Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:41:43.316Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Late Ordovician and Early Silurian pentameride brachiopod Holorhynchus Kiaer, 1902 from North China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Jia-Yu Rong ,
Ren-Bin Zhan  and
Jisuo Jin
Jia-Yu Rong
Affiliation:
1Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China 210008,
Ren-Bin Zhan
Affiliation:
1Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China 210008,
Jisuo Jin
Affiliation:
2Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Holorhynchus giganteus Kiaer, 1902, a common Late Ordovician (mid-Ashgill) pentameride brachiopod in the Baltic region, Kazakhstan, and southern Tien Shan, is documented for the first time from the Badanjilin Formation (mid-Ashgill) of western Inner Mongolia (Alxa block), North China. Serial sections of the Chinese material confirm the presence of a vestigial ventral median septum in the early growth stage of H. giganteus, but the septum becomes embedded in the secondary shell thickening at the adult growth stage. A survey of the type material from Norway and additional material from other regions indicates that the incipient ventral median septum is a much more commonly developed structure than was previously believed. The presence of a well-developed pseudodeltidium in the Tien Shan material of H. giganteus and the absence of such a structure in conspecific material from many other regions require a systematic revision of the generic group. Holorhynchus has rodlike crura (=brachial processes) that do not form flanges at their junctions with the inner hinge plates (=outer plates = crural plates) and outer hinge plates (inner plates). This, together with the development of a crude spondylial comb structure, points to its affinity to the Virgianidae rather than to the Stricklandiidae. Holorhynchus can be regarded as a Lazarus taxon because of its absence during the crisis (Hirnantian) and survival (early-middle Rhuddanian) intervals associated with the Late Ordovician mass extinction and its reappearance in Kazakhstan and North China during the Early Silurian (late Rhuddanian-early Aeronian). The mid-Ashgill Holorhynchus fauna, typified by a number of large-shelled pentamerides, was common in the Baltic region, the Urals, Kazakhstan, Tien Shan, Alxa, Qaidam, Kolyma, and east-central Alaska, but largely absent from Laurentia and Siberia (except for Taimyr) in the ancient tropical-subtropical regions. This paleobiogeographic pattern agrees with the general pattern of the Late Ordovician brachiopod provincialism.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 78 , Issue 2 , March 2004 , pp. 287 - 299
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amsden, T. W., and Biernat, G. 1965. Pentamerida, p. 523–552. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. H. Volume 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Amsden, T. W., Boucot, A. J., and Johnson, J. G. 1967. Conchidium and its separation from the subfamily Pentamerinae. Journal of Paleontology, 41:861–867.Google Scholar
Angelin, N. P. 1854. Palaeontologia Scandinavica, I: Crustacea formationis transitionis Fasc. 2. Samson and Wallin, Lund, 21–92.Google Scholar
Apollonov, M. K., Bandeletov, S. M., and Nikitin, I. F. 1980. Granitsa ordovika i silura v Kazakhstane. Nauka, Alma-Ata, 300 p.Google Scholar
Barrande, J. 1879. Systême silurien du Centre de la Bohême. Primière Partie: Recherches Paléontologiques, v. 5, Classe des Mollusques, Ordre des Brachiopodes. Author, Paris, 226 p.Google Scholar
Beznosova, T. M. 1994. Biostratigrafiya i brakhiopody silura Evropeiskogo Severo-Vostoka Rossii. Nauka, Sankt-Peterburg, 127 p.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1859. On some new genera and species of Brachiopoda, from the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Canada. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, 4:131–135.Google Scholar
Blodgett, R. B., Rohr, D. M., Harris, A. G., and Rong, J.-Y. 1988. A major unconformity between the Upper Ordovician and Lower Devonian strata in the Nanook Limestone, Shublik Mountains, northeastern Brooks Range, p. 18–26. In Galloway, J. P. and Hamilton, T. D. (eds.), Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey During 1987. United States Geological Survey Circular, 1016.Google Scholar
Blodgett, R. B., Wheeler, K. L., Rohr, D. M., Harris, A. G., and Weber, F. R. 1987. A Late Ordovician age reappraisal for the upper Fossil Creek Volcanics, and possible significance of glacioeustasy, p. 54–58. In Hamilton, T. D. and Galloway, J. D. (eds.), Geologic Studies in Alaska by the United States Geological Survey During 1986. United States Geological Survey Circular, 998.Google Scholar
Borissiak, M. A. 1955. Stratigrafiya i brakhiopody siluriiskikh otlozhenii raiona khrebta Chingiz. Materialy po stratigrafii i faune ordovikskikh i siluriiskikh otlozhenii centralnogo Kazakhstana No. 2. Materialy VSEGEI, novaya seriya, 5, 107 p.Google Scholar
Borissiak, M. A. 1964. Nekotorye llandoveriiskie brakhiopody iz Severo-Vostochnogo Kazakhstana. Paleontologiya i stratigrafiya, Trudy VSEGEI, novaya seriya, 93:71–80.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1971. Aenigmastrophia, new genus, a difficult Silurian brachiopod. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 3:155–158.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1975. Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls. Elsevier, New York, 427 p.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., and Amsden, T. W. 1963. Virginianidae, a new family of pentameracean brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 37:296.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., and Chiang, K. K. 1974. Two new Lower Silurian virgianid (family Pentameridae) brachiopods from the Nonda Formation, northern British Columbia. Journal of Paleontology, 48:63–73.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., and Ehlers, G. M. 1963. Two new genera of stricklandiid brachiopods. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 18:47–66.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., and Rubel, M. 1971. Descriptions of brachiopod genera of subfamily Virgianinae Boucot et Amsden, 1963. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised 20, Keemia-Geologia, 3:271–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Rong, J., and Blodgett, R. B. 2002. Pentameridina, p. 960–1026. In Kaesler, R. L. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology, Pt. H, Brachiopoda (revised). Volume 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Breivel, I. A., and Breivel, M. G. 1970. Dva siluriiskikh roda iz nadsemeistva Pentameracea, p. 52–56. In Materialy po paleontologii Urala. Sverdlovsk.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J., Marshall, J. D., Hints, L., and Nolvak, J. 1997. New isotopic data solving an old biostratigraphic problem: the age of the upper Ordovician brachiopod Holorhynchus giganteus. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 154:335–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carruthers, W. 1868. A revision of the British graptolites with descriptions of the new species, and notes on their affinities. Geological Magazine, 5:64–74, 125–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X., and Rong, J.-Y. 1992. Ordovician plate tectonics of China and its neighbouring regions, p. 277–291. In Webby, B. D. and Laurie, J. R. (eds.), Global Perspectives on Ordovician Geology. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M. 1982. The commoner brachiopods of the latest Ordovician of the Oslo-Asker District, Norway. Palaeontology, 25:755–781.Google Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M., and Modzalevskaya, T. L. 1997. Late Ordovician brachiopods from Taimyr, Arctic Russia, and their paleogeographic significance. Palaeontology, 40:1061–1093.Google Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M., and Rong, J.-Y. 1988. A review of the late Ordovician Foliomena brachiopod fauna with new data from China, Wales, and Poland. Palaeontology, 31:53–67.Google Scholar
Elles, G. L., and Wood, E. M. R. 1906. A Monograph of British Graptolites. Palaeontographical Society, London, 5:181–216.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1984. Global earlier Ordovician transgressions and regressions and their biological implications, p. 37–50. In Bruton, D. L. (ed.), Aspects of the Ordovician System. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 295 p.Google Scholar
Fu, L.-P. 1982. Brachiopoda, p. 95–178. In Xian Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (ed.), Paleontological Atlas of northwest China, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, Volume, Pt. I, Precambrian—Early Paleozoic. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Gao, J.-G. 1987. Early Silurian rugose coral faunas and Silurian stratigraphy in the Tongxin-Zhongning area of Ningxia, p. 122–143. In Zhu, H., Zheng, Z.-C., and He, X.-Y. (eds.), Palaeozoic Biostratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of the Alxa Massif Margin. Ningxia Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources and Wuhan College of Geology, Wuhan. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Gauri, K., and Boucot, A. J. 1968. Shell structure and classification of Pentameracea McCoy, 1844. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 131:79–135.Google Scholar
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T., and Ryan, P. D. 2002. PAST—Palaeontological Statistics, ver. 0.92. http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past. (Denmark)Google Scholar
Havlicek, V. 1952. On the Ordovician representatives of the family Plectambonitidae (Brachiopoda). Sbornik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho, 19:397–428.Google Scholar
He, X.-Y., Liu, S.-M., and Gao, J.-G. 1987. The discovery of Lower Silurian graptolite fauna from the Zhongning area of Ningxia and its geological significance, p. 144–153. In Zhu, H., Zheng, Z.-C., and He, X.-Y. (eds.), Palaeozoic Biostratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of the Alxa Massif Margin. Ningxia Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources and Wuhan College of Geology. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Hints, L. 1993. Holorhynchus (Pentamerida, Brachiopoda) in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 42:118–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1982. The Siljan district, p. 15–42. In Bruton, D. L. and Williams, S. H. (eds.), Field Excursion Guide for the Fourth International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Paleontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 299 p.Google Scholar
Joblonski, D. 1986. Causes and consequences of mass extinctions, p. 183–229. In Elliott, D. K. (ed.), Dynamics of Extinction. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Jones, O. T. 1928. Plectambonites and some allied genera. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Palaeontology, 1:367–527.Google Scholar
Jin, J. 1996. Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill) rhynchonellid brachiopod biogeography, p. 123–132. In Copper, P. and Jin, J. (eds.), Brachiopods. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Jin, J. 2001. Evolution and extinction of the North American Hiscobeccus brachiopod fauna during the Late Ordovician. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38:143–151.Google Scholar
Jin, J., and Copper, P. 2000. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian Pentamerid Brachiopods from Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 18, 140 p.Google Scholar
Jin, J., Long, D. F. G., and Copper, P. 1996. Early Silurian Virgiana Pentamerid brachiopod communities of Anticosti Island, Québec. Palaios, 11:597–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khodalevich, A. N. 1939. Verkhnesiluriiskie brakhiopody vostochnogo sklona Urala. Glavnoe Geologicheskoe Upravlenie SSSR, Trudy Uralskogo geologicheskogo upravleniya. Uralgeoupravleniye, Sverdlovsk, 135 p.Google Scholar
Khodalevich, A. N., and Sapelnikov, V. P. 1970. Eokirkidium—novyi rod siluriiskikh pentameratsei (Brachiopoda). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 193(1):196–198.Google Scholar
Kiaer, J. 1902. Etage 5, Asker ved Kristiania, Studier over den norske Mellemsilur. Norges Geologiske Undersogels, 34 (Aarbog for 1902) 1:1–111.Google Scholar
Kim, A. I., Apekin, U. N., Erina, M. V., Kolobova, I. M., Lesovaya, A. I., Nikiforova, O. I., Rozman, K. S., and Stukalina, G. A. 1978. Biostratigrafia srednego-verkhnego ordovika i nizhnego silura (llandoveri) urochishcha shakhriomon (Zeravshano-Gissarskaya gornaya oblast). Institut Geologii i Geofizika, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademya Nauk SSSR, Trudy 397:15–20.Google Scholar
Kirk, E. 1922. Brooksina, a new pentameroid genus from the Upper Silurian of southeastern Alaska. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 60(19):108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, E. 1925. Harpidium, a new pentameroid brachiopod genus from southeastern Alaska. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 66(32):1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klenina, L. N. 1984. Brakhiopody i stratigrafiya srednego i verkhnego ordovika Chingiz-Tarbagataiskogo megantiklinoriya, p. 6–125. In Klenina, L. N., Nikitin, I. F., and Popov, L. E. (eds.), Brakhiopody i biostratigrafiya srednego i verkhnego ordovika khrebta Chingiz. Nauka, Alma-Ata.Google Scholar
Kong, L., and Huang, Y.-M. 1978. Anthozoa. p. 35–250. In Guizhou Stratigraphical and Palaeontological Working Team, Palaeontological Atlas of Southwest China, Guizhou. Volume 1. Cambrian-Devonian. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Koren, T. N., Oradovskaya, M. M., Pylma, L. J., Sobolevskaya, R. F., and Chugaeva, M. N. 1983. Granitsa ordovika i silura na severo-vostoke SSSR. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Ministerstvo Geologii SSSR, Mezhvedomstvennyi Stratigraficheskii Komitet SSSR, Trudy 11, 204 p.Google Scholar
Kovalevskii, O. P., Kolobova, I. M., Koren, T. N., Modzalevskaya, T. L., Popov, L. E., Sobolevskaya, R. F., and Stukalina, G. A. 1991. Biozonalnoe raschlenenie ashgilla i nizhnego llandoveri v SSSR. VSEGEI, Leningrad, 44 p.Google Scholar
Lai, C.-G., Wang, X.-F., An, T.-X., Fu, K., Yi, Y.-G., Zhang, W.-T., Lin, B.-Y., Yang, J.-Z., Liu, D.-Y., Chen, T.-G., and Qiu, H.-R. 1982. The Ordovician System of China. Stratigraphy of China, 5:1–297. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lamont, A. 1935. The Drummuck Group, Girvan; a stratigraphical revision, with descriptions of new fossils from the lower part of the group. Geological Society of Glasgow Transactions, 19:288–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, A. C. 1989. Silurian (Wenlockian) brachiopods from the southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26:1220–1233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGoy, F. 1844. A Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland. N.p., Dublin, 207 p.Google Scholar
Modzalevskaya, T. L., and Sapelnikov, V. P. 1973. Proconchidium muensteri Pechorskogo Urala. Institut Geologii i Geokhimii, Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr, Akadenmia Nauk SSSR, Trudy, 99:58–63.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1869. On some new species of graptolites. Annal and Magazine of Natural History, 4(4):231–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikiforova, O. I. 1960. Novyi rod Kulumbella iz semeistvo Stricklandiidae. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 3:61–65.Google Scholar
Nikiforova, O. I. 1989. Pozdneordovikskie pentameridy (Brakhiopody) tsentralnogo Taymyra. Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo paleontologicheskogo obshchestva, 32:77–85.Google Scholar
Nikiforova, O. I., and Sapelnikov, V. P. 1971. Novye rannesiluriiskie Virgianidae (Brakhiopody). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 2:47–56.Google Scholar
Nikiforova, O. I., and Sapelnikov, V. P. 1973. Nekotorye drevnie pentameridy Zeravshanskogo khrebta. Institut Geologii i Geokhimii, Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr, Akademia Nauk SSSR, Trudy, 99:64–88.Google Scholar
Nikolaev, A. A., and Sapelnikov, V. P. 1969. Dva novykh roda pozdneordovikskikh Virgianidae. Trudy Sverdlovskogo Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni Gornogo Instituta, 63:11–17.Google Scholar
Oradovskaya, M. M. 1983. Opisanie fauny. Zamkovye brakhiopody, p. 35–73. In Sokolov, B. S. (ed.), Granitsa ordovika i silura na Severo-Vostoke SSSR. Nauka, Leningrad.Google Scholar
Paskevicius, J. 1982. Some questions on the distribution, development condition and correlation of the Silurian fauna in Lithuania and the neighboring countries. Geologija, 3:17–51.Google Scholar
Pedersen, R. B., Bruton, D. L., and Furnes, H. 1992. Ordovician faunas, island arcs and ophiolites in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Terra Nova, 4:217–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, L. E., Nikitin, I. F., and Sokiran, E. V. 1999. The earliest atrypides and athyridides (Brachiopoda) from the Ordovician of Kazakhstan. Palaeontology, 42:625–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rong, J.-Y., and Boucot, A. J. 1998. A global review of the Virgianidae (Ashgill-Llandovery, Brachiopods, Pentameroidea). Journal of Paleontology, 72:457–465.Google Scholar
Rong, J.-Y., and Harper, D. A. T. 1988. A global synthesis of the latest Ordovician Hirnantian brachiopod faunas. Transaction of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 79:383–402.Google Scholar
Rong, J.-Y., and Yang, X.-C. 1977. On the the Pleurodium and its relative genera. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 16:73–80. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Rong, J.-Y., and Yang, X.-C. 1981. Middle and late Early Silurian brachiopod faunas in southwest China. Memoirs of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, 13:163–278. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Rong, J.-Y., Jones, B., and Netwich, F. W. 1989. Proconchidium from Late Ordovician strata of Brodeur Peninsula, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 63:25–33.Google Scholar
Rong, J.-Y., Zhan, R.-B., and Harper, D. A. T. 1999. Late Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill) Brachiopod faunas with Foliomena based on data from China. Palaios, 14:412–431.Google Scholar
Rozman, Kh. S. 1967. Novyi rannepaleozoiskii rod Eoconchidium (Pentameracea) Selennyakhskogo kriazha (Severo-Vostock SSSR). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 2:62–68.Google Scholar
Rozman, Kh. S. 1978. Novye Parastrophina i Brevilamnulella (Brakhiopoda) iz verkhnego ordovika i nizhnego silura Sibiri. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 2:45–50.Google Scholar
Rukavishnikova, T. B., and Sapelnikov, V. P. 1973. Novye pozneash-gillskie Pentameracea Kazakhstana. Institut Geologii i Geokhimii, Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr, Akademia Nauk SSSR, Trudy, 99:89–114.Google Scholar
Joseph, J. K. S. St. 1938. The Pentameracea of the Oslo region. Norsk Geologiske Tidsskrift, 17:225–336.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P. 1960. Novye Pentameracea iz siluriiskikh otlozhenii severouralskogo rayona sverdlovskoi oblasti. Ministerstvo Vysshego i Srednego Spetsialnogo Obrazovaniya SSSR, Materialy po geologii i rasvedke nolesnykh iskopaemykh Urala, Trudy Sverdlovskogo Gornogo Instituta, 37:106–143.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P. 1963. Novoe podsemeistvoi i novye vidy siluriiskikh pentamerid. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1:63–69.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P. 1972. Siluriiskie pentameracea vostochnogo sklona Srednego i Severnogo Urala. Institut Geologii i Geokhimii, Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr, Akademia Nauk SSSR, Trudy, 98:1–295.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P. 1985a. Morphologicheskaya i taksonomicheskaya evolyutsiya brakhiopod (Otryad Pentamerida). Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sverdlovsk, 188 p.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P. 1985b. Systema i stratigraficheskoe znachenie brakhiopod podotryda Pentameridin. Instítut Geologii i Geokhimii, Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Nauka, Moskva, 205 p.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P., and Beznosova, T. M. 1980. Nekotorye rukovodyaschie formy ashgillskikh i siluriiskikh pentamerid Pechorskogo Urala, p. 3–24. In Novye materialy po pentameridam Urala, Uralskii Nanchnyi Tsentr, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sverdlovsk.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P., and Rukavishnikova, T. B. 1973. Dva novykh roda rannikh Pentameracea (Brachiopoda) iz Kazakhstana. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1:32–38.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P., and Rukavishnikova, T. B. 1975. Verkhneordovikskie, siluriiskie i nizhnedevonskie pentameridy Kazakhstana. Institut Geologii i Geokhimii, Uralskii Nauchnyi Tsentr, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Nauka, Moskva, 227 p.Google Scholar
Sapelnikov, V. P., and Rukavishnikova, T. B. 1976. Galeatellina—novoe nazvanie roda pentamerid (Brachiopoda). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 2:122.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C., and Cooper, G. A. 1931. Synopsis of the brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea, with notes on the Telotremata. American Journal of Science, 22:241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuchert, C., and Cooper, G. A. 1932. Brachiopod genera of the Suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea. Peabody Museum of Natural History, memoir 4, Pt. 1, 270 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Severgina, L. G. 1978. Brakhiopody i dtrstigrafiya verkhnego ordovika Gornovo Altaya, salaira i Gornoy Shorii. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, Sibirskoye Otdeleniye, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 405:3–41. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. M. 1979. Swedish Late Ordovician marine benthic assemblages and their bearing on brachiopod zoogeography, p. 61–73. In Gray, J. and Boucot, A. J. (eds.), Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics, and the Changing Environment. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. M. 2001. The Late Ordovician mass extinction. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29:331–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokolov, B. S. 1955. Tabulyaty paleozoia evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. Trudy Ncesoiuznogo neftianogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo geologo-razvedochnogo institute (VNIGRI), Leningrad, Novaia Seriia, Vypusk 85, 528 p.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. 1812–1822. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain; or Coloured Figures and Descriptions of those Remains of Testaceous Animals or Shells, Which Have Been Preserved at Various Times and Depths in the Earth, Volumes 1–4, pl. 1–383. Author, London, 234 p., 235 p., 184 p., 114 p.Google Scholar
Twenhofel, W. H. 1914. The Anticosti Island Faunas. Geological Survey of Canada, Museum Bulletin, 3, 35 p.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O., and Cooper, G. A. 1936. New genera and species of Ozarkian and Canadian brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 10:331–347.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. 1955. New genera of brachiopods. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 3(2):83–114. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Williams, A. 1951. Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery District. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 107:85–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhan, R.-B., and Cocks, L. R. M. 1998. Late Ordovician brachiopods from the South China Plate, and their palaeogeographical significance. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 59, 70 p.Google Scholar
Zheng, Z.-C., Zhou, Z.-Q., He, Z.-X., and Zhu, H. 1987. Late Ordovician-Early Silurian stratigraphy in Badanjilin area, western Nei Monggol, p. 34–66. In Zhu, H., Zheng, Z.-C., and He, X.-Y. (eds.), Palaeozoic Biostratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of the Alxa Massif Margin. Geological Institute, Ningxia Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Beijing Graduate School, Wuhan College of Geology, Wuhan. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhou, Z.-Y., and Zhou, Z.-Q. 1982. An Ashgill trilobite faunule from Ejin Qi, Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia). Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 21:659–671. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar