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Agrarian Crisis and Economic Liberalisation in Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Michael F. Lofchie
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Extract

It is now generally acknowledged that Tanzania's policy of rural collectivisation has been abandoned as a failure. By most accounts, systematic efforts to bring about collective production ceased altogether during 1975 and may have halted, informally, as early as the end of 1974. According to the Villages and Ujamaa Villages Act of 1975, one or another form of block farming is considered sufficient for a village to become officially identified as an ujamaa village. Thus, ujamaa as a concept once intended to convey a social ideal of collective ownership, labour, and sharing is reduced to describing a state of affairs in which individual farming is intermittently supplemented by occasional cooperation in such tasks as planting and harvesting. Villagisation without socialism is, in effect, the current policy.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 16 , Issue 3 , September 1978 , pp. 451 - 475
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

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References

page 451 note 1 See Baker, Jonathan, ‘Socialism and the Rural Sector in Tanzania’, 1976, p. 6.Google Scholar

page 451 note 2 McHenry, Dean E. Jr., ‘Policy Implementation in Rural Tanzania: the ujamaa village’ unpublished manuscript, 1977, ch. 6, p. 12.Google Scholar

page 451 note 3 The United Republic of Tanzania, The Economic Survey, 1973–74 (Dar es Salaam, 1975), p. 51.Google Scholar

page 452 note 1 Marketing Development Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, A Strategic Grain Reserve Programme for Tanzania, Vol. I, Programme Proposals (Dar es Salaam, 1974), p. 8.Google Scholar

page 453 note 1 Ibid. pp. 3–9.

page 454 note 1 Marketing Development Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Price Policy Recommendations for the 1977/78 Agricultural Price Review, Vol. 1 (Dar es Salaam, 1976), p. 3.Google Scholar

page 454 note 2 The United Republic of Tanzania, The Economic Survey, 1971–72 (Dar es Salaam, 1972), p. 12.Google Scholar

page 455 note 1 The Economic Survey, 1973–74, p. 1.

page 455 note 2 Ibid.

page 455 note 3 The United Republic of Tanzania, The Economic Survey, 1974–75 (Dar es Salaam, n.d.), p. 23.Google Scholar

page 455 note 4 The United Republic of Tanzania, The Economic Survey, 1975–76 (Dar es Salaam, n.d.), pp. 13–19.Google Scholar

page 457 note 1 Ibid. pp. 44–7.

page 458 note 1 The Economic Survey, 1974–75, p. 1.

page 459 note 1 Weekly Review (Nairobi), 31 10 1977, pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

page 461 note 1 The Economic Survey, 1973–74, pp. 52–3.

page 462 note 1 The author is indebted to Dr Reginald H. Green, formerly an economic advisor to the Tanzanian Treasury, for an exposition of this view-point.

page 463 note 1 A Strategic Grain Reserve Programme, pp. 11–12.

page 465 note 1 See F.A.O.-U.N., Agricultural Producer Prices, 1961–70 (Rome, 1975), p. 82,Google Scholar and Price Policy Recommendation for the 1977/78 Agricultural Price Review, p. 4. It should be noted that by 1976–7 the produce price for maize had risen to Shs. 800.

page 467 note 1 Nyerere, Julius, ‘Socialism and Rural Development’, in Ujamaa: essays on socialism (Oxford, 1968), especially pp. 112–18.Google Scholar

page 467 note 2 A useful discussion of this theory can be found in Dualism and Rural Development in East Africa (Copenhagen, 1973), passim.Google Scholar

page 468 note 1 Nyerere, Julius, The Arusha Declaration Ten Years After (Dar es Salaam, 1977), p. 20.Google Scholar

page 471 note 1 McHenry, Dean E. Jr., ‘Peasant Participation in Communal Farming: the Tanzanian experience’, in The African Studies Review (Stanford), XX, 3, 12 1977, p. 45.Google Scholar

page 471 note 2 Two good examples of this genre are Awiti, A., ‘Economic Differentiation in Ismani, Iringa Region’, in The African Review (Dar es Salaam), III, 2, 06 1973, pp. 209–39,Google Scholar and van Hekken, P. M. and Thoden van Velzen, H. U. E., Land Scarcity and Rural Inequality in Tanzania (The Hague, 1972).Google Scholar

page 472 note 1 For an excellent presentation of the opposite viewpoint, see Saul, John S., ‘African Peasants and Revolution’, in Review of African Political Economy (London), 1, 08–11 1974, pp. 41–68.Google Scholar

page 473 note 1 An important exception is P. L. Raikes, ‘Ujamaa and Rural Socialism’, in ibid. III, May-October 1975, pp. 33–52.