Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T01:58:19.821Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A new crinoid fauna from the Taiyuan Formation (early Permian) of Henan, North China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2018

Yingyan Mao
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Paleogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 〈yymao@nigpas.ac.cn〉, 〈yueli@nigpas.ac.cn〉, 〈qlwang@nigpas.ac.cn〉 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany 〈m.yingyan@lrz.uni-muenchen.de〉, 〈m.reich@lrz.uni-muenchen.de〉
Gary D. Webster
Affiliation:
School of Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA 〈webster@wsu.edu〉
William I. Ausich
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA 〈ausich.1@osu.edu〉
Yue Li
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Paleogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 〈yymao@nigpas.ac.cn〉, 〈yueli@nigpas.ac.cn〉, 〈qlwang@nigpas.ac.cn〉
Qiulai Wang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Paleogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 〈yymao@nigpas.ac.cn〉, 〈yueli@nigpas.ac.cn〉, 〈qlwang@nigpas.ac.cn〉 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Mike Reich
Affiliation:
SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany 〈m.yingyan@lrz.uni-muenchen.de〉, 〈m.reich@lrz.uni-muenchen.de〉 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 München, Germany 〈mike.reich@lmu.de〉 GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany

Abstract

A diverse Permian crinoid fauna is reported from the Taiyuan Formation, Dajian Member (Asselian) at Anyang, northeastern Henan Province of the North China Craton. The specimens are well preserved, including articulated crowns and cups. The fauna contains representatives of each of the major Paleozoic crinoid clades: Cladida (including the Flexibilia), Disparida, and Camerata. Identified genera suggest a greater affinity with North American faunas than with Tethyan faunas. Four new species, Neoprotencrinus anyangensis, Ulocrinus qiaoi, Artichthyocrinus limani, and Synbathocrinus chenae, are proposed herein.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/D08DDDCD-485C-45CC-A014-C1CB58C26588

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2018, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ausich, W.I., and Kammer, T.W., 2009, Generic concepts in the Platycrinitidae Austin and Austin, 1842 (Class Crinoidea): Journal of Paleontology, v. 83, p. 694717.Google Scholar
Austin, T., and Austin, T., 1842, XVIII. - Proposed arrangement of the Echinodermata, particularly as regards the Crinoidea, and a subdivision of the Class Adelostella (Echinidae): Journal of Natural History, ser. 1, v. 10, p. 106113.Google Scholar
Bassler, R.S., and Moodey, M.W., 1943, Bibliographic and faunal index of Paleozoic pelmatozoan echinoderms: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 45, 734 p.Google Scholar
Bather, F.A., 1890, British fossil crinoids. I. Historical introduction: Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, v. 5, p. 306310.Google Scholar
Branisa, L., 1965, Los fosiles guias de Bolivia I-Paleozoico: Servicio Geologico de Bolivia Boletin, v. 6, p. 1282.Google Scholar
Branson, C.C., 1948, Echinoderms, in Bibliographic Index of Permian Invertebrates: Geological Society of America, Memoir, v. 26, p. 168224.Google Scholar
Broadhead, T.W., and Strimple, H.L., 1977, Permian platycrinitid crinoids from Arctic North America: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 11661175.Google Scholar
Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Henan Province 1990, Regional Geology of Henan Province: Geology Memoir Mineral Resources of China, v. 1, no. 20, 772 p. [in Chinese with English summary].Google Scholar
Burke, J.J., and Pabian, R.K., 1978, Two crowns of Cibolocrinus patriciae (Crinoidea, Flexibilia) from the lower Permian of Bolivia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, p. 10651069.Google Scholar
Charlton, T.R., et al., 2002, The Permian of Timor, stratigraphy, palaeontology and palaeogeography: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 719774.Google Scholar
Chen, Z.T., and Yao, J.H., 1993, Palaeozoic Echinoderm Fossils of Western Yunnan: China: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, v. 102, p.Google Scholar
Chernykh, V.V., 2006, Lower Permian Conodonts in the Urals: UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, The Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, v. 130, p. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Chernykh, V.V., and Reshetkova, N.P., 1987, Biostratigraphy and conodonts of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary beds of the western slope of the southern and central Urals: Sverdlovsk, Uralian Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences, v. 45, p.Google Scholar
Cole, S.R., 2017, Phylogeny and morphologic evolution of the Ordovician Camerata (Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata): Journal of Paleontology, v. 91, p. 815828.Google Scholar
Donovan, S.K., Hollingworth, N.T.J., and Veltkamp, C.J., 1986, British Permian crinoid ‘Cyathocrinites’ ramosus (Schlotheim): Palaeontology, v. 29, p. 809825.Google Scholar
EtheridgeR., Jr. R., Jr., 1892, The organic remains of the Permo-Carboniferous System (Chap. 22), The organic remains of the Rolling Downs Formation (Chap. 32), The organic remains of the Desert Sandstone Formation (Chap. 34), Palaeontology of New Guinea (Chap. 39), in Jack, R.L., and Etheridge, R., Jr., eds., The Geology and Palaeontology of Queensland and New Guinea: Brisbane, J.C. Beal, 2 vols., 768 p.Google Scholar
Feng, Z.Z., Wang, Y.H., and Zhang, J.S., 1990, Study on Lithofacies Palaeogeography of North China Platform: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 270 p. [in Chinese with English summary].Google Scholar
Gorzelak, P., Błażejowski, B., Uchman, A., and Hanken, N., 2013, First record of catacrinid crinoid from the lower Permian of Spitsbergen: Polish Polar Research, v. 34, p. 139150.Google Scholar
Gregorio, A. de, 1930, Sul Permiano di Sicilia: Annales de Géologie et de Paléontologie, v. 52, p. 167.Google Scholar
Hou, J.H., Xu, G.H., Yang, T.E., Wang, G.Z., Liu, L.J., Zhao, X.H., Rui, L., Wang, Z.H., Zang, Q.L., and He, J.W., 1987, Late Paleozoic coal-bearing strata in SE Shanxi, in 114th Team of Shanxi Coal Geology and Exploration Corporation, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Academia Sinica, eds., Late Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata and Biota from Southeastern Shanxi, China: Nanjing, Nanjing University Press. p. 1–60.Google Scholar
Jaekel, O., 1894, Über die Morphogenie und Phylogenic der Crinoiden: Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin, v. 1894, p. 101121.Google Scholar
Jaekel, O., 1918, Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 3, p. 1128.Google Scholar
Kirk, E., 1942, Rhopocrinus, a new fossil inadunate crinoid genus: Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, v. 92, p. 151155.Google Scholar
Knapp, W.D., 1969, Declinida, a new order of late Paleozoic inadunate crinoids: Journal of Paleontology, v. 43, p. 340391.Google Scholar
Lane, N.G., 1979, Upper Permian crinoids from Djebel Tebaga, Tunisia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 53, p. 121132.Google Scholar
Lane, N.G., and Webster, G.D., 1966, New Permian crinoid fauna from southern Nevada: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 63, p. 160.Google Scholar
Lang, J.B., and Wang, C.Y., 2007, Characters and geological age of conodont fauna from denominated section of Benxi Formation: Global Geology, v. 26, p. 137144. [in Chinese with English summary].Google Scholar
, D.W., and Chen, J.T., 2014, Depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the late Carboniferous−early Permian coal-bearing successions (Shandong Province, China): Sequence development in an epicontinental basin: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 79, p. 1630.Google Scholar
Marez Oyens, F.A.H.W. de, 1940, Platycrinus tuberculatus Oyens, a correction: Geological Magazine, v. 77, p. 253254.Google Scholar
Meek, F.B., and Worthen, A.H., 1865, Remarks on the Carboniferous and Cretaceous rocks of eastern Kansas and Nebraska: American Journal of Science, ser. 2, v. 39, p. 157174.Google Scholar
Miller, J.S., 1821, A Natural History of the Crinoidea, or Lily-Shaped Animals; with Observations on the Genera, Asteria, Euryale, Comatula and Marsupites: Bristol, Bryan & Co, 150 p.Google Scholar
Miller, S.A., 1883, Echinodermata, in The American Palaeozoic Fossils: A Catalogue of the Genera and Species, with Names of Authors, Dates, Places of Publication, Groups of Rocks in Which Found, and the Etymology and Signification of the Words, and an Introduction Devoted to the Stratigraphical Geology of the Palaeozoic Rocks (second edition): Cincinnati, S.A. Miller, p. 247–334.Google Scholar
Miller, S.A., 1889, North American Geology and Paleontology: Cincinnati, Western Methodist Book Concern, 664 p.Google Scholar
Miller, S.A., and Gurley, W.F.E., 1890, Description of some new genera and species of Echinodermata from the coal measures and subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa: Journal Cincinnati Society of Natural History, v. 13, p. 125.Google Scholar
Mirantsev, G.V., and Rozhnov, S.V., 2011, First records of the genus Ulocrinus Miller et Gurley (Crinoidea, Cromyocrinidae) from the upper Carboniferous beds of the Moscow syneclise and Oka-Tsna Swell: Paleontological Journal, v. 45, p. 5259.Google Scholar
Moore, R.C., 1952, Evolution rates among crinoids: Journal of Paleontology, v. 26, p. 338352.Google Scholar
Moore, R.C., and Ewers, J.D., 1942, A new species of Synbathocrinus from Mississippian rocks of Texas, description of ontogeny: Denison University Bulletin: Journal of the Scientific Laboratories, v. 37, p. 92106.Google Scholar
Moore, R.C., and Laudon, L.R., 1943, Evolution and classification of Paleozoic crinoids: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 46, p. 1151.Google Scholar
Moore, R.C., and Plummer, F.B., 1940, Crinoids from the upper Carboniferous and Permian strata in Texas: University of Texas Publication no. 3945, v. 468, p.Google Scholar
Moore, R.C., and Strimple, H.L., 1973, Lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) crinoids from Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 60, Echinodermata, v. 12, p. 184.Google Scholar
Moore, R.C., and Teichert, C., 1978, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea (three volumes): Lawrence, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, 1027 p.Google Scholar
Pabian, R.K., and Strimple, H.L., 1974, Crinoid studies part I. Some Pennsylvanian crinoids from Nebraska. Part II. Some Permian crinoids from Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 64, p. 247337.Google Scholar
Phillips, J., 1836, Illustration of the Geology of Yorkshire, or a Description of the Strata and Organic Remains, Pt. 2, The Mountain Limestone Districts: London, John Murray, 253 p.Google Scholar
Ramovš, A., and Sieverts-Doreck, H., 1968, Interessante Mittelperm-Crinoiden in Slowenien, NW Jugoslawien: Geološki vjesnik, Zagrebu [= Bulletin géologique, Zagreb], v. 21, p. 191206.Google Scholar
Reich, M., 2007, Linguaserra spandeli sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiocistioidea) from the late Permian (Zechstein) of Thuringia: Germany, Annales de Paléontologie, v. 93, p. 317330.Google Scholar
Roemer, C.F., 1854, Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntnis des nordwestlichen Harzgebirges: Palaeontographica, v. 3, p. 167. 69–111.Google Scholar
Sheffield, S.L., 2015, A brief history and revision of the systematics of the cladid crinoid Sinocrinus : Palaeoworld, v. 24, p. 460469.Google Scholar
Sieverts-Doreck, H., 1942, Crinoiden aus dem Perm Tasmanien: Zentralblatt für Mineralogie etc. (B: Geologie und Paläontologie), v. 1942, p. 222231.Google Scholar
Simms, M.J., and Sevastopulo, G.D., 1993, The origin of articulate crinoids: Palaeontology, v. 36, p. 91109.Google Scholar
Springer, F., 1913, Crinoidea, in Zittel, K.A. von, Text-Book of Paleontology [translated and edited by C.R. Eastman] (second edition): London, Macmillan & Co., v. 1, p. 173–243.Google Scholar
Strimple, H.L., 1949, Studies of Carboniferous crinoids: Palaeontographica Americana, v. 3, p. 130.Google Scholar
Strimple, H.L., 1961, Late Desmoinesian crinoids: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Bulletin, v. 93, p. 1189.Google Scholar
Strimple, H.L., 1971, A Permian crinoid from Coahuila, Mexico: Journal of Paleontology, v. 45, p. 10401042.Google Scholar
Strimple, H.L., 1976, Upper Carboniferous crinoids of northeast Spain: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, v. 1976, p. 630640.Google Scholar
Strimple, H.L., and Moore, R.C., 1971, A crinoid crown from d’Orbigny’s famous fossil locality at Yaurichampi: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 56 no. 8, p. 3335.Google Scholar
Strimple, H.L., and Sevastopulo, G.D., 1982, A Permian microcrinoid from Sicily: Journal of Paleontology, v. 56, p. 14511452.Google Scholar
Strimple, H.L., and Watkins, W.T., 1969, Carboniferous crinoids of Texas with stratigraphic implications: Palaeontographica Americana, v. 6, p. 139275.Google Scholar
Teichert, C., and Webster, G.D., 1993, Crinoids, in Skwarko, S.K., ed., Palaeontology of the Permian of Western Australia: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Bulletin, v. 136, p. 6872. 322–339; microfiche sheet 8, p. 1–26.Google Scholar
Tien, C.C., 1926, Crinoids from the Taiyuan Series of North China: Palaeontologica Sinica, ser. B, v. 5, p. 158.Google Scholar
Valette, D.A., 1934, Le Permien marin de l’extrême-sud de la Tunisien. III. Les Crinoides permiens du sud de la Tunisie: Memoir Service Carte Geologie, Tunisie, n.s, v. no. 1, p. 91101.Google Scholar
Waagen, W., 1887, Salt-Range fossils. I. Productus-Limestone fossils. 5. Bryozoa-Annelida-Echinodermata: Palaeontologica Indica, ser. 13, v. 1, p. 771834.Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1885, Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea, pt. 3, sec. I. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, v. 1885, p. 223364.Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1886, Revision of the Palaeocrinidae, pt. 3, sec.2. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, v. 1886, p. 64226.Google Scholar
Wang, D.Y., Yan, G.S., Jiang, Y., Xi, Y.H., and Feng, J.C., 1987, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Carboniferous and Early Permian in Henan: Beijing, China Prospect Publishing House, 342 p. [in Chinese with English summary].Google Scholar
Wanner, J., 1916, Die Permischen Echinodermen von Timor: I. Teil: Palaeontologie von Timor, v. 11, p. 1329.Google Scholar
Wanner, J., 1924, Die permischen Krinoiden von Timor: Jaarbook van net Mijnwezen Nederlandes Oost-Indie, v. 1921, no. 3, p. 1348.Google Scholar
Wanner, J., 1937, Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der permischen Echinodermen von Timor, VIII-XIII: Palaeontographica, no. Supplement 4, p. 1212.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 1973, Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1942–1968: Geological Society of America, Memoir, v. 137, p. 1341.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 1977, Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1969–1973: Geological Society of America, Microform Publication, v. 8, p. 1235. 3 cards.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 1986, Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1974–1980: Geological Society of America, Microform Publication, v. 16, p. 1405 5, cards.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 1987, Permian crinoids from the type-section of the Callytharra Formation, Callytharra Springs: Western Australia, Alcheringa, v. 11, p. 95135.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 1990, New Permian crinoids from Australia: Palaeontology, v. 33, p. 4973.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 1993, Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1986–1990: Geological Society of America, Microform Publication, v. 25, p. 1204. 3 cards.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 2003, Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, coronates, and hemistreptocrinoids, 1758–1999: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 363, 2335 p.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 2012a, A canted-cup Permian crinoid Exotikocrinus n. gen. (Crinoidea, Dichocrinidae) from Timor with comments on canted or inclined radial summits: Palaeoworld, v. 21, p. 6468.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., 2012b, An early Permian crinoid fauna from Crete, in Kroh, A., and Reich, M., eds., Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Echinoderms: Göttingen Germany, 2–9 October 2010: Zoosymposia, 7, p. 101110.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Donovan, S.K., 2012, Revision of two species of Ulocrinus and a new pelecocrinid crinoid from West Timor: Palaeoworld, v. 21, p. 108115.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Jell, P.A., 1992, Permian echinoderms from Western Australia: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 32, p. 311373.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Jell, P.A., 1993, Early Permian inadunate crinoids from Thailand: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 33, p. 349359.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Jell, P.A., 1999a, New Carboniferous crinoids from eastern Australia: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 43, p. 237278.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Jell, P.A., 1999b, New Permian crinoids from eastern Australia: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 43, p. 279340.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Kues, B.S., 2006, Pennsylvanian crinoids of New Mexico: New Mexico Geology, v. 28, p. 336.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Lane, N.G., 1967, Additional Permian crinoids from southern Nevada: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 27, p. 1–32.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Lane, N.G., 2007, New Permian crinoids from the Battleship Wash patch reef in southern Nevada: Journal of Paleontology, v. 81, p. 951965.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Maples, C.G., 2006, Cladid crinoid (Echinodermata) anal conditions: A terminology problem and proposed solution: Palaeontology, v. 49, p. 187212.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Maples, C.G., 2008, Cladid crinoid radial facets, brachials, and arm appendages: A terminology solution for studies of lineage, classification, and paleoenvironment, in Ausich, W.I., and Webster, G.D., eds., Echinoderm Paleobiology: Bloomington, Indiana University Press, p. 196226.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., and Sevastopulo, G.D., 2007, Paleogeographic significance of early Permian crinoids and blastoids from Oman: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 81, p. 399405.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., Haggart, J.W., Saxifrage, C., Saxifrage, B., Gronau, C., and Douglas, A., 2009a, Globally significant early Permian crinoids from the Mount Mark Formation in Strathcona Provincial Park, Vancouver Island, British Columbia—preliminary analysis of a disappearing fauna: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 46, p. 663674.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., Angiolini, L., and Tintori, A., 2009b, Permian crinoids from the Saiwan and Khuff formations, southeastern Oman: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, v. 115, p. 2748.Google Scholar
Webster, G.D., Waters, J.A., and Chen, X.Q., 2009c, Revision of the Chen and Yao Devonian to Permian crinoids from WesternYunnan: Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, v. 89, p. 119160.Google Scholar
Willink, R.J., 1978, Catillocrinids from the Permian of eastern Australia: Alcheringa, v. 2, p. 83102.Google Scholar
Willink, R.J., 1979a, The crinoid genera Tribrachyocrinus McCoy, Calcelispongia Etheridge, Jimbacrinus Teichert and Meganotocrinus n. gen. in the Permian of eastern Australia: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, v. 165, p. 137194.Google Scholar
Willink, R.J., 1979b, Some conservative and some highly-evolved Permian crinoids from eastern Australia: Alcheringa, v. 3, p. 117134.Google Scholar
Willink, R.J., 1980, A new coiled-stemmed camerate crinoid from the Permian of eastern Australia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 54, p. 1534.Google Scholar
Wright, D.F., 2015, Fossils, homology, and “Phylogenetic Paleo-ontogeny”: A reassessment of primary posterior plate homologies in fossil and living crinoids with insight from developmental biology: Paleobiology, v. 41, p. 570591.Google Scholar
Wright, D.F., 2017a, Bayesian estimation of fossil phylogenies and the evolution of early to middle Paleozoic crinoids (Echinodermata): Journal of Paleontology, v. 91, p. 799814.Google Scholar
Wright, D.F., 2017b, Phenotypic innovation and adaptive constraints in the evolutionary radiation of Palaeozoic crinoids: Scientific Reports, v. 7, 13745.Google Scholar
Wright, D.F., Ausich, W.I., Cole, S.R., Peter, M.E., and Rhenberg, E.C., 2017, Phylogenetic taxonomy and classification of the Crinoidea (Echinodermata): Journal of Paleontology, v. 91, p. 829846.Google Scholar
Wright, J., 1923, Artichthyocrinus, n. g., a flexible crinoid from the Carboniferous limestone of Fife: Geological Magazine, v. 60, p. 481490.Google Scholar
Wu, W.S., Zhang, L.X., Zhao, X.H., Jin, Y.G., and Liao, Z.T., 1987, Carboniferous Stratigraphy in China: Beijing, Science Press, 160 p.Google Scholar
Yakovlev, N.N., 1926, Fauna iglokozhikh permokarbona iz Krasnoufimska na Urale. I [Echinoderm fauna from the Permocarboniferous of Krasnoufimsk in the Urals, I]: Izvestiy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, Leningrad, v. 45, p. 5157. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Yakovlev, N.N., 1927, Fauna iglokozhikh permokarbona iz Krasnoufimska na Urale. II [Echinoderm fauna from the Permocarboniferous of Krasnoufimsk in the Urals, II]: Izvestiy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, Leningrad, v. 46, p. 181192. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Yakovlev, N.N., 1930, Fauna iglokozhikh permokarbona iz Krasnoufimska na Urale. III [Echinoderm fauna from the Permo-Carboniferous of the Urals at Krasnooufimsk, III]: Izvestiy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, Leningrad, v. 46, p. 10191027. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Yakovlev, N.N., and Ivanov, A.P., 1956, Morskie lilii i blastoidei kamennougolnykh i permskikh otlozhenii SSSR [Marine crinoids and blastoids of the Carboniferous and Permian deposits of Russia]: Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-issledoavatelsogo Geologicheskogo Instituta, v. 11, p. 1142. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Zhao, J.M., 1987, Late Carboniferous rugose corals from the Taiyuan Formation in Fucheng, Lingchuan County, SE Shanxi, in 114th Team of Shanxi Coal Geology and Exploration Corporation, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Academia Sinica, eds., Late Paleozoic coal-bearing strata and biota from southeastern Shanxi, China: Nanjing, Nanjing University Press, p. 307–327 [in Chinese with English summary].Google Scholar
Zhao, J.M., and Liang, X.Y., 1989, Some rugose corals from late Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation of Henan: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 28, p. 488494.Google Scholar
Zittel, K.A. von, 1895, Grundzüge der Palaeontologie (Palaeozoologie) (first edition): München, R. Oldenbourg, v. 971, p.Google Scholar