Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T22:24:44.011Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Inheritance of Neuroticism: An Experimental Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

H. J. Eysenck
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, The Institute of Psychiatry (Maudsley Hospital)
D. B. Prell
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, The Institute of Psychiatry (Maudsley Hospital)

Extract

It is commonly believed that heredity plays a considerable part in the determination of an individual's personality. If we accept the well-known definition of personality as “the integrated organization of all the cognitive, affective, conative and physical characteristics of an individual as it manifests itself in focal distinctness to others,” we might expect that much research endeavour would have been dedicated to the discovery of hereditary influences on the cognitive, affective, conative and physical characteristics of the individual. A certain amount of such research there has been, but its emphasis has been curiously lopsided; we have some studies into inheritance of physical characteristics, and numerous studies into the inheritance of cognitive characteristics, but there has been little worth-while research into the conative and affective sides of personality.

Type
Part I.—Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1951 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakwin, R. M., “Similarities and Differences in Identical Twins,” J. genet. Psychol., 1930, 38, 373397.Google Scholar
Becker, P. E., and Lenz, F., “Die Arbeitskurve Kraepelins und ein psychologischer Versuch in der Zwillingsforschung,” Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 1939, 164, 5068.Google Scholar
Bluekersken, J., “Concerning the Development of Twins,” Int. J. indiv. Psychol., 1935, 1, 7381.Google Scholar
Borgstroem, C. A., “Eine Serie von Kriminellen Zwillingen,” Arch. Rass. Ges. Biol., 1939, 33, 334343.Google Scholar
Bouterwek, H., “Erhebungen an eineiigen Zwillingspaaren über Erbanlage und Umwelt als Charakterbildner,” Z.f. mensch. Verebungs-u.Konstitutionslehre, 1936, 20, 265275.Google Scholar
Bracken, H. v., “Psychologische Untersuchungen an Zwillingen,” Indus. Psychotechn., 1933, 10, 351352.Google Scholar
Idem, “Mutual Intimacy in Twins: Types of Social Structure in Pairs of Identical and Fraternal Twins,” Character and Personality, 1934a, 2, 293309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem, “Psychologische Untersuchungen an Zwillingen,” Ber. Kongr. Dtsch. Ges. Psychol., 1934 6, 13, 117119. (Leipzig.)Google Scholar
Idem, “Zwillingsforschung und Psychologie des Gemeinschaftslebens,” ibid., 1935, 14, 138140. (Tübingen.)Google Scholar
∗Idem, “Verbundenheit und Ordung im Binnenleben von Zwillingspaaren,” Z. pedag. Psychol., 1936, 37, 6581.Google Scholar
Idem, “Das Schreibtempo von Zwillingen und die sozial-psychologischen Fehlerquellen der Zwillingsforschung,” Z. mensch. Vererb.-u. Konst. Lehre, 1939a, 23, 278298.Google Scholar
Idem, “Untersuchungen an Zwillingen über die Entwicklung der Selbständigkeit im Kindesalter,” Arch. ges. Psychol., 1939 6, 105, 217242.Google Scholar
Idem, “Wahrnehmungstäuschungen und scheinbare Nachbildgrösse bei Zwillingen,” ibid., 1939 c, 103, 203230.Google Scholar
∗Idem, “Erbbiologische Untersuchungen über die Handschrifteigenart,” Dtsch. Z. ges. gerichtl. Med., 1940a, 33, 6472.Google Scholar
Idem, “Untersuchungen an Zwillingen über die quantitativen und qualitativen Merkmale des Schreibdrucks,” Z. angew. Psychol., 1940 6, 58, 367384.Google Scholar
Brody, D., “Twin Resemblances in Mechanical Ability, with Reference to the Effects of Practice on Performance,” Child Develpm., 1937, 8, 207216.Google Scholar
Burt, C., and John, E., “A Factorial Study of Terman Binet Tests. Part II,” Brit. J. educ. Psychol., 1942, 12, 139187.Google Scholar
Carmena, M., “Ist die persönliche Affektlage oder ‘Nervosität’ eine ererbte Eigenschaft ?Zsch. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psychiat., 1934, 150, 434445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem, “Is Personal Tranquility or Nervousness a Property of Hereditary Origin ?,” Arch. Neurobiol., 1935a, 15, 7992.Google Scholar
Idem, “Schreibdruck bei Zwillingen,” Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 1935 b, 103, 744752.Google Scholar
Carter, H. D., “Twin Similarities in Occupational Interests,” J. educ. Psychol., 1932, 23, 641655.Google Scholar
Idem, “Twin Similarities in Personality Traits,” J. genet. Psychol., 1933, 43, 312321.Google Scholar
Idem, “Twin Similarities in Emotional Traits,” Character and Personality, 1935, 4, 6178.Google Scholar
Idem, “A Preliminary Study of Free Association : I. Twin Similarities and the Technique of Measurement,” J. Psychol., 1938, 6, 201215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem, “Resemblance of Twins in Speed of Association,” Psychol. Bull., 1939, 36, 641.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B., and Molteno, E. V., “Contributions Concerning Mental Inheritance : II. Temperament,” J. genet. Psychol., 1940, 57, 3147.Google Scholar
Davis, H., and Davis, P. A., “Action Potentials of the Brain in Normal Persons and in Normal States of Cerebral Activity,” Arch. neurol. Psychiat., 1936, 36, 12141224.Google Scholar
Eckle, C., and Ostermeybr, G., “Erbcharakterologische Zwillingsuntersuchungen,” Beih. Z. angew. Psychol., 1939, 82, 255.Google Scholar
Elmgren, J., “Quelques notions sur l‘électrencéphalogramme humain,” Göteborgs Högsk. Arsskr., 1941, 47, 24.Google Scholar
Essen-Moeller, E., “Psychiatrische Untersuchungen an einer Serie von Zwillingen,” Acta Psychiat. Neurol., 1941, Suppl. 23, 7–200.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., “Types of Personality—A Factorial Study of 700 Neurotics,” J. ment. Sci., 1944, 90, 851861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem, Dimensions of Personality, 1947. London : Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Idem, “Criterion Analysis : An Application of the Hypothetico-deductive Method to Factor Analysis,” 1950, Psychol. Rev., 57, 3865.Google Scholar
Idem, “Cyclothymia-schizothymia as a Dimension of Personality. I. Historical,” J. Personality, 1951a. To appear.Google Scholar
Idem, “Cyclothymia-schizothymia as a Dimension of Personality. II. Experimental,” ibid., 1951b. To appear.Google Scholar
Idem, “Personality Tests : 1944–1949 (in Recent Progress in Psychiatry, 1951c, ed. Fleming, G. W. T. H.). London : Churchill.Google Scholar
Frischeisen-Köhler, I., “The Personal Tempo and Its Inheritance,” Character and Personality, 1933, 1, 301313.Google Scholar
Gottlober, A. B., “The Inheritance of Brain Potentials,” J. exper. Psychol., 1938, 22, 193200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottschaldt, K., “Phänogenetische Fragestellungen im Bereich der Erbpsychologie,” Z. indukt. Abstammungs-u. Vererbungslehre, 1939, 76, 118157.Google Scholar
Hartge, M., “Eine graphologische Untersuchung von Handschriften eineiiger und zweieiiger Zwillinge,” Z. angew. Psychol., 1936, 50, 129148.Google Scholar
Hermann, E., “Messungen an Handschrift-proben von Zwillingspaaren unter 14 Jahren,” Z. Psychol., 1939, 147, 238255.Google Scholar
Himmelweit, H. T., and Petrie, A., “The Measurement of Personality in Children,” Brit. J. educ. Psychol., 1951. To appear.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofstetter, H. W., “Accommodative Convergence in Identical Twins,” Amer. J. Optom., 1948, 25, 480491.Google Scholar
Holmes, S. J., “Nature versus Nurture in the Development of the Mind,” Sci. Mon., 1930, 31, 245252.Google Scholar
Hunt, W. A., and Clarke, E. M., “The Startle Pattern in Children and Identical Twins,” J. exp. Psychol., 1937, 21, 359362 Google Scholar
Jones, H. E., and Wilson, P. T., “Reputation Differences in Like-sex Twins,” J. exp. Educ., 1933, 1, 8691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, H., and Sontag, L. W., “The Genetic Factor in Autonomic Nervous System Function,” Psychosom. Med., 1944, 6, 308310.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J., “The Scientific Goal in the Prevention of Hereditary Mental Disease and Racial Inferiority,” Proc. Genet. Cong., 1941, 172.Google Scholar
Idem, “The Genetic Theory of Schizophrenia : An Analysis of 691 Schizophrenic Twin Index Families,” Amer. J. Psychiat., 1946, 103, 309322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem and Barrera, S. E., “The Heredoconstitutional Mechanisms of Predisposition and Resistance to Schizophrenia,” ibid., 1942, 98, 544550.Google Scholar
Kanaev, I. I., “Concerning Conditioned Reflexes in Uniovular Twins,” Arkh. biol. Nauk., 1934, 34, 569.Google Scholar
Idem, “Physiology of the Brain in Twins,” Character and Personality, 1938, 6, 177187.Google Scholar
∗Idem, “On the Question of Lability of Conditioned Reflexes in Twins,” C. R. Acad. Sci., 1941, 30, 856858.Google Scholar
Kerr, M., “Temperamental Differences in Twins,” Brit. J. Psychol., 1936, 27, 5159.Google Scholar
Kramer, E., and Lauterbach, C., “Resemblance in the Handwriting of Twins and Siblings,” J. educ. Res., 1928, 18, 149152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kranz, H., Lebensschicksale krimineller Zwillinge, 1936. Berlin : Springer.Google Scholar
Lange, J., Crime as Destiny, 1931. New York : Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Lennox, W. G., Gibbs, E. L., and Gibbs, F. A., “The Brain-wave Pattern, An Hereditary Trait : Evidence from 74 ‘Normal’ Pairs of Twins,” J. Hered., 1945, 36, 233243.Google Scholar
Lohmeyer, G., “The Upbringing of Twins,” Int. J. indiv. Psychol., 1935, 1, 113117.Google Scholar
Luchsinger, R., “Die Sprache und Stimme von ein-und zweieiigen Zwillingen in Beziehung zur Motorik und zum Erbcharakter,” Arch. Klaus-Stift., 1940, 15, No. 4.Google Scholar
Luxenburger, H., “Vorläufiger Bericht über psychiatrische Serienuntersuchungen an Zwillingen,” Z. Neur. Psych., 1928, 116, 297326.Google Scholar
Idem, “Psychiatrisch-neurologische Zwillingspathologie,” Zentralb. Neur. Psych., 1930, 56, 145180.Google Scholar
Idem, “Über einige praktisch wichtige Probleme aus der Erbpathologie des zyklothymen Kreises. Studien an erbgleichen Zwillingspaaren,” Z. neur. Psych., 1933, 146, 87125.Google Scholar
Idem, “Die Manifestationswahrscheinlichkeit der Schizophrenie im Lichte der Zwillingsforschung,” Z. Psych. Hyg., 1934, 7.Google Scholar
Idem, “Untersuchungen an Schizophrenen Zwillingen und ihren Geschwistern zur Prüfung der Realität von Manifestationschwankungen,” Z. Neur. Psych., 1935, 154, 351394.Google Scholar
Idem, “Die Zwillingsforschung als Methode der Erbforschung beim Menschen,” Handb. Erbbiol. d. Menschen. II, 1940. Berlin.Google Scholar
McNemar, Q., “Twin Resemblances in Motor Skills, and the Effect of Practice Thereon,” J. genet. Psychol., 1933, 42, 7099.Google Scholar
Idem, The Revision of the Stanford-Binet Scale, 1942. Boston : Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Malan, M., “Zur Erblichkeit der Orientierungsfähigkeit im Baum,” Z. Morph. Anthrop., 1940, 39, 123.Google Scholar
Marinescu, G., Kreindler, A., and Copelman, L., “Essai d'une interprétation physiologique du test psychologique de Rorschach. Son application à l'étude de la dynamique cérébrale des jumeaux,” An. Psihol., 1934, 1, 1426.Google Scholar
Meumann, I., “Testpsychologische Untersuchungen an ein-und zweieiigen Zwillingen,” Arch. ges. Psychol., 1935, 93, 4282.Google Scholar
Miguel, C., “Schreibdruck bei Zwillingen,” Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 1935, 152, 1924.Google Scholar
Misbach, L., and Stromberg, R. N., “Non-separation as a Source of Dis-similarities Between Monozygotic Twins : A Case Report,” J. genet. Psychol., 1941, 59, 249257.Google Scholar
Newman, H. H., Freeman, F. N., and Holzinger, K. J., Twins : A Study of Heredity and Environment, 1937. Chicago : Univ. Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nicolay, E., “Messungen an Handschriftproben von Zwillingspaaren über 14 Jahren,” Arch. ges. Psychol., 1939, 105, 275295.Google Scholar
Pauli, R., “Die Arbeitskurve in der psychologischen Zwillingsforschung,” ibid., 1941, 108, 412424.Google Scholar
Pëto, E., “The Psychoanalysis of Identical Twins—With Reference to Inheritance,” Int. J. Psychoanal., 1946, 27, 126129.Google Scholar
Popenoe, P., “Twins and Criminals,” J. Hered., 1936, 27, 388390.Google Scholar
Rife, D. C., “Handedness and Dermatoglyphics in Twins,” Hum. Biol., 1943, 15, 4654.Google Scholar
Rosanoff, A. J., Handy, L. M., and Plessett, I. R., “The Etiology of Manic-depressive Syndromes with Special Reference to Their Occurrence in Twins,” Amer. J. Psychiat., 1935, 91, 725762.Google Scholar
Idem, “The Etiology of Mental Deficiency with Special Reference to Its Occurrence in Twins,” Psychol. Monog., 1937, 48, 137.Google Scholar
Idem, “The Etiology of Child Behaviour Difficulties, Juvenile Delinquency, and Adult Criminality, with Special Reference to Their Occurrence in Twins,” Psychiat. Monog., 1941, 1, 187.Google Scholar
Rüdin, E., “Praktische Ergebnisse der psychiatrischen Erblichkeitsforschung,” Die Naturwiss, 1930, 18, 273280.Google Scholar
Saudek, R., and Seeman, E., Handschriften und Zeichnungen eineiiger Zwillinge, 1933. Berlin.Google Scholar
Schiller, M., “Zwillingsprobleme dargestellt auf Grund von Untersuchungen an Stuttgarter Zwillingen,” Z. f. mensch. Vererbungs-u. Konstitutionslehre, 1937, 20, 284337.Google Scholar
Schwesinger, G. C. Heredity and Environment, 1933. New York : MacMillan.Google Scholar
Seeman, E., and Saudek, R., “The Self-expression of Identical Twins in Handwriting and Drawing,” Character and Personality, 1932, 1, 91128.Google Scholar
Shuttleworth, F. K., “The Nature versus Nurture Problem,” J. educ. Psychol., 1935, 26, 655681.Google Scholar
Siemens, H. W., Die Zwillingspathologie, 1924. Berlin : Springer.Google Scholar
Smith, G., Psychological Studies in Twin Differences : With Reference to After-image and Eidetic Phenomena as well as more General Personality Characteristics, 1949. Lund : Gleerup.Google Scholar
Sorensen, M. I., and Carter, H. D., “Twin Resemblances in Community of Free Association Responses,” J. Psychol., 1940, 9, 237246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steif, A., “Similarity of Scribbling in Twins,” Psychol. Stud. Univ. Bp., 1939, 3, 5166.Google Scholar
Stocks, P., “A Biometric Investigation of Twins and Their Brothers and Sisters,” Ann, Eug., 1930, 4, 49108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stumpfl, F., The Source of Crime. Based on the Histology of Twins, 1936. Leipzig : Thieme.Google Scholar
Szondi, L., “Instinct and Education : Experimental Researches on the Instinct Tendencies of Twins,” Psychol. Stud. Univ. Bp., 1939, 3, 79111.Google Scholar
Tarcsay, I., “Testing of Will-temperament in Twins,” ibid., 1939, 3650.Google Scholar
Thelen, E., “Zuordnungsversuche an Schriftproben von Zwillingen,” Z. Psychol., 1939, 147, 215237.Google Scholar
Thompson, H., “The Modifiability of Play Behaviour with Special Reference to Attentional Characteristics,” J. genet. Psychol., 1943, 62, 165188.Google Scholar
Troup, E., “A Comparative Study by Means of the Rorschach Method of Personality Development in 20 Pairs of Identical Twins,” Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1938, 20, 461556.Google Scholar
Idem and Lester, O. P., “The Social Competence of Identical Twins,” J. genet. Psychol., 1942, 60, 167175.Google Scholar
Verschuer, F. v., “Twin Research from the Time of Francis Galton to the Present Day,” Proc. roy. Soc., 1939, b128, 6281.Google Scholar
Waardenburg, P. J., “Character Traits in Twins,” Mensch. en Maatschappij, 1929, 5, 1734.Google Scholar
Wenger, M. A., “Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel,” Compar. Psychol. Monog., 1948, 19, No. 4.Google Scholar
Wilson, P. T., “A Study of Twins with Special Reference to Heredity as a Factor in Determining Differences in Environment,” Hum. Biol., 1934, 6, 324354.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. T., “Social Competence of Normal and Defective Twins,” Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1941, 11, 300304.Google Scholar
Woodworth, R. S., “Heredity and Environment : A Critical Survey of Recently Published Material on Twins and Foster Children,” Soc. Sci. Res. Co. Bull., 1941, 47, 195.Google Scholar
Yule, F. G., “The Resemblance of Twins with Regard to Perseveration,” J. ment. Sci., 1935, 81, 489501.Google Scholar
Zilian, E., “Ergebnisse psychologischen Untersuchungen an erbgleichen und erbungleichen Zwillingen,” Beih. Z. Angew. Psychol., 1938, 79, 4250.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.