Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:56:57.302Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Jurassic Ostreoida (Bivalvia) from China (Tanggula Mountains, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau) and their Paleobiogeographic context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Jingeng Sha ,
Paul L. Smith  and
Franz T. Fürsich
Jingeng Sha
Affiliation:
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, Chi-Ming-Ssu, Nanjing 210008, China,
Paul L. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada,
Franz T. Fürsich
Affiliation:
Institut für Paläontologie der Universität Würzburg, Pleicherwall 1, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Bathonian-Oxfordian ostreid fauna from the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China, consists of six taxa: Actinostreon gregareum (J. Sowerby, 1815), Actinostreon sp. A, Liostrea birmanica Reed, 1936, Gryphaea (Bilobissa) bilobata (J. de C. Sowerby, 1835), Nanogyra nana (J. Sowerby, 1822) and Eligmus rollandi Douvillé 1907. Liostrea birmanica is only known from the eastern Tethys and south Xizang area, Eligmus rollandi is limited to the Tethys, G. (B.) bilobata occurs in northwest Europe and the northern Tethys, whereas A. gregareum and possibly N. nana have a complex global distribution between paleo-latitudes 60° north and south.

Actinosteon gregareum first occurs in the Sinemurian of northern Chile, and during the Toarcian it underwent trans-Pacific dispersal to arrive in east Africa. During the Bajocian it dispersed rapidly along the southern and northwestern margins of the Tethys, northwestern Europe, and western Canada (Stikine Terrane), but it disappeared from South America in the Aalenian. It occupied Kachchh, southern Xizang, and the northern and northeastern Tethys as early as the Bathonian but it did not reach the northwestern Pacific until the Late Jurassic. The species declined after the Kimmeridgian, being limited to northern Africa (southern Tunisia) and the northwestern Pacific (Japan) during the Tithonian. By the end of the Jurassic it was extinct.

Actinostreon gregareum apparently possessed very high fertility typical of opportunists that rapidly colonize new habitats. As a result of ocean current dispersal, presumably by both planktotrophic larvae and postlarval pseudoplankton, it rapidly spread along continental margins and island chains. Occasionally, either directly or by island hopping, it crossed the vast Tethys and Pacific oceans, colonizing all warm and temperate waters at low and intermediate paleolatitudes. It may also have used the Hispanic Corridor as a means of dispersal between the Tethys and Pacific oceans as early as the Toarcian.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 76 , Issue 3 , May 2002 , pp. 431 - 446
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aberhan, M. 1994. Early Jurassic Bivalvia of northern Chile. Beringeria, 13:3–114.Google Scholar
Arkell, W. J. 1932-1933a. A monograph of British Corallian Lamellibranchia. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, Pt. IV, 84:133–180 (1932); Pt. V, 85:181-228 (1933a).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arkell, W. J. 1933b. The oysters of the Fuller's Earth and on the evolution and nomenclature of the Upper Jurassic Catinulas and Gryphaeas. Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club 25 (1933-1935), Part 1:21–68.Google Scholar
Basse, E., Karrenberg, H., Lehman, J.-P., Alloiteau, J., and Lefrang, J.-P. 1954. Fossiles du Jurassique supérieur et des “Grés de Nubie” de la région de Sana (Yémen). Bulletin de la Sociéte géologique de France, Séries 6e, 4:655–689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayle, E. 1878. Explication de la carte géologique de la France; Atlas, premiére partie. Fossiles principaux des terrains, Paris (Imprimerie Nationale), 4:158 pls.Google Scholar
Beurlen, K. 1958. Die Exogyren. ein beitrag zur phyletischen morphogenese der austern. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte, 5:197–217.Google Scholar
Bjerkan, P. 1918. Gamle Osters. Norsk Fiskeritidende, 37:42–46.Google Scholar
Bonnani, F. 1681. Ricreatione dell'occhio e della mente nell'osservation delle Chiocciole, Rome, 400 p., 1-20, 1-100, 1-319 + 316 pl.Google Scholar
Charles, R.-P., and Maubeuge, P.-L. 1951. Les huitres plissées jurassiques de l'est du bassin parisen, (Pt. 1), Bulletin du Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille, 11:101–119.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R. 1935. Jurassic Gastropoda and Lamellibranchiata, p. 148–197. In The Mesozoic Palaeontology of British Somaliland, Pt. II, The Geology and Palaeontology of British Somaliland. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R. 1952. The Jurassic lamellibranch fauna of Cutch (Kachh), Number 3, Families Pectinidae, Amusiidae, Plicatulidae, Limidae, Ostreidae, and Trigoniidae. Memoires of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica Indica, Series 9, 3:1–128.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R. 1965. Jurassic Bivalvia and Gastropoda from Tanganyia and Kenya. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology), Supplement 1:1–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, L. R., and Arkell, W. J. 1948. A survey of the Mollusca of the British Great Oolite Series, primarily a nomenclatorial revision of the monographs by Morris and Lycett (1851-1855), Lycett (1863) and Blake (1905-1907). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, Pt. 1, 102 p.Google Scholar
Crowley, T. J., and North, G. R. 1991. Paleoclimatology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 339 p.Google Scholar
Damborenea, S. E. 2000. The Hispanic Corridor: its evolution and the biogeography of Bivalve molluscs, p. 369–380. In Hall, R. L. and Smith, P. L. (eds.), Advances in Jurassic Research 2000, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Jurassic System. Trans Tech Publications, GeoResearch Forum, 6:369–380.Google Scholar
Diaz-Romero, V. 1931. Contributa allo Studio della Fauna Giurese della Dancalia Centrale. Palaeontographia Italica, 31:1–61.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1879. M. Douvillé Présente à la Société la part de M. Bayle, l'atlas du IVe volume de l'Explication de la Carte geologique de la France. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, Séries 3, 7(1878-1879):91–92.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1904. Les explorations de M. de Morgan en Perse. Bulletin de la Societé géologique de France, 4:539–553.Google Scholar
Douvillé, H. 1907. Etudes sur les lamellibranches. Vulsellidés. Annales de Paléontologie, 2:97–119.Google Scholar
Duff, K. L. 1978. Bivalvia from the English Lower Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic). Monograph of the Palaeontolographical Society, 132:1–137.Google Scholar
Dunker, W. 1846. Ueber die Muscheln in dem Lias bei Halberstadt vorkommenden Versteinerungen (Part 1). Palaeontographica, 1:34–41.Google Scholar
Eudes-Deslongchamps, E. 1856. Description d'un nouveau genre de coquilles bivalves fossiles, Eligmus. Mémoires de la Société de Normandie, 10:272–293.Google Scholar
Jiasong, Fan. 1965. On some Middle Jurassic Lamellibrachiata from northern Tibet. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 13:248–257.Google Scholar
Ferussac, A. E., de. 1822. Tableaux systematiques des animaux mollusques, Paris and London, 111 p.Google Scholar
Ficcarelli, G. 1968. Fossili giuresi della serie sedimentaria del Nilo Azzurro meridionale. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 74:23–50.Google Scholar
Fischer, J.-C. 1964. Contribution à l'étude de la fauna bathonienne dans la vallee de la Creuse (Indre). Brachiopodes et Mollusques. Annales de Palaeontologie, 50:21–101.Google Scholar
Fischer, J.-C. 1969. Géologie, Paléontologie et Paléoécologie du Bathonien au sud-ouest du Massif Ardennais. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Série C, 20:1–319.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. 1851. On the estuary beds and oxford clay at Loch Staffin in Skye. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 7:104–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fürsich, F. T. 1977. Corallian (Upper Jurassic) marine benthic association from England and Normandy. Palaeontology, 20:337–385.Google Scholar
Zhonghai, Gou, and Xiaochi, Li. 1983. Preliminary investigation of Jurassic bivalve fauna in Nyalam county, Xizang (Tibet). Contribution to the geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, 11:199–230. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Gradstein, F., and Ogg, J., 1996. A Phanerozoic time scale. Episodes, 19:3–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhiwei, Gu, Baoyu, Huang, Chuzhen, Chen, Shixuan, Wen, Qihong, Ma, Xiu, Lan, Juntao, Xu, Lu, Liu, Deyou, Wang, Ranzhong, Qiu, Zhaoqi, Huang, Zuoming, Zhang, Jinhua, Chen, and Peili, Wu. 1976. Fossil Lamellibranchiata of China. Science Press, Beijing, 522 p. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Hallam, A. 1977. Jurassic bivalve biogeography. Paleobiology, 3:58–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, A. 1981. A revised sea-level curve for the early Jurassic. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 138:735–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, A. 1982. Patterns of speciation in Jurassic Gryphaea. Paleobiology, 8:354–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, A. 1983. Early and Mid-Jurassic molluscan biogeography and the establishment of the central Atlantic seaway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 43:181–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, A. 1985. A review of Mesozoic climates. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 142:433–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, A. 1988. A re-evaluation of Jurassic eustasy in the light of new data and the revised Exxon curve, p. 261–273. In Wilgus, C. K., Hastings, B. S., Ross, C. A., Posamentier, H., Van Wagoner, J., and Kendall, C. G. St. C. (eds.), Sea-level Changes: An Integrated Approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM), Special Publications, 42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, A. 1992. Phanerozoic Sea-level Changes. Columbia University Press, New York, 266 p.Google Scholar
Hallam, A. 1994. An Outline of Phanerozoic Biogeography. Oxford Biogeography Series (University Press) 10, 246 p.Google Scholar
Haranghy, L., Balázs, A., and Burg, M. 1965. Inverstigation on ageing and duration of life of mussels. Academy of Sciences Hungaria (Budapest), Acta Biologica, 16:57–67.Google Scholar
Heinze, M. 1996. Paläobiogeographie jurassischer Muschelfaunen: Beziehung zwischen Süd- und Nordrand der Tethys. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 70:97–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, F. 1980. Jurassic bivalves and gastropods from northern Sinai and southern Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, 28:128–163.Google Scholar
Holzapfel, S. 1998. Palökologie benthischer Faunengemeinschaften und Taxonomie der Bivalven im Jura von Südtunesien. Beringeria, 20:3–199.Google Scholar
Hudson, J. D., and Palmer, T. J. 1976. A euryhaline oyster from the Middle Jurassic and the origin of the true oysters. Palaeontology, 19:79–93.Google Scholar
Hudson, R. G. S. 1958. The Upper Jurassic faunas of southern Israel. Geological Magazine, 95:415–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1955. Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Volume 10, Pt. 5, p. 125–180.Google Scholar
Imlay, R. W. 1967. Twin Creek Limestone (Jurassic) in the Western Interior of the United States. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 540:1–105.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1986. Larval ecology and macroevolution in marine invertebrates. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 39:565–587.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Lutz, R. A. L. 1980. Molluscan larval shell morphology: ecological and paleontological applications, p. 323–377. In Rhoads, D. C. and Lutz, R. A. (eds.), Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms. Plenum Press, New York & London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaitly, A. K., Fursich, F. T., and Heinze, M. 1995. Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, western India. IV, The bivalve fauna, Pt. I, Subclasses Palaeotaxodonta, Pteriomorphia, and Isofilibranchia. Beringeria, 16:147–257.Google Scholar
Johnson, A. L. A., and Lennon, C. D. 1990. Evolution of gryphaeate oysters in the mid-Jurassic of western Europe. Palaeontology, 33:453–485.Google Scholar
Jordan, R. 1971. Megafossilien des Jura aus dem Antalo-Kalk von Nord-Äthiopien. Beihefte, Geologisches Jahrbuch, 116:141–172.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. 1801. Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou table general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. Deterville, Paris, 432 p.Google Scholar
Levinton, J. S. 1970. The palaeontological significance of opportunistic species. Lethaia, 3:69–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loriol, P. de. 1872. Description des fossils, p. 1–489. In de Loriol, P. and Cotteau, G. (eds.), Monographie paléontologique et géologique des étages supérieurs de la formation jurassique du département de la Haute-Marne. Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, 16.Google Scholar
Qihong, Ma, Jinhua, Chen, Xiu, Lan, Zhiwei, Gu, Chuzhen, Chen, and Minji, Lin. 1976. Mesozoic lamellibranch fossils of Yunnan, p. 162–386. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (ed.), Mesozoic fossils of Yunnan 1. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Malchus, N. 1990. Revision der Kreide-Austern (Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia) Ägyptens (Biostratigraphie, Systematik). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, 125:1–231.Google Scholar
Malchus, N., and Aberhan, M. 1998. Transition gryphaeate/exogyrate oysters (Bivalvia: Gryphaeidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Northern Chile. Journal of Paleontology, 72:619–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLearn, F. H. 1924. New pelecypods from the Fernie Formation of the Alberta Jurassic. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, 18:39–61.Google Scholar
McLearn, F. H. 1926. New Jurassic species from the Hazelton Group of British Columbia. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, 44:89–99.Google Scholar
Mongin, D. 1967. Les Mollusques du Bathonien saumatre du Moyen Atlas. Notes et Mémoires de Service Géologique du Maroc, 200:37–94.Google Scholar
Newton, C. R. 1988. Significance of “Tethyan” fossils in the American Cordillera. Science, 242:385–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oschmann, W. 1994. Adaptive pathways of benthic organisms in marine oxygen-controlled environments. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 191:249–268.Google Scholar
Palmer, C. P. 1989. Larval shells of four Jurassic bivalve mollusca. Bulletin of British Museum Natural History (Geology), 45:57–69.Google Scholar
Parrish, J. T. 1992. Jurassic climate and oceanography of the Pacific region, p. 365–379. In Westermann, G. E. G. (ed.), The Jurassic of the Circum-Pacific. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Philippi, R. A. 1899. Los Fósiles secundarios de Chile. Brockhaus, Santiago de Chile, Leipzig, 104 p.Google Scholar
Pugaczewska, H. 1971. Jurassic Ostreidae of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 16:195–307.Google Scholar
Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature. Palermo, 225 p.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1927. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossils from Yunnan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica India, New Series, 10(1):1–331 + vi.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1936. Jurassic Lamellibranchs from the Namyan Series, Northern Shan States. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 18:1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanov, L. R. 1973. The Jurassic marine Bivalvia of the Dnestr-Prut interfluve. Schtiinxa Publishing House, Kishinev, 226 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Scheltema, R. S. 1977. Dispersal of marine invertebrate organisms: paleobiogeographic and biostratigraphic implications, p. 73–108. In Kaufmann, E. G. and Hazel, J. E. (eds.), Concepts and Methods of Biogeography. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Schlippe, A. O. 1888. Die Fauna des Bathonien im Oberrheinischen Tieflande. Abhandlungen zur Geologischen Specialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen, 4:1–299.Google Scholar
Schmidtill, E. 1925-1926. Zur Stratigraphie und Faunenkunde des Doggersandsteins im nördlichen Frankenjura. Palaeontographica, 67:1–82; 68:1-110.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A. 1960. Epizoans as a key to ammoniod ecology. Journal Paleontology, 34:189–193.Google Scholar
Sha, Jingeng. 1995. Bivalves, p. 82–115, 149-151. In Jingeng, Sha (ed.), Palaeontology of the Hohxil Region, Qinghai. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Sha, Jingeng, and Fürsich, F. T. 1993. Biostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous bivalves Buchia and Aucellina of eastern Heilongjiang, northeast China. Geological Magazine, 130:533–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sha, Jingeng, and Fürsich, F. T. 1994. Bivalve faunas of eastern Heilongjiang, northeastern China. II. The Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous buchiid fauna. Beringeria, 12:3–93.Google Scholar
Sha, Jingeng, Fürsich, F. T., Smith, P. L., and Lijun, Wang. 1998. Jurassic Palaeotaxodonta, Pteriomorphia and Isofilibranchia (Bivalvia) of the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains. Beringeria, 21:3–55.Google Scholar
Skwarko, S. K. 1974. Jurassic fossils of western Australia, 1. Bajocian Bivalvia of the Newmarracarra Limestone and the Kojarena Sandstone. Bulletin of the Bureau of Mineral Reserves, Geology and Geophysics, 150:57–109.Google Scholar
Smith, A. G., and Briden, J. C. 1977. Mesozoic Palaeocontinental Maps. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 63 p.Google Scholar
Smith, P. L. 1999. Paleobiogeography and plate tectonics. Paleo Scene, Geological Association of Canada, Geoscience Canada Reprint Series, 7:161–180.Google Scholar
Smith, P. L., and Tipper, H. W. 1986. Plate tectonics and paleobiogeography: early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) endemism and diversity. Palaios, 1:399–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. L., Westermann, G. E. G., Stanley, G. D. Jr., and Yancey, T. E. 1990. Paleobiogeography of the Ancient Pacific. Science, 249:680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sowerby, J. 1815-1822. The mineral conchology of Great Britain. London, J. Sowerby, Volume II:1–28 (1815), 29-116 (1816), 117-194 (1817), 195-239 (1818); Volume IV: 1-16 (1821), 17-114 (1822).Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. de C. 1823-1835. The mineral conchology of Great Britain. London, J. de C. Sowerby, Volume V:1–64 (1823); 65-138 (1824), 139-71 (1825); Volume VI: 1-86 (1826), 87-156 (1827), 157-200 (1828), 201-35 (1829); Preface to the general indexes and systematic index to the 6 volumes, 239-50 (1835).Google Scholar
Stefanini, G. 1925. Description of fossils from south Arabia and British Somaliland, p. 143–221. In Little, O. H. (ed.), The Geography and Geology of Makalla (South Arabia), Appendix I. Geological Survey of Egypt, Government Press, Cairo.Google Scholar
Stefanini, G. 1939. Paleontologia dalla Somalia, II, Fossili del Giuralias della Somalia, 5, Molluschi del Giuralias della Somalia, Gasteropodi e Lamellibranchi. Palaeontographia Italica, New Series, 32(Supple. 4):103–270.Google Scholar
Steinmann, G. 1929. Geologie von Peru. Carl Winters Universitäts-buchhandlung, Heidelberg, xxi + 448 p.Google Scholar
Stenzel, H. B. 1971. Oysters, p. N953–N1224 + i-iv. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Tamura, M. 1960. Upper Jurassic pelecypods from the Torinosu Group in Shikoku, Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 8:227–244.Google Scholar
Tate, R. 1868. Appendix of recent and fossil conchological discoveries to the present time, 641 p. In Woodward, S. P. (ed.), A manual of the Mollusca, with an appendix of recent and fossil conchological discoveries to the present time, London.Google Scholar
Thevenin, A. 1908. Paléontologie de Madagascar, V, Fossiles liassiques. Annales de Paléontologie, 3:105–143.Google Scholar
Thorson, G. 1961. Length of pelagic life in marine bottom invertebrates as related to larval transport by ocean currents, p. 455–474. In Sears, M. (ed.), Oceanography. Publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 67.Google Scholar
Vyalov, O. S. 1936. Sur la classification des huitres. Comptes Rendus (Doklady) de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS, New Series, 4:17–20.Google Scholar
Warren, P. S. 1931. A Lower Jurassic fauna from Fernie, British Columbia. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 25:105–111.Google Scholar
Weir, J. 1925. Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata, Gastropoda and Belemnites. In The collections of fossils and rocks from Somaliland. Monographs of the Geological Department of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, 1:79–110.Google Scholar
Weir, J. 1929. Jurassic fossils from Jubaland, East Africa, collected by V. G. Glenday, and the Jurassic Geology of Somaliland. Monographs of the Geological Department of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, 3:1–63.Google Scholar
Weir, J. 1930. Mesozoic Brachiopoda and Mollusca from Mombasa, IV, p. 73–102. In McKinnon Wood, M. (ed.), Reports on geological collections from the coastlands of Kenya colony. Monographs of the Geological Department of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, 4.Google Scholar
Shixuan, Wen. 1979. Jurassic Bivalvia, p. 218–314. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, and Qinghai Institute of Geosciences (eds.), Palaeontological atlas of northwestern China, Qinghai 1. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Shixuan, Wen. 1985. Jurassic Bivalvia, p. 112–117. In Regional Geological Survey of Sichuan Bureau of Geology and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (eds.), Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of W. Sichuan and E. Xizang, China 3, Fossil Lamellibranchs from eastern Xizang, western Sichuan and western Yunnan. Sichuan Science and Technology Publishing House, Chendu. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Shixuan, Wen, Xiu, Lan, Xiu, Chen, Jinhua, Chen, Zuoming, Zhang, Chuzhen, Chen, and Zhiwei, Gu. 1976. Fossil lamellibranchia of the Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) region, p. 1–152. In The Xizang Scientific Expedition Team of Academia Sinica (ed.), Scientific reports on the expedition to the Mt Qomolangma region 1966-68, Palaeontology 3. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Hongfu, Yin, and Zetong, Nie. 1990. Jurassic bivalves of the Ngari area, p. 160–178, 257-263. In Zunyi, Yang and Zetong, Nie (eds.), Paleontology of Ngari, Tibet (Xizang). The China University of Geosciences Press, Beijing. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Jiarun, Yin, and Fürsich, F. T. 1991. Middle and Upper Jurassic bivalves from the Tanggula Mountains, western China. Beringeria, 4:127–192.Google Scholar
Ziegler, A. M., Scotese, C. R., and Barret, S. F. 1982. Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic maps, p. 240–152. In Brosche, P. and Sünderman, J. (eds.), Tidal Friction and the Earth's Rotation II. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar