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Four African Development Plans: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Reginald H. Green
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Extract

Since 1950, the rise of African national movements and the attainment of independence has been paralleled by an equally rapid growth in the number and scope of national development plans. Such a plan is viewed by almost all African states as one of the standard attributes of sovereignty.1

True, economic planning preceded independence. Indeed Ghana (then the Gold Coast) had its first, 10-year economic plan in 1919, and the British adoption of colonial economic development planning as a desired standard policy dates back to 1939–40. However, the rapid postwar surge of colonial public expenditure plans was closely related to attempts first to counter the popularity of the nationalist movements and later to strengthen the economic infrastructure during the terminal colonial phrase prior to independence.2

Type
Review Article
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , August 1965 , pp. 249 - 279
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1965

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References

Page 249 note 1 See ‘Co-ordination of Development Plans in Africa’, in Economic Bulletin for Africa (New York), IV, 1, 1964Google Scholar; and ‘Outlines and Selected Indicators of African Development Plans’ (Addis Ababa, 1965), U.N.E.C.A. document E/CN 14/336.Google Scholar

Page 249 note 2 Cf. Niculescu, B. M., Colonial Planning (London, 1958)Google Scholar; and Granville, S. A., ‘Some Aspects of Development Planning in Africa’ (London, 1962, mimeo.).Google Scholar

Page 249 note 3 Cf. Sutton, F. X., ‘Planning and Rationality in the Newly Independent States in Africa’, in Economic Development and Cultural Changes (Chicago), 10 1961.Google Scholar

Page 250 note 1 Drewnowski, J., ‘Planning Economic Growth’, in University Textbook for African Students (U.N.E.S.C.O., Paris, forthcoming).Google Scholar

Page 250 note 2 Adedeji, A., ‘Economic Planning in Theory and Practice’, in Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Studies (Ibadan), 03 1962.Google Scholar

Page 250 note 3 Cf. Mensah, J. H., ‘A Perspective Plan for Ghana’, in Economic Bulletin of Ghana (Accra), 2, 1962.Google Scholar

Page 251 note 1 Cf. my ‘Stages in Economic Development: changes in the structures of production, demand, and international trade’ (Bank of the Sudan, Khartoum, 1965).

Page 251 note 2 The name Tanzania, adopted in 1964, is used throughout this article, although the current plan was drawn up for Tanganyika and does not cover Zanzibar.

Page 251 note 3 Lewis, W. A., ‘On Assessing a Development Plan’, in Economic Bulletin of Ghana, 06–07 1959.Google Scholar

Page 252 note 1 Cf. Jackson, E. F. and Borel, P., ‘Some Experiences of Planning in Africa’, in Development Plans and Programmes (Paris, 1964)Google Scholar, O.E.C.D. Studies in Development, I; and Seers, D., ‘Why Visiting Economists Fail’, in Journal of Political Economy (Chicago), 12 1962.Google Scholar

Page 254 note 1 Cf. Bienen, H., ‘The Role of T.A.N.U. and the Five Year Plan in Tanganyika’, East African Institute of Social Research Conference paper, Makerere University College, 1964.Google Scholar

Page 254 note 2 Comments on the Federal plan are largely applicable to the Northern as well. The Eastern and Western Regional plans had substantially greater Nigerian involvement, both technical and political. In the Western Region the post-plan Akintola Government has shown little concern with economic policy, so that only in the Eastern Region does there appear to be any serious commitment to the stated plan.

Page 255 note 1 Includes manufacturing, construction, public utilities, transport, and communications.

Page 257 note 1 There is no official target for 1967–68.

Page 261 note 1 Admittedly there has also been opposition to deficit financing and exchange control from the Treasury and the East African Currency Board; but it was—at least until late 1964—bolstered by the support of some of the planning experts.

Page 267 note 1 Okigbo, P. N. C., ‘The Growth of the Nigerian Economy, 1950–1962’; Presidential Address, Nigerian Economic Society, 5 02 1965.Google Scholar

Page 268 note 1 The Nigerian Federal plan—but not the Regional plans—publishes cost-return calculations for perhaps a third of planned investment.

Page 268 note 2 Nigeria has a set of manpower studies, including those in the widely known Ashby Report: Investment in Education (Lagos, 1960)Google Scholar; but the relationship between these and investment in educational plant is not made clear in the plan.

Page 268 note 3 See Szereszewski, R., ‘The Inter-Sectoral Structure of the Economy of Ghana, 1960’, in Economic Bulletin of Ghana (Accra), 2, 1963Google Scholar; and ‘Capital and Output in Ghana, 1955–61’, ibid. 4, 1963.

Page 268 note 4 For a possible approach to such a formulation, see A. Bryant, ‘Use of an Inter-Industry (Input-Output) Table as Long-Run Planning Device to Aid in Economic Development’, ibid. 1, 1965.

Page 271 note 1 Office of the President, ‘Directives for Economic Review’; reprinted in The Ghanaian Times Accra), I 05 1965.Google Scholar

Page 274 note 1 Ghana's cocoa earnings for 1964–65 show a slight rise, but price prospects and hopes for an international agreement have been damaged.

Page 275 note 1 National Development Plan: Progress Report 1964 (Federal Ministry of Economic Development, Lagos, 1965).Google Scholar

Page 275 note 2 E.g. Rivkin, Arnold, The African Presence in World Affairs (London, 1963).Google Scholar

Page 276 note 1 Cf. Bretton, H. L., Power and Stability in Nigeria (New York, 1961).Google Scholar

Page 276 note 2 In addition to those already cited as footnotes.