Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T03:31:39.225Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A late Cisuralian (early Permian) brachiopod fauna from the Taungnyo Group in the Zwekabin Range, eastern Myanmar and its biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic, and tectonic implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2021

Hai-peng Xu ,
Kyi Pyar Aung ,
Yi-chun Zhang ,
G.R. Shi ,
Fu-long Cai ,
Than Zaw ,
Lin Ding ,
Kyaing Sein  and
Shu-zhong Shen Open the ORCID record for Shu-zhong Shen [Opens in a new window]
Hai-peng Xu
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
Kyi Pyar Aung
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Pakokku University, Magway Region, Myanmar
Yi-chun Zhang
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
G.R. Shi
Affiliation:
School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
Fu-long Cai
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Than Zaw
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Lin Ding
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Myanmar Geosciences Society, Yangon, Myanmar
Kyaing Sein
Affiliation:
Myanmar Geosciences Society, Yangon, Myanmar
Shu-zhong Shen*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
*
*Corresponding author.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The tectonic evolution of the Sibumasu Block during the Permian remains controversial, and Permian faunas and their paleobiogeographic affinities provide some insight into its paleogeographic and tectonic evolutionary histories. In this paper, a new brachiopod fauna dominated by Spinomartinia prolifica Waterhouse, 1981 is described from the uppermost part of the Taungnyo Group in the Zwekabin Range, eastern Myanmar. This brachiopod fauna includes 23 species and its age is well constrained as late Kungurian by the associated conodonts, i.e., Vjalovognathus nicolli Yuan et al., 2016 and Mesogondolella idahoensis (Youngquist, Hawley, and Miller, 1951), contrary to the late Sakmarian age given to the same brachiopod faunas previously reported from southern Thailand and Malaysia. Based on comprehensive comparisons of the Cisuralian brachiopod faunas and other data in different parts of the Sibumasu Block, we consider that they are better subdivided into two independent stratigraphic assemblages, i.e., the lower (earlier) Bandoproductus monticulus-Spirelytha petaliformis Assemblage of a Sakmarian to probably early Artinskian age, and the upper (younger) Spinomartinia prolifica-Retimarginifera alata Assemblage of a late Kungurian age. The former assemblage is a typical cold-water fauna, mainly composed of Gondwanan-type genera, e.g., Bandoproductus Jin and Sun, 1981, Spirelytha Fredericks, 1924, and Sulciplica Waterhouse, 1968. The latter assemblage is strongly characterized by an admixture of both Cathaysian and Gondwanan elements, as well as some genera restricted to the Cimmerian continents. Notably, the spatial distribution pattern of these two separate brachiopod assemblages varies distinctly. The Sakmarian cold-water brachiopod faunas have been found in association with glacial-marine diamictites throughout the Sibumasu Block including both the Irrawaddy and Sibuma blocks. In contrast, the Kungurian biogeographically mixed brachiopod faunas are only recorded in the Irrawaddy Block, unlike the Sibuma Block that contains a contemporaneous paleotropical Tethyan fusuline fauna. Thus, it appears likely that by the end of Cisuralian (early Permian), the Sibumasu Block comprised the Irrawaddy Block in the south with cool climatic conditions, and the Sibuma Block in the north with a temperate to warm-water environment, separated by the incipient Thai-Myanmar Mesotethys.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 95 , Issue 6 , November 2021 , pp. 1158 - 1188
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Paleontological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afanas'eva, G.A., 1975, [Chonetacea (Brachiopoda) srednego i pozdnego karbona Russkoi platformy]: Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 1975, p. 96–113. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Alvarez, F., and Rong, J.Y., 2002, Athyridida, in Kaesler, R.L., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda (revised), Volume 4, Rhynchonelliformea (part): Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, Geological Society of America (and University of Kansas Press), p. H1475–H1614.Google Scholar
Ampaiwan, T., Hisada, K.I., and Charusiri, P., 2009, Lower Permian glacially influenced deposits in Phuket and adjacent islands, peninsular Thailand: Island Arc, v. 18, p. 52–68, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2008.00653.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angiolini, L., 1996, Permian brachiopods from Karakorum (Pakistan), Part 2: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, v. 102, p. 3–26, https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/5208.Google Scholar
Angiolini, L., Brunton, H., and Gaetani, M., 2005, Early Permian (Asselian) brachiopods from Karakorum (Pakistan) and their palaeobiogeographical significance: Palaeontology, v. 48, p. 69–86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00439.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archbold, N.W., 1984, Studies on Western Australian Permian brachiopods, 4, Productellidae Schuchert & LeVene 1929 and Overtoniidae Miur-Wood & Cooper 1960: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, v. 96, p. 83–92.Google Scholar
Archbold, N.W., 1999, Additional records of Permian brachiopods from near Rat Buri, Thailand: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, v. 111, p. 71–86.Google Scholar
Archbold, N.W., and Hogeboom, T., 2000, Subsurface Brachiopoda from borehole cores through the early Permian sequence of the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: Correlations with palynological biostratigraphy: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, v. 112, p. 93–109.Google Scholar
Archbold, N.W., and Thomas, G.A., 1985, Permian Spiriferellinae (Brachiopoda) from Western Australia: Alcheringa, v. 9, p. 35–48, https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518508618957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archbold, N.W., Thomas, G.A., and Skwarko, S.K., 1993, Brachiopods, in Skwarko, S.K., ed., Palaeontology of the Permian of Western Australia: Perth, Geological Survey of Western Australia, v. 136, p. 45–51.Google Scholar
Bender, F., 1983, Geology of Burma: Berlin, Gebrüder Borntraeger, 293 p.Google Scholar
Bensh, F.R., 1991, [Praeskinnerella-novoe nazvanie dlya roda Guembelites Bensh, 1987 (Fusulinida)]: Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, v. 4, p. 107. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Boucot, A.J., Johnson, J.G., and Staton, R.D., 1964, On some atrypoid, retzioid and athyridoid Brachiopoda: Journal of Paleontology, v. 38, p. 805–822.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.J.C., 1998, Permian Productidina and Strophalosiidina from the Sydney-Bowen Basin and New England Orogen: Systematics and biostratigraphic significance: Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, v. 19, p. 1–258.Google Scholar
Brunnschweiler, R.O., 1970, Contributions to the post-Silurian geology of Burma (northern Shan States and Karen State): Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, v. 17, p. 59–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunton, C.H.C., Lazarev, S.S., Grant, E.R., and Jin, Y.G., 2000, Productidina, in Kaesler, R.L., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda (revised), Volume 3, Linguliformea, Craniiforme and Rhynchonelliformea (part): Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, Geological Society of America (and University of Kansas Press), p. H424–H618.Google Scholar
Buch, L. von, 1835, Über Terebrateln, mit einem Versuch sie zu classificiren und zu beschreiben: Physikalische Abhandlungen, Königliche Akademie für Wissenschaften aus den Jahre, v. 1833, p. 21–124.Google Scholar
Buckman, S.S., 1906, Brachiopod nomenclature: Epithyris, Hypothyris, Cleiothyris Phillips, 1841: Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, v. 18, p. 321–327.Google Scholar
Campbell, K.S.W., 1953, The fauna of the Permo-Carboniferous Ingelara Beds of Queensland: University of Queensland, Department of Geology, Papers, v. 4, p. 1–44.Google Scholar
Campbell, K.S.W., 1959, The type species of three upper Palaeozoic punctate spiriferoids: Palaeontology, v. 1, p. 351–363.Google Scholar
Carter, J.L., and Johnson, J.G., 2006, Spiriferinida, in Kaesler, R.L., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda (revised), Volume 5, Rhynchonelliformea (part): Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, Geological Society of America (and University of Kansas Press), p. H1877–H1936.Google Scholar
Carter, J.L., Johnson, J.G., Gourvennec, R., and Hou, H.F., 2006, Spiriferida, in Kaesler, R.L., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda (revised), Volume 5, Rhynchonelliformea (part): Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, Geological Society of America (and University of Kansas Press), p. H1689–H1876.Google Scholar
Chao, Y.T., 1927, Productidae of China, Part 1, Producti: Palaeontologia Sinica, ser. B, v. 5, p. 1–206.Google Scholar
Chen, B., Joachimski, M.M., Shen, S.Z., Lambert, L.L., Lai, X.L., Wang, X.D., Chen, J., and Yuan, D.X., 2013, Permian ice volume and palaeoclimate history: Oxygen isotope proxies revisited: Gondwana Research, v. 24, p. 77–89, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.007.Google Scholar
Chen, Z.Q., Shi, G.R., Gao, Y.Q., Tong, J.N., Yang, F.Q., and Peng, Y.Q., 2009, A late Changhsingian (latest Permian) deep-water brachiopod fauna from Guizhou, South China: Alcheringa, v. 33, p. 163–183, http://doi.org/10.1080/03115510902844210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, T.A., 1839, Second annual report on the Palaeontological Department of the Survey: New York Geological Survey, Annual Report, v. 3, p. 57–66.Google Scholar
Cooper, G.A., 1957, Permian brachiopods from central Oregon: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 134, p. 1–79.Google Scholar
Cooper, G.A., and Grant, R.E., 1975, Permian brachiopods of West Texas, 3: Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, v. 19, p. 795–1921.Google Scholar
Cooper, G.A., and Grant, R.E., 1976, Permian brachiopods of Eest Texas, 5: Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology, v. 24, p. 2609–3159.Google Scholar
Davidson, T., 1881, On genera and species of spiral-bearing Brachiopoda, from specimens developed by the Rev. Norman Glass, with notes on the results obtained by Mr. George Maw from extensive washings of the Wenlock and Ludlow shales of Shropshire: Geological Magazine, v. 8, p. 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deprat, J., 1912. Étude géologique du Yun-Nan oriental, 3, Étude des fusulinidés de Chine et d'Indochine et classification des calcaires à fusulines: Mémoires du Service Géologique de l'Indochine, v. 1, p. 1–76.Google Scholar
Dunbar, C.O., 1955, Permian brachiopod faunas of central East Greenland: Meddelelser om Grönland, v. 110, p. 1–169.Google Scholar
Dunbar, C.O., and Condra, G.E., 1932, Brachiopoda of the Pennsylvanian System in Nebraska: Nebraska Geological Survey Bulletin, ser. 2, v. 5, p. 1–377.Google Scholar
Dunbar, C.O., and Skinner, J.W., 1931, New fusulinid genera from the Permian of West Texas: American Journal of Science, v. 5, p. 252–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etheridge, R., 1903, Descriptions of Carboniferous fossils from the Gascoyne district, western Australia, collected by Mr. A. Gibb Maitland, Government Geologist: Biological Survey of Western Australia, Bulletin, v. 10, p. 1–41.Google Scholar
Fang, R.S., 1994, [The discovery of cold-water brachiopod Stepanoviella fauna in Baoshan region and its geological significance]: Yunnan Geology, v. 13, p. 264–277. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Fang, R.S., and Fan, J.C., 1994, [Middle to Upper Carboniferous-Early Permian Gondwana Facies and Palaeontology in Western Yunnan]: Kunming, China, Yunnan Science and Technology Press, 121 p. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Fischer de Waldheim, G., 1829, Quelques fossiles du gouvernement de Moscou: Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou Bulletin, v. 1, p. 375–376.Google Scholar
Fontaine, H., and Amnan, Ibrahim Bin, 1995, Biostratigraphy of the Kinta Valley, Perak: Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia, v. 38, p. 159–172.Google Scholar
Fredericks, G.N., 1916, [Paleontologicheskiia zametki, 2, O nekotorykh’ verkhnepaleozoiskikh’ brakhiopodakh’ Evrazii]: Comité Géologique, Mémoires, n. ser., v. 156, p. 1–87. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Fredericks, G.N., 1924, [Paleontologicheskie etiudy, 2, O verkhne-kamennougol'nykh spiriferidakh Urala]: Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Komiteta, v. 38, p. 295–324. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Fredericks, G.N., 1928, [Materialy dlya klassifikatsii roda Productus Sowerby]: Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Komiteta, v. 46, p. 773–792. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Fredericks, G.N., 1929, [Fauna Kynovskogo izvestniaka na Urale]: Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Komiteta, v. 48, p. 87–136. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Fujikawa, M., Ueno, K., Sardsud, A., Saengsrichan, W., Kamata, Y., and Hisada, K.-I., 2005, Early Permian ammonoids from the Kaeng Krachan Group of the Phatthalung-Hat Yai area, southern peninsular Thailand: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 739–752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.06.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gemmellaro, G.G., 1887, La fauna dei calcari con Fusulina della valle del fiume Sosio nella provincia di Palermo: Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche, v. 19, p. 1–106.Google Scholar
George, T.N., 1932, The British Carboniferous reticulate Spiriferidae: Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 88, p. 516–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, R.E., 1976, Permian brachiopods from southern Thailand: Memoir, The Paleontological Society, v. 9, p. 1–269.Google Scholar
Gray, J.E., 1840, Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum (42nd edition): London, G. Woodfall, 370 p.Google Scholar
Grigor'eva, A.D., Ganelin, V.G., and Kotlyar, G.V., 1977, [Semeistvo Linoproductidae], in Sarycheva, T. G., ed., [Pozdnepaleozoiskie Produktidy Sibiri i Arktiki], Volume 161: Moscow, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskiy Institut, Trudy, p. 126–165. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Grunt, T.A., and Dmitriev, V.Y., 1973, [Permskie brakhiopody Pamira]: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskiy Institut, Trudy, v. 136, p. 1–212. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Haig, D.W., Mory, A.J., McCartain, E., Backhouse, J., Håkansson, E., Ernst, A., Nicoll, R.S., Shi, G.R., Bevan, J.C., Davydov, V.I., Hunter, A.W., Keep, M., Martin, S.K., Peyrot, D., Kossavaya, O., and Santos, Z.D., 2017, Late Artinskian-early Kungurian (early Permian) warming and maximum marine flooding in the East Gondwana interior rift, Timor and Western Australia, and comparisons across East Gondwana: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 468, p. 88–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamada, T., 1960, Some Permo-Carboniferous fossils from Thailand: Scientific Papers of the College of General Education, University of Tokyo, v. 10, p. 337–361.Google Scholar
He, W.H., Shi, G.R., Zhang, K.X., Yang, T.L., Shen, S.Z., and Zhang, Y., 2019, Brachiopods Around the Permian-Triassic Boundary of South China: Singapore, Springer, 261 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdsworth, B.K., and Jones, D.L., 1980, Preliminary radiolarian zonation for Late Devonian through Permian time: Geology, v. 8, p. 281–285.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, T.K., 1932, Late Permian Brachiopoda of southwestern China: Palaeontologia Sinica, ser. B, v. 9, p. 1–139.Google Scholar
Ishii, K., 1966, Preliminary notes of the Permian fusulinids of HS Lee Mine no. 8 Limestone near Kampar, Perak, Malaysia: Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, v. 9, p. 1–145.Google Scholar
Ivanova, E.A., 1951, [Novye dannye po sisteme produktid (rod Kutorginella)]: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, v. 77, p. 329–331. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Ivanova, E.A., 1972, [Osnovnyye zakonomernosti evolyutsii spiriferid (Brachiopoda)]: Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 1972, p. 28–42. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Ji, Z.S., Yao, J.X., Jin, X.C., Yang, X.N., Wang, Y.Z., Yang, H.L., and Wu, G.C., 2004, Early Permian conodonts from the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, China: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 78, p. 1179–1184, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00775.x.Google Scholar
Jin, X.C., 2002, Permo-Carboniferous sequences of Gondwana affinity in southwest China and their paleogeographic implications: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 633–646, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00084-0.Google Scholar
Jin, Y.G, 1963, [Urushtenia from the lower Permian of China]: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 11, p. 1–30. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Jin, Y.G, and Hu, S.Z., 1978, [Brachiopods of the Kuhfeng Formation in South Anhui and Nanking Hills]: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 17, p. 101–127. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Jin, Y.G., and Sun, D.L., 1981, [Palaeozoic brachiopods from Xizang], in Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, ed., Palaeontology of Xizang, Book 3, The Series of the Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: Beijing, Science Press, p. 127–176. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Keyserling, A., 1846, [Wissenschaftliche Beobachtungen auf einer Reise in das Petschora-Land im Jahre 1843]: St. Petersburg, Carl Kray, 465 p. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Krotow, P., 1885, [Artinskii Iarus Geologo-Paleontologicheskaia Monografiia Artinskago Peschanika]: Kazan Universitet, Obshchestvo Estestvoispytatelei, Trudy, v. 13, p. 1–314. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Krotow, P., 1888, [Geologische Forschungen am Westlichen Ural-Abhange in den Gebieten von Tscherdyn und Solikamsk]: Trudy Geologicheskogo Komiteta (Leningrad), v. 6, p. 297–563. [in Russian with German summary]Google Scholar
Kuhn, O., 1949, Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 326 p.Google Scholar
Kutorga, S.S., 1844, [Zweiter Beitrag zur Paleontologie Russlands]: Russisch-Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft zu St. Petersbourg, Verhandlungen, p. 62–104. [in Russian with German summary]Google Scholar
Aung, Kyi Pyar, Shen, S.Z., Naing, Ye, and Gegorio, 2018, Early Permian (Cisuralian) brachiopod fauna from the Yinyaw beds in Yinyaw area, Pekon Township, southern Shan State, Myanmar: Journal of the Myanmar Geosciences Society, v. 8, p. 1–8.Google Scholar
Leman, M.S., 2003, An early Permian (early Sakmarian) brachiopod fauna from the Sungai Itau Quarry and its relationship to other early Permian brachiopod horizons in Langkawi, Malaysia: Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, v. 46, p. 155–160, https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm46200326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonova, T.B., Leman, M.S., and Shi, G.R., 1999, Discovery of an early Permian (late Sakmarian) ammonoid from Langkawi Island, Malaysia: Alcheringa, v. 23, p. 277–281, https://doi.org/10.1080/03115519908527810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Licharew, B.K., 1935, Bemerkungen über einige ober-paläozoische Brachiopoden: Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, abt. B, v. 9, p. 369–373.Google Scholar
Liu, C., Jarochowska, E., Du, Y.S., Munnecke, A., and Dai, X.D., 2017, Prevailing anoxia in the Kungurian (Permian) of South China: Possible response to divergent climate trends between the tropics and Gondwana: Gondwana Research, v. 49, p. 81–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.05.011.Google Scholar
M'Coy, F., 1844, A Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland: London, Williams and Norgate, 207 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, I., 1984, Stratigraphy, paleontology and paleogeography of the Carboniferous of Southeast Asia: Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, v. 147, p. 107–118.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, I., 2002, Permian tectonic framework and palaeogeography of SE Asia: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 551–566, http://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00022-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, I., 2011, Palaeozoic–Mesozoic history of SE Asia: Geological Society London Special Publications, v. 355, p. 7–35, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP355.2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, I., 2013, Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: Tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 66, p. 1–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.12.020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, I., 2017, Tectonic evolution of Sundaland: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, v. 63, p. 27–60, https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, A., 2018, Geological Belts, Plate Boundaries, and Mineral Deposits in Myanmar: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 509 p.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A., Hlaing, Tin, and Htay, Nyunt, 2002, Mesozoic orogenies along the Mandalay-Yangon margin of the Shan Plateau, in Mantajit, N., and Potisat, S., eds., Proceedings of the Symposium on Geology of Thailand, Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, 26–31 August 2002: Bangkok, Chulalongkorn University and Thai Department of Mineral Resources, v. 26, p. 136–149.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A., Chung, S.L., Oo, Thura, Lin, T.H., and Hung, C.H., 2012, Zircon U-Pb ages in Myanmar: Magmatic–metamorphic events and the closure of a neo-Tethys ocean?: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 56, p. 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.04.019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, A., Htay, Myint Thein, and Htun, Kyaw Min, 2015, The medial Myanmar suture zone and the western Myanmar-Mogok foreland: Journal of the Myanmar Geosciences Society, v. 6, p. 73–88.Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H.M., 1962, On the Morphology and Classification of the Brachiopod Suborder Chonetoidea: London, British Museum (Natural History), 132 p.Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H.M., and Cooper, G.A., 1960, Morphology, classification and life habits of the Productoidea (Brachiopoda): Geological Society of America Memoirs, v. 81, 447 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, K., 1979, Additional occurrences of Urushtenoidea (Brachiopoda) from the Permian of Asia: Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy, v. 19, p. 221–233.Google Scholar
Newell, N.D., Chronic, J., and Roberts, T.G., 1949, Upper Paleozoic of Peru: New York, Columbia University, 241 p.Google Scholar
Nie, Z.T., Song, Z.M., Jiang, J.J., and Liang, D.Y., 1993, [Biota features of the Gondwana affinity facies and review of their stratigraphic ages in the western Yunnan]: Geoscience, v. 7, p. 384–394. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Norwood, J.G., and Pratten, H., 1855, Notice of the genus Chonetes as found in the western states and territories, with descriptions of eleven new species: Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 3, p. 71–77.Google Scholar
Oehlert, D.P., 1887, Appendice sur les brachiopodes, in Fischer, P., ed., Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologue, ou Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Vivants et Fossiles: Paris, F. Savy, p. 1189–1334.Google Scholar
Pečar, J., 1986, Upper Carboniferous and Permian mesolobid Chonetacean brachiopods of Karavanke Mountains (Yugoslavia) and Carnian Alps (Italy): Geologija, 1986, p. 9–53.Google Scholar
Ramovš, A., 1969, [Karavankininae, nova poddruzina Produktid (Brachiopoda) iz alpskih zgornjekarbonskih in permijskih skladov]: Jeseniski Zbornik Jeklo in Ljudje, v. 2, p. 251–268. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Ramsbottom, W.H.C., 1952, The fauna of the Cefn Coed Marine Band in the Coal Measures at Aberbaiden, near Tondu, Glamorgan: Geological Survey of Great Britain, Bulletin (Palaeontology), v. 4, p. 8–32.Google Scholar
Reed, F.R.C., 1944, Brachiopoda and Mollusca from the Productus Limestone of the Salt Range: Palaeontologia Indica, n. ser., v. 23, p. 1–678.Google Scholar
Ridd, M.F., 2009, The Phuket Terrane: A late Palaeozoic rift at the margin of Sibumasu: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 238–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.06.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridd, M.F., 2016, Should Sibumasu be renamed Sibuma? The case for a discrete Gondwana-derived block embracing western Myanmar, upper Peninsular Thailand and NE Sumatra: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 173, p. 249–264, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2015-065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridd, M.F., 2017, Karen-Tenasserim Unit, in Barber, A. J., Zaw, Khin, and Crow, M. J., eds., Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 48, p. 365–384, https://doi.org/10.1144/M48.16.Google Scholar
Ridd, M.F., and Watkinson, I., 2013, The Phuket-Slate Belt terrane: Tectonic evolution and strike-slip emplacement of a major terrane on the Sundaland margin of Thailand and Myanmar: Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, v. 124, p. 994–1010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.01.007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridd, M.F., Crow, M.J., and Morley, C.K., 2019, The role of strike-slip faulting in the history of the Hukawng Block and the Jade Mines Uplift, Myanmar: Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, v. 130, p. 126–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.01.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruzhentsev, V.E., and Sarycheva, T.G., 1965, [Razvitie i smena morskih organizmov na Rubezhe Paleozoya i Mezozoya]: Moscow, Nauka, 431 p. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Sarycheva, T.G., and Grunt, T.A., 1969, [Morfologiya i klassifikapiya produktid semeistva Chonostegidae]: Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 1969, p. 70–85. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Sarycheva, T.G., and Sokolskaya, A.N., 1959, [O klassifikatsin lozhnoporistykh brakhiopod]: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Doklady (Moscow), v. 125, p. 181–184. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Savage, N.M., Manceñido, M.O., and Owen, E.F., 2002, Rhynchonellida, in Kaesler, R.L., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda (revised), Volume 4, Rhynchonelliformea (part): Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, Geological Society of America (and University of Kansas Press), p. H1027–H1376.Google Scholar
Schellwien, E., 1900, Die Fauna der Trogkofelschichten in den Karnischen Alpen und den Karawanken, 1 Theil, Die Brachiopoden: Kaiserlich-Königliche Geologische Reichsanstalt, Abhandlungen, v. 16, p. 1–122.Google Scholar
Schellwien, E., 1909, Monographie der Fusulinen, Teil 2, Die asiatischen Fusulinen (von Gunter Dyhrenfurth), A, Die Fusulinen von Darvas: Palaeontographica, v. 56, p. 137–176.Google Scholar
Schlotheim, E.F. von, 1816, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen in geognostischer Hinsicht: Denkschriften der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, v. 6, p. 13–36.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C., 1893, A classification of the Brachiopoda: American Geologist, v. 11, p. 141–167.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C., 1929, Classification of brachiopod genera, fossil and Recent, in Pompeckj, J.F., ed., Fossilium Catalogus, Volume 1: Berlin, W. Junk, p. 10–25.Google Scholar
Şengör, A.M.C., 1984, The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia: Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 195, p. 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, S.Z., 2018, Global Permian brachiopod biostratigraphy: An overview: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 450, p. 289–320, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP450.11.Google Scholar
Shen, S.Z., Shi, G.R., and Zhu, K.Y., 2000, Early Permian brachiopods of Gondwana affinity from the Dingjiazhai Formation of the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, China: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, v. 106, p. 263–282, https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/6146.Google Scholar
Shen, S.Z., Archbold, N.W., Shi, G.R., and Chen, Z.Q., 2001, Permian brachiopods from the Selong Xishan section, Xiang (Tibet), China, Part 2, Palaeobiogeographical and palaeoecological implications, Spiriferida, Athyridida and Terebratulida: Geobios, v. 34, p. 157–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(01)80059-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, S.Z., Shi, G.R., and Archbold, N.W., 2003, Lopingian (late Permian) brachiopods from the Qubuerga Formation at the Qubu section in the Mt. Qomolangma region, southern Tibet (Xizang), China: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie, v. 268, p. 49–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, S.Z., Zhang, H., Shi, G.R., Li, W.Z., Xie, J.F., Mu, L., and Fan, J.X., 2013, Early Permian (Cisuralian) global brachiopod palaeobiogeography: Gondwana Research, v. 24, p. 104–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.05.017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, S.Z., Sun, T.R., Zhang, Y.C., and Yuan, D.X., 2016, An upper Kungurian/lower Guadalupian (Permian) brachiopod fauna from the South Qiangtang Block in Tibet and its palaeobiogeographical implications: Palaeoworld, v. 25, p. 519–538, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2016.03.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, S.Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y.C., Yuan, D.X., Chen, B., He, W.H., Mu, L., Lin, W., Wang, W.Q., Chen, J., Wu, Q., Cao, C.Q., Wang, Y., and Wang, X.D., 2019, Permian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China: Science China Earth Sciences, v. 62, p. 154–188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9228-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, G.R., and Archbold, N.W., 1995, Permian brachiopod faunal sequence of the Shan-Thai terrane: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeographical affinities and plate tectonic/palaeoclimatic implications: Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, v. 11, p. 177–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(94)E0013-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, G.R., and Archbold, N.W., 1998, Permian marine biogeography of SE Asia, in Hall, R., and Holloway, J.D., eds., Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia: Leiden, Backhuys Publishers, p. 57–72.Google Scholar
Shi, G.R., and Waterhouse, J.B., 1991, Early Permian brachiopods from Perak, west Malaysia: Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 25–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(91)90092-C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, G.R., and Waterhouse, J.B., 1996, Lower Permian brachiopods and molluscs from the Upper Jungle Creek Formation, northern Yukon Territory, Canada: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v, 24, p. 1–241.Google Scholar
Shi, G.R., Fang, Z.J., and Archbold, N.W., 1996, An early Permian brachiopod fauna of Gondwanan affinity from the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, China: Alcheringa, v. 20, p. 81–101, https://doi.org/10.1080/03115519608619192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, G.R., Leman Mohd, S., and Tan, B.K., 1997, Early Permian brachiopods from the Singa Formation of Langkawi Island, northwestern peninsular Malaysia: Biostratigraphical and biogeographical implications, in Dheeradilok, P., Hinthong, C., Chadomrong, P., Putthapiban, P., Tansathien, W., Utha-aroon, C., Sattyarak, N., Nuchanong, T., and Techawan, S., eds., Proceedings of the International Conference on Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia and the South Pacific, Bangkok, 19–24 August 1997: Bangkok, The Department of Mineral Resources, p. 62–72.Google Scholar
Shi, G.R., Raksaskulwong, L., and Campbell, H., 2002, Early Permian brachiopods from central and northern Peninsular Thailand, in Hill, L.V., Henderson, C.M., and Bamber, E.W., eds., Carboniferous and Permian of the World: ICCP Proceedings, 14th, Calgary, Canada, 17–21 August 1999: Calgary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, v. 19, p. 596–608.Google Scholar
Shi, Y.K., Huang, H., Jin, X.C., and Yang, X.N., 2011, Early Permian fusulinids from the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, China and their paleobiogeographic significance: Journal of Paleontology, v. 85, p. 489–501, https://doi.org/10.1666/10-039.1.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J.D.C., 1818–1821, The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, Volume 3: London, W. Arding, 184 p.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J.D.C., 1840–1846, The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, or Coloured Figures and Descriptions of Those Remains of Testaceous Animals or Shells: London, Richard Taylor, 80 p.Google Scholar
Stauffer, P.H., and Lee, C.P., 1986, Late Palaeozoic glacial marine facies in Southeast Asia and its implications: Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, v. 20, p. 363–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stehli, F.G., 1954, Lower Leonardian Brachiopoda of the Sierra Diablo: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 105, p. 263–385.Google Scholar
Sun, D.L., 1991, [Permian (Sakmarian–Artinskian) brachiopod fauna from Gegyai County, northwestern Xizang (Tibet) and its biogeographic significance], In Sun, D.L., and Xu, J.T., eds., [Permian, Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Palaeontology from Rutog Region, Xizang (Tibet)]: Nanjing, China, Nanjing University Press, p. 215–275. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Thassanapak, H., Udchachon, M., Chareonmit, J., and Burrett, C., 2020, Early Permian radiolarians from southern Thailand, the deglaciation of Gondwana and the age of the basal Ratburi Group: Palaeoworld, v. 29, p. 552–567, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2019.06.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oo, Thura, Tin, Hlaing, and Nyunt, Htay, 2002, Permian of Myanmar: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 683–689, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00074-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tschernyschew, T.N., 1902, Die obercarboniferischen Brachiopoden des Ural und des Timan: Comité Géologie Mémoire, v. 16, p. 1–749.Google Scholar
Ueno, K., and Charoentitirat, T., 2011, Carboniferous and Permian, in Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J., and Crow, M.J., eds., The Geology of Thailand: London, The Geological Society of London, p. 71–136, https://doi.org/10.1144/GOTH.5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ueno, K., Arita, M., Meno, S., Sardsud, A., and Saesaengseerung, D., 2015, An early Permian fusuline fauna from southernmost peninsular Thailand: Discovery of early Permian warming spikes in the peri-Gondwanan Sibumasu Block: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 104, p. 185–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.10.030.Google Scholar
Verneuil, E. de, 1845, Paleontologie, Mollusques, Brachiopodes, in Murchison, R.I., Verneuil, E., and Keyserling, A., eds., Geologie de la Russie d'Europe et des Montagnes de l'Oural, Volume 2: London, John Murray, p. 17–395.Google Scholar
Waagen, W., 1883, Salt Range fossils, 1, Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda: Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 13, v. 4, p. 391–546.Google Scholar
Waagen, W., 1884, Salt Range fossils, 1, Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda: Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 13, v. 4, p. 547–728.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1968, The classification and descriptions of Permian Spiriferida (Brachiopoda) from New Zealand: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie, v. 129, p. 1–94.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1970, Permian brachiopod Retimarginifera n. gen. n. sp. from the Byro group of Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, v. 53, p. 120–128.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1975, New Permian and Triassic brachiopod taxa: Papers of the Department of Geology, University of Queensland, v. 7, p. 1–23.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1981, Early Permian brachiopods from Ko Yao Noi and near Krabi, southern Thailand: Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Geological Survey Memoir, v. 4, p. 43–213.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1982, An early Permian cool-water fauna from pebbly mudstones in South Thailand: Geological Magazine, v. 119, p. 337–354, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800026261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1983a, New Permian invertebrate genera from the East Australian segment of Gondwana: Bulletin of the Indian Geologists’ Association, v. 16, p. 153–158.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1983b, Permian brachiopods from Pija Member, Senja Formation, in Manang District of Nepal, with new brachiopod genera and species from other regions: Bulletin Indian Geologists’ Association, v. 16, p. 111–151.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., 1987, Late Palaeozoic Brachiopoda (Athyrida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida) from the Southeast Bowen Basin, East Australia: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie, v. 196, p. 1–56.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., and Briggs, D.J.C., 1986, Late Palaeozoic Scyphozoa and Brachiopoda (Inarticulata, Strophomenida, Productida and Rhynchonellida) from the Southeast Bowen Basin, Australia: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie, v. 193, p. 1–76.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J.B., and Piyasin, S., 1970, Mid-Permian brachiopods from Khao Phrik, Thailand: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie, v. 135, p. 83–197.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Brunton, C.H.C., and Wright, A.D., 2000, Orthotetida, in Kaesler, R.L., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda (revised), Volume 3, Linguliformea, Craniiforemea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part): Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, Geological Society of America (and University of Kansas Press), p. H644–H689.Google Scholar
Xu, H.P., Zhang, Y.C., Qiao, F., and Shen, S.Z., 2019, A new Changhsingian brachiopod fauna from the Xiala Formation at Tsochen in the central Lhasa Block and its paleogeographical implications: Journal of Paleontology, v. 93, p. 876–898, https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youngquist, W., Hawley, R.W., and Miller, A.K., 1951. Phosphoria conodonts from southeastern Idaho: Journal of Paleontology, v. 25, p. 356–364.Google Scholar
Yuan, D.X., Zhang, Y.C., Shen, S.Z., Henderson, C.M., Zhang, Y.J., Zhu, T.X., An, X.Y., and Feng, H.Z., 2016, Early Permian conodonts from the Xainza area, central Lhasa Block, Tibet, and their palaeobiogeographical and palaeoclimatic implications: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, v. 14, p. 365–383, https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1052027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, D.X., Aung, Kyi Pyar, Henderson, C.M., Zhang, Y.C., Zaw, Than, Cai, F.L., Ding, L., and Shen, S.Z., 2020, First records of Early Permian conodonts from eastern Myanmar and implications of paleobiogeographic links to the Lhasa Block and northwestern Australia: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zavodowskiy, V.M., 1960, [Novye vidy permskikh produktid i strofaloziid Severo-Vostoka SSSR], in Markowskii, B.P., ed., [Novye Vidy Drevnikh Rastenii i Bespozvonochnykh SSSR], Part 1: Moscow, VSEGEI, p. 334–340. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Win, Zaw, 2009, Fossil Brachiopods from the Zwekabin Range: Hpa-an University Research Journal, v. 1, p. 145–149.Google Scholar
Zeng, Q.L., 1987, [Some structures and life habits of Urushtenoidea]: Acta Palaeontogica Sinica, v. 26, p. 497–505. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Zhan, L.P., Yao, J.X., Ji, Z.S., and Wu, G.C., 2007, [Late Carboniferous-early Permian brachiopod fauna of Gondwanic affinity in Xainza County, northern Tibet, China: Revisited]: Geological Bulletin of China, v. 26, p. 54–72, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2007.01.007. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y.J., and Yuan, D.X., 2012, Kungurian (late Cisuralian) fusuline fauna from the Cuozheqiangma area, northern Tibet and its palaeobiogeographical implications: Palaeoworld, v. 21, p. 139–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2012.09.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y.C., Shi, G.R., and Shen, S.Z., 2013, A review of Permian stratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeogeography of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Gondwana Research, v. 24, p. 55–76, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.06.010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y.C., Shi, G.R., Shen, S.Z., and Yuan, D.X., 2014, Permian fusuline fauna from the lower part of the Lugu Formation in the central Qiangtang Block and its geological implications: Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), v. 88, p. 365–379, https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Yuan, D.X., Xu, H.P., and Qiao, F., 2019, [Stratigraphic and paleontological constraints on the opening time of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean]: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 35, p. 3083–3096, https://doi.org/10.18654/1000-0569/2019.10.08. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.C., Aung, Kyi Pyar, Shen, S.Z., Zhang, H., Zaw, Than, Ding, L., Cai, F.L., and Sein, Kyaing, 2020, Middle Permian fusulines from the Thitsipin Formation of Shan State, Myanmar and their palaeobiogeographical and palaeogeographical implications: Papers in Palaeontology, v. 6, p. 293–327, https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar