Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:20:08.455Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ship Surveillance by Integration of Space-borne SAR and AIS – Review of Current Research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2013

Zhi Zhao ,
Kefeng Ji ,
Xiangwei Xing ,
Huanxin Zou  and
Shilin Zhou
Zhi Zhao*
Affiliation:
(College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China)
Kefeng Ji
Affiliation:
(College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China)
Xiangwei Xing
Affiliation:
(College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China)
Huanxin Zou
Affiliation:
(College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China)
Shilin Zhou
Affiliation:
(College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China)
*
(E-mail: zhaozhi_nudt@yahoo.com)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Ship surveillance is important for maritime security and safety. It plays important roles in many applications including ocean environment monitoring, search and rescue, anti-piracy and military reconnaissance. Among various sensors used for maritime surveillance, space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is valued for its high resolution over wide swaths and all-weather working capabilities. However, the state-of-the-art algorithms for ship detection and identification do not always achieve a satisfactory performance. With the rapid development of space-borne Automatic Identification System (AIS), near real-time and global surveillance has become feasible. However, not all ships are equipped with or operate AIS. Space-borne SAR and AIS are considered to be complementary, and ship surveillance using an integrated combination has attracted much attention. In order to summarize the achievements and present references for further research, this paper attempts to explicitly review the developments in previous research as the basis of a brief introduction to space-borne SAR and AIS.

Keywords

Ship SurveillanceSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Navigation , Volume 67 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 177 - 189
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arifin, B., Ross, E. and Brodsky, Y. (2011). Data Security in a Ship Detection and Identification System. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST), Istanbul, Turkey.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arii, M. (2011). The Result of ALOS Collaborative Investigation. http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf18_data/eo/D2-03_Arii_aprsaf18_015.pdf. Accessed 14 January 2013.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, S. and Krieger, G. (2011). Traffic monitoring via satellite. http://www.eepublishers.co.za/images/upload/posit11/posit-jun11-p57-62.pdf. Accessed 14 January 2013.Google Scholar
Brekke, C., Weydahl, D.J., Helleren, Ø. and Olsen, R. (2008). Ship traffic monitoring using multi-polarisation satellite SAR images combined with AIS reports. Proceedings of 7th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Friedrichshafen, Germany.Google Scholar
Brusch, S., Lehner, M., Fritz, T., Schwarz, E., Lehner, S. and Hamidi, D. (2011a). DLR – German Aerospace Center. Near Real Time Ship Detection Experiments. http://earth.eo.esa.int/workshops/seasar2010/participants/471/pres_471_brusch.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
Brusch, S., Lehner, S., Fritz, T., Soccorsi, M. and Schie, B. (2011b). Ship Surveillance With TerraSAR-X. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49, 1092–1103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Challamel, R., Calmettes, T. and Gigot, C.N. (2012). A European hybrid high performance Satellite-AIS system. Proceedings of the 6th Advanced Satellite Multi-Media Systems Conference (ASMS) and 12th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop (SPSC), Baiona, Spain.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaturvedi, S.K., Yang, C.S., Song, J.H., Shanmuagm, P. and Ouchi, K. (2011). Preliminary Technique to Integrate SAR and AIS for Ship Detection and Identification. Proceedings of 3rd International Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), Seoul, South Korea.Google Scholar
DLR, GAUSS, et al. (2010). Maritime safety and security/DeMARINE. http://www.gmes-bremen.eu/downloads/flyerdemarine.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
DNEPR. (2013). Launch Aprizesat-5 and Aprizesat-6 Russian rocket lifts satellites into low-earth orbit. http://www.spacequest.com/Articles/AprizeSat_Launch_8-17-11.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
DRDC. (2006). Geospatial Assessment Software Tool Kit. http://www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/drdc/en/centres/drdc-ottawa-rddc-ottawa/research-technology-recherche-technologies/technology-solutions-solutions-technologie/geospatial-geospatiale/. Accessed 14 January 2013.Google Scholar
EMIS. (2013). The LIMES Project. http://www.emis.de/projects/LIMES/. Accessed on 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
Eriksen, T., Skauen, A.N., Narheim, B., Helleren, Ø., Olsen, Ø. and Olsen, R.B. (2010). Tracking Ship Traffic with Space-Based AIS: Experience Gained in First Months of Operations. Proceedings of International Waterside Security Conference, Carrara, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ESA. (2010). Maritime Situational Awareness: MARISS Experience. http://earth.eo.esa.int/workshops/seasar2010/participants/577/pres_577_Margarit.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
ESA. (2013). RADARSAT Constellation Mission Overview. http://earth.eo.esa.int/workshops/seasar2010/participants/592/pres_592_Crevier.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2013a). DECLIMS – Detection, classification and identification of marine traffic from space. http://cordis.europa.eu/projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=app.details&TXT=Detection+and+Classification+of+Marine+Traffic+from+Space&FRM=1&STP=10&SIC=&PGA=&CCY=&PCY=&SRC=&LNG=en&REF=70235. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2013b). IMPAST – Improving fisheries monitoring through integrating passive and active satellite-based technologies. http://cordis.europa.eu/projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=app.details&TXT=IMPAST&FRM=1&STP=10&SIC=&PGA=&CCY=&PCY=&SRC=&LNG=en&REF=91398. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Fisheries and Oceans Canada. (2013). Ocean Monitoring Workstation. http://www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/isdm-gdsi/omw-ptso/index-eng.htm. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Gabban, A., Greidanus, H., Smith, A.J.E., Anitori, L., Thoorens, F.X. and Mallorqui, J. (2008). SHIP SURVEILLANCE WITH TERRASAR-X SCANSAR. http://sss.terrasar-x.dlr.de/papers_sci_meet_3/paper/OCE0105_gabban.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
German Aerospace Center (DLR), OHB, GAUSS, et al. (2010). What is the aim of DeMarine-Security? http://www.demarine-sicherheit.de/downloads/projektflyera4.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
Giompapa, S., Farina, A., Gini, F., Graziano, A., Croci, R. and Stefano, R.D. (2008) Study of the classification task into an integrated multisensor system for maritime border control. Proceeding of Radar Conference, Rome, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giovanni, C.T. (2008). Le projet LIMES: Land and Sea Integrated Monitoring For European Security. http://www.slideserve.com/vivek/le-projet-limes-land-and-sea-integrated-monitoring-for-european-security. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Grasso, R., Mirra, S., Baldacci, A., Horstmann, J., Coffin, M. and Jarvis, M. (2009). Performance assessment of a mathematical morphology ship detection algorithm for SAR images through comparison with AIS data. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, Pisa, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerriero, M., Willett, P., Coraluppi, S. and Carthel, C. (2008). Radar/AIS Data Fusion and SAR tasking for Maritime Surveillance. Proceedings of 11th conference on information fusion, Cologue, Germany.Google Scholar
Gunter Space. (2013). SAR-Lupe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 – Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sar-lupe.htm. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Gurgel, K.W., Schlick, T., Horstmann, J. and Maresca, S. (2010). Evaluation of an HF-radar Ship Detection and Tracking Algorithm by Comparison to AIS and SAR Data. Proceedings of 2010 International Waterside Security Conference, Carrara, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannevik, T.N., Olsen, Ø., Skauen, A.N. and Olsen, R. (2010). Ship Detection using High Resolution Satellite Imagery and Space-Based AIS. Proceedings of 2010 International Waterside Security Conference, Carrara, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helleur, C., Rafuse, L.J. and Campbell, W. (2004). Multi-Sensor Integration within the Common Operating Environment (MUSIC) Project Data Collection Requirements for the Atlantic Littoral ISR Experiment (ALIX). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.113.5931. Accessed 14 January 2013.Google Scholar
Hennepe, F., Rinaldo, R., Ginesi, A., Tobehn, C., Wieser, M., Olsen, Ø., Helleren, Ø., Challamel, R. and Storesund, F. (2010). Space-Based detection of AIS Signals-Results of a Feasibility Study into an Operational Space-based AIS System. Proceedings of the 5th Advanced Satellite Multimedia System conference and the 11th Signal Processing for Space Communitions Workshop, Cagliari, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holsten, S., Tobehn, C. and Borowy, C. (2009a). Global maritime surveillance with satellite-based AIS. Proceeding of OCEANS 2009-EUROPE, Bremen, German.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holsten, S., Tobehn, C. and Borowy, C. (2009b). Global Maritime Surveillance with satellite-based AIS. Proceedings of OCEANS, Bremen, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, S.A. and Zegers, A. (2010). Near Real-Time Multi-Sensor Fusion for Cued Reconnaissance. DRDC CORA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM, 252, 1–32.Google Scholar
Höllisch, D., Bach, K., Janoth, J., and Selegrad, H. (2010). On the second generation of TerraSAR-X. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Aachen, Germany.Google Scholar
Huisman, J. (2006). Use of surveillance technology to support response decision making and impact assessment. http://www.interspill.com/previous-events/2006/pdf/marine_surveillance_doc.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
Kerbaol, V. (2006). Theme 4: Existing Remote Sensing Means-Satellite Radar and Passive sensors-The Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite imagery. http://www.cedre.fr/fr/publication/colloque/obs/4_boost.pdf. Accessed on 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
Koichi OSHIMURA. (2012). Introduction of Ship monitoring in US and Europe case. http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf18_data/eo/D2-02_Oshimura_APRSAF.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
Lehner, S., Brusch, S. and Fritz, T. (2009). Ship Surveillance by joint use of SAR and AIS. Proceeding of OCEANS 2009-EUROPE, Bremen, German.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, C. and Meek, A. (2005). Likelihood Ratio Test Polarimetric SAR Ship Detection Application. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DRDC Ottawa. 243.Google Scholar
Luxspace. (2013). The first Luxembourg built satellite “VesselSat1” launched successfully. http://www.luxspace.lu/index.php/News/items/the-first-luxembourg-built-satellite-vesselsat1-launched-successfully.html. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Margarit, G., Barba, J.A. and Tabasco, A. (2009a). Operative ship monitoring system based on integrating AIS polls within synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Safety and Security Engineering, Rome, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margarit, G. and Mallorqui, J. (2009b). Operative Approach for ship detection and classification. Proceedings of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margarit, G., Milanés, J.B. and Tabasco, A. (2009c). Operational Ship Monitoring System Based on Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing. Remote Sensing, 1, 375–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marino, A., Walker, N., Hajnsek, I. and Zürich, E. (2012). Perturbation Analysis for Maritime Applications. Proceedings of 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Nuremberg, German.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2013). AIS transponders. http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/AIS.aspx Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
ORBCOMM. (2013a). Orbcomn announces successful launch of vesselsat2. http://www.orbcomm.com/Collateral/Documents/English-US/VS2.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
ORBCOMM. (2013b). Orbcomn and spacex improve launch plans for OG2 satellites. http://www.orbcomm.com/Collateral/Documents/English-US/orbcommog2.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Paes, R.L., Lorenzzetti, J.A. and Gherardi, D.F.M. (2010). Ship Detection using TerraSAR-X Images in the Campos Basin (Brazil). IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 7, 545–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palubinskas, G., Reinartz, P., Brusch, S. and Lehner, S. (2009). Joint Use of Optical and SAR Data for Ship Detection. Proceedings of Workshop on SAR Ocean Remote Sensing OceanSAR, Herrsching, Germany.Google Scholar
Pichel, W.G. and Clemente-Colón, P. (2000). NOAA CoastWatch SAR Applications and Demonstration. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 21, 49–57.Google Scholar
Posada, M., Greidanus, H., Alvarez, M., Vespe, M., Cokacar, T. and Falchetti, S. (2011). Maritime awareness for Counter-Piracy in the Gulf of Aden. Proceedings of 2011 International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renga, A., Graziano, M.D., D'Erric, M., Moccia, A. and Cecchini, A. (2012).Validation of Ship Monitoring Techniques by Present Generation SAR Systems. Proceedings of 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Nuremberg, German.Google Scholar
Ross, E., Arifin, B. and Brodsky, Y. (2011). An information system for ship detection and identification. Proceedings of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, BC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saur, G., Estable, S., Zielinski, K., Knabe, S., Teutsch, M. and Gabel, M. (2009). Detection and Classification of man-made Offshore Objects in TerraSAR-X and RapidEye Imagery: Selected Results of the DeMarine-DEKO Project. Proceedings of OCEANS, Santander, Spain.Google Scholar
Soloviev, A., Gilman, M., Young, K., Brusch, S. and Lehner, S. (2010). Sonar Measurements in Ship Wakes Simultaneous With TerraSAR-X Overpasses. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, 48, 841–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spacequest. (2013). built satellites successfully launched on russian dnepr launch vehicle. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Spacequest_Built_Satellites_Successfully_Launched_On_Russian_Dnepr_Launch_Vehicle_999.htm. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Tunaley, J.K.E. and Higginson, A.J. (2007). OCEANSUITE: A RADARSAT-2 EXPLOITATION TOOL. http://www.london-research-and-development.com/Tunaley.ASAR2007.pdf. Accessed 14 January 2013.Google Scholar
Uiboupin, R., Raudsepp, U. and Sipelgas, L. (2008). Detection of oil spills on SAR images, identification of polluters and forecast of the slicks trajectory. Proceedings of IEEE/OES US/EU-Baltic International Symposium, Tallinn, Estonia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Navy. (2013). Global AIS & data-X international satellite constellation, space-based system for sharing unclassified maritime domain awareness among international partners. http://code8100.nrl.navy.mil/programs/images/GLADIS-INTL-web-pub.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2013.Google Scholar
Vachon, P.W., English, R.A. and Woife, J. (2007a). Ship Signatures in Synthetic Aperture Radar-Validation using Automatic Identification System Data. Proceeding of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vachon, P.W. and Dragošević, M.V. (2007). Adaptive Processing of RADARSAT-1 Fine Mode Data Ship Parameter Estimation. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DRDC Ottawa, 53, 6–28.Google Scholar
Vachon, P.W., English, R.A. and Wolfe, J. (2007b). Ship Signatures in RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR Narrow B Imagery Analysis with AISLive Data. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DRDC Ottawa, 52, 1–44.Google Scholar
Vachon, P.W. and Dragošević, M.V. (2009). Estimation of ship velocity by adaptive processing of single aperture RADARSAT-2 data-Validation with AIS data from the Strait of Gibraltar. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DRDC Ottawa, 109, 2–31.Google Scholar
Vachon, P.W., Dragošević, M., Kashyap, N., Liu, C., Schlingmeier, D., Meek, A., Potter, T., Yue, B. and Kraft, J. (2006). Processing and Analysis of Polarimetric Ship Signatures from MARSIE-Report on Results for Polar Epsilon. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DRDC Ottawa, 202, 1–58.Google Scholar
Vachon, P.W. and Wolfe, J. (2008). Validation of ship signatures in Envisat ASAR AP mode data using AISLive-Data acquisition, processing, and analysis results. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DRDC Ottawa, 5, 1–58.Google Scholar
Vachon, P.W. (2006). Ship Detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery. Proceedings of OceanSAR 2006-Third Workshop on Coastal and Marine Applications of SAR, Newfoundland, Canada.Google Scholar
Weydahl, D.J., Brekke, C., Selvik, P., Helleren, Ø. and Olsen, R. (2007). Ship traffic monitoring using satellite SAR images in combination with AIS reports. SPIE Proceedings of Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, GIS Applications, and Geology VII, Florence, Italy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watagawa, M., Kobayashi, E. and Wakabayashi, N. (2012). Monitoring of Vessel Traffic using AIS Data and ALOS Satellite Image. Proceedings of OCEANS, Yeosu, South Korea.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Won, E.S. and Ouchi, K. (2011). Comparison of Ship Detection Algorithms Using ALOS-PALSAR, Ground-Based Maritime Radar, and AIS. Proceedings of 3rd International Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Seoul, South Korea.Google Scholar
Yang, C.S. and Kim, T.H. (2012). Integration of SAR and AIS for ship detection and identification. SPIE Proceedings of Ocean Sensing and Monitoring IV, Baltimore, Maryland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar