Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T22:20:53.521Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Maritime Safety Standards and the Seriousness of Shipping Accidents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2011

Santiago Iglesias Baniela*
Affiliation:
(Universidad de La Coruña, Spain)
Juan Vinagre Ríos
Affiliation:
(Vessel Surveyor)
*
(E-mail: sbaniela@udc.es)

Abstract

In our paper The Risk Homeostasis Theory1, it was accepted that the behaviour of people involved in the operation of cargo carrying ships is conditioned to maximize the economic benefits of the amount of risk assumed in the transport. As a follow-up to that paper, the objective of this one is to investigate the relationship between the level of compliance of the cargo carrying vessels with international standards and the degree of severity of the incidents they are involved in. For this purpose, we analyse the same sample of 2,584 cargo carrying ships involved in incidents during 2005 and 2006 used in that investigation. The variables of the Paris MoU to identify substandard ships are used again to measure the standard level of ships and the degree of seriousness of incidents is determined by the number of days ships are under repair.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Baniela, S. I., Rios, J. V. (2010). The Risk Homeostasis Theory, The Journal of Navigation, 63, 607626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Wilde, Gerald J. S. (1998). Safety Incentive Programmes. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th edition, Volume II, Part VIII, Chapter 60, ILO, Geneve [available from www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english].Google Scholar
3 The United States Coast Guard (Marine Safety Manual. Volume II: Materiel Inspection. Section D, Port State Control); Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region (Section 3); Paris Memorandum on Port State Control (Section 3).Google Scholar
42009: Total Losses Down, Tonnage Lost Up. International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI), press release 29th March, 2010 [available from www.iumi.com].Google Scholar
5Wilde, Gerald J. S. (1994). Target Risk. PDE Publications, Toronto.Google Scholar
6Boisson, Philippe (1999). Safety at Sea: Policies, Regulations & International Law. Edition Bureau Veritas, Paris, pp. 4555.Google Scholar
7Skiba, Reinald (1998). Theoretical Principles of Job Safety. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th edition, Volume II, Part VIII, Chapter 56 ILO, Geneve [available from www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english].Google Scholar
8Heinrich, H. W. et al. (1959). Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.Google Scholar
9Dramatic Increases in Merchant Ship Total and Partial Losses. International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI), press release 19th March, 2008 [available from www.iumi.com].Google Scholar
10 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78), Article 12 and International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and its Protocol of 1978 (SOLAS 74/78), Chapter I, regulation 21.Google Scholar
11 See Casualty Investigation Code, Resolution MSC.255(84) (adopted on 16th May, 2008) where Chapter 6.1, related to very serious casualties, establishes “A marine safety investigation shall be conducted into every very serious marine casualty. Nevertheless, for other type of accidents, Chapter 17.1 establishes “A marine safety investigation should be conducted into marine casualties (other than very serious casualties which are addressed in chapter 6 of this Code) and marine incidents, by the flag State of a ship involved, if it is considered……” [available from www.imo.org].Google Scholar
12Jorgensen, Kirsten (1998). Concepts of Accident Analysis. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety (4th edition), Volume II, Part VIII, Chapter 56, ILO, Geneve [available from www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english].Google Scholar
13 These regulations are contained mainly in the SOLAS, MARPOL and Load Line Conventions.Google Scholar
14Baniela, S. I., Rios, J. V. (2010). The Risk Homeostasis Theory, The Journal of Navigation, 63, 607626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 Statistical calculations have been made with the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) Statistics program v.17. Many outputs of this program, mainly those concerning correspondence analysis and ROC curves, are omitted to avoid an excessive extent of this paper.Google Scholar
16Bulmer, M. G. (1979). Principles of Statistic, 2nd. Edition. Dover Publications, New York.Google Scholar
17Benzécri, J. P., et al. (1992). Correspondence Analysis Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18 When a Classification Society is acting as a Recognised Organisation, it verifies compliance with national/international regulations adopted by a Flag State issuing the Statutory Certificates when appropriate and their responsibilities are defined in the Agreement with the Flag State unlike as when only acting as a Classification Society verifying compliance with their own Rules, which is the only interpreter of the requirements and it uses professional judgement to accept equivalent solution taking responsibility and issuing the Class Certificates when appropriate.Google Scholar
19Lecoutre, J. P., et al. (1987). Statistique non Paramétrique et Robustesse. Economica, Paris.Google Scholar
20Sheskin, David (2004). Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, 3rd. ed. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (Florida).Google Scholar
21Comparisons of general cargo ship losses and fatalities-Submitted by the Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA). IMO MSC/77/25/4, 25th March, 2003 [available from www.imo.org].Google Scholar
22 A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC curve) is a graphical plot of the sensitivity vs. (1-specificity) for a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold varies. A signal detection theory provides a precise language and graphic notation for analysing decision making in the presence of uncertainty. By tradition, the plot shows the false positive rate (1-specificity) on the X axis and the true positive rate (sensitivity) on the Y axis. In this paper, sensitivity is the proportion of serious accidents with scores greater than the cut-off and, 1-specificity is the proportion of not serious accidents in vessels with score greater than the cut-off. Cut-off values go from 4 to 19; for instance, cut-off 4 is equivalent to assuming that every vessel is involved in serious accidents and cut-off 18 is equivalent to assuming that every ship is involved in not serious ones. Both extremes are unsatisfactory.Google Scholar
23Egan, J. P. (1975). Signal Detection Theory and ROC Analysis. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
24Kleinbaum, D. G., et al. (2002). Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text, 2nd. edition. Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
25 Statistical calculations to obtain β coefficients were made assigning the values of the categorical variables shown in Figure 28 to each ship, which means that for the variables Flag, Class, Age and Size the coefficients will have 3 values and for the variable Type only one value.Google Scholar
26 Model was estimated using a backward stepwise (Wald) method. In the output of Table 18, B is the estimated coefficient, with standard error S. E. The Wald statistic is significant when less than 0·05, which means that the parameter is useful to the model. Exp(B) is the predicted change in odds for a unit increase in the predictor and when its value is less/greater than 1, it means that increasing values of the variable correspond to decreasing/increasing odds of the event's occurrence.Google Scholar
27 The International Safety Management Code (ISM) was made mandatory by Chapter IX of the SOLAS Convention. It requires a safety management system to be established by the shipowner or any person who has assumed responsibility for the ship. The deviations from specified requirements are defined as nonconformities.Google Scholar
28Kjellen, Urban (1998). Accident Deviation Model. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th edition, Volume II, Part VIII, Chapter 56, pp. 2224, ILO, Geneve [available from www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english].Google Scholar