced electrochemical capacitance performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 7586 (2013).Google Scholar
Zhao, Q-L., Wang, X-Y., Wu, C., Liu, J., Wang, H., Gao, J., and Zhang, Y-W.: Supercapacitive performance of hierarchical porous carbon microspheres prepared by simple one-pot method. J. Power Sources 254, 13 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, J., Du, X., Gibson, C., Du, X-W., and Qiao, S-Z.: N-doped graphene natively grown on hierarchical ordered porous carbon for enhanced oxygen reduction. Adv. Mater. 25, 6227 (2013).Google ScholarPubMed
Li, W., Zhou, M., Li, H-M., Wang, K-L., Cheng, S-J., and Jiang, K.: A high performance sulfur-doped disordered carbon anode for sodium ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2917 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qie, L., Chen, W-M., Xiong, X-Q., Hu, C-C., Zou, F., Hu, P., and Huang, Y-H.: Sulfur-doped carbon with enlarged interlayer distance as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 2, 1500195 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, X-C., Zhang, Q., Chen, C-M., Zhang, B-S., Reiche, S., Wang, A-Q., Zhang, T., Schlogl, R., and Su, D-S.: Aromatic sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone mediated mesoporous carbon monolith for use in supercapacitor. Nano Energy 1, 627 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, D-Y., Han, M., Wang, B., Li, Y-B., Lei, L-Y., Wang, K-J., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., and Feng, H-X.: Superior supercapacitors based on nitrogen and sulfur co-doped hierarchical porous carbon: Excellent rate capability and cycle stability. J. Power Sources 358, 114 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L-F., Zhang, X-D., Liang, H-W., Kong, M-G., Guan, Q-F., Chen, P., Hu, Z-Y., and Yu, S-H.: Synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. ACS Nano 6, 7094 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, Y-H., Zhang, F., Zhang, T-F., Leng, K., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Ma, Y-F., Huang, Y., Zhang, M-J., and Chen, Y-S.: Synthesis and supercapacitor performance studies of N-doped graphene materials using o-phenylenediamine as the double-N precursor. Carbon 63, 512 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J-J., Zhang, D., Wang, Y., and Hou, B-R.: Electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped graphene synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal process towards oxygen reduction reaction. J. Power Sources 227, 188 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, B., Zhao, J-X., Wang, M-J., Mullavey, J., Zhu, Y-T., Geng, Z-S., Chen, D-C., Ding, Y., Moon, K.S., Liu, M-L., and Wong, C-P.: Systematic study on structural and electronic properties of diamine/triamine functionalized graphene networks for supercapacitor application. Nano Energy 31, 183–193 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, B., Choi, J.I., Zhu, Y-T., Geng, Z-S., Zhang, L., Lin, Z-Y., Tuan, C-C., Moon, K.S., and Wong, C-P.: Molecular level study of graphene networks functionalized with phenylenediamine monomers for supercapacitor electrodes. Chem. Mater. 28, 9115 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Q., Wu, X-Z., Zhao, Y., Miao, Z-C., Xing, L-B., Zhou, J., Zhao, J-P., and Zhuo, S-P.: Nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon through one-step activation of bean curd for high-performance supercapacitor electrode. ChemElectroChem 5, 1609 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, G-M., Paek, E., Hwang, G.S., and Manthiram, A.: Long-life Li/polysulphide batteries with high sulphur loading enabled by lightweight three-dimensional nitrogen/sulphur-codoped graphene sponge. Nat. Commun. 6, 7760 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cui, Z-T., Wang, S-G., Zhang, Y-H., and Cao, M-H.: A simple and green pathway toward nitrogen and sulfur dual doped hierarchically porous carbons from ionic liquids for oxygen reduction. J. Power Sources 259, 140 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candelaria, S.L., Garcia, B.B., Liu, D-W., and Cao, G-Z.: Nitrogen modification of highly porous carbon for improved supercapacitor performance. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 9887 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Y-H., Chang, K-H., and Hu, C-C.: Differentiate the pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance contributions for nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. J. Power Sources 227, 304 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, Z-H., Wang, X-C., Mao, S., Bo, Z., Kim, H., Cui, S-M., Lu, G-H., Feng, X-L., and Chen, J-H.: Crumpled nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets with ultrahigh pore volume for high-performance supercapacitor. Adv. Mater. 24, 5615 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, X-L., Ning, G-Q., Kan, Y-F., Ma, Y-M., Qi, C-L., Chen, B., Li, Y-F., Lan, X-Y., and Gao, J-S.: Synthesis of S-doped mesoporous carbon fibres with ultrahigh S concentration and their application as high performance electrodes in supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 150, 113 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gopalsamy, K., Balamurugan, J., Thanh, T.D., Kim, N.H., and Lee, J.H.: Fabrication of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene nanoribbons with porous architecture for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem. Eng. J. 312, 184 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, C-X., Deng, Y-Y., Zhang, Y-Y., Yang, P., and Gu, Y.: Study on products and reaction paths for synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2H-3-phenyl-1,3-benzoxazine from phenol, aniline and formaldehyde. Chin. Chem. Lett. 26, 349 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar