Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:58:39.614Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ordovician Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

Richard D. Hoare
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 and U.S. Geological Survey and Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
John Pojeta Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 and U.S. Geological Survey and Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560

Abstract

Abundant silicified polyplacophorans from numerous localities in the Ordovician in Kentucky and other localities in Virginia, Wisconsin, and Minnesota are described systematically. New species are: Spicuchelodes cressmani, Calceochiton floweri, Preacanthochiton baueri, Orthriochiton recavus, Helminthochiton blacki, H. marginatus, and Alastega martini; new genera and species are: Listrochiton weiri, Litochiton crebatus, and Amblytochiton incomptus; and new families are Litochitonidae and Alastegiidae. Hemithecella expansa Ulrich and Bridge in Butts, 1941 and Chelodes cf. C. mirabilis (Butts, 1926), from the Chepultepec Formation in Virginia are also described. Comparisons are made with Chelodes whitehousei Runnegar, Pojeta, Taylor, and Collins, 1979 from Australia and Calceochiton hachitae Flower, 1968 from New Mexico.

Listings of the fauna associated with the chitons are given for the Kentucky occurrences; taphonomic discussions of these are included.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2006, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberstadt, L. P. 1979. The brachiopod genus Platystrophia. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-B, 20 p.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1909. The cement resources of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge. Virginia Geological Survey Bulletin, 2A, 309 p.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1932. The stratigraphy of the Central Basin of Tennessee. Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin, 38, 268 p.Google Scholar
Berdan, J. M. 1984. Leperditicopid ostracodes from Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and nearby states and characteristic features of the order Leperditicopida. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-J, 40 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergenhayn, J. R. M. 1943. Preliminary notes on the fossil polyplacophoras from Sweden. Geologishe Föreningens I Stockholms Förhandlingar, 65:297303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergenhayn, J. R. M. 1955. Die fossilen Schwedischen Loricaten nebst einer vörlayligen Revision des Systems der ganzen Klasse Loricata. Lunds Universitete Årsskrift, Nya Förhandlinger, Avdelningen, 2, 51(8):146.Google Scholar
Bergenhayn, J. R. M. 1960. Cambrian and Ordovician loricates from North America. Journal of Paleontology, 34:168178.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1854. On some new genera and species of Cystidae from the Trenton Limestone. Canadian Journal, 2:270271.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1860. New species of fossils from the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, 5:161177.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1865. Paleozoic fossils, volume 1, containing descriptions and figures of new or little known species of organic remains from the Silurian rocks 1861–1865. Geological Survey of Canada, 426 p.Google Scholar
Branstrator, J. W. 1979. Asteroidea (Echinodermata). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-F, 7 p.Google Scholar
Butts, C. 1926. Explanatory text to accompany the geologic map of the state—the Paleozoic rocks. Geologic Survey of Alabama Special Report, 14, 230 p.Google Scholar
Butts, C. 1941. Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Virginia. Pt. II. Fossil plates and explanations. Virginia Geological Survey Bulletin, 52, 271 p.Google Scholar
Carter, J. G. (ed.). 1990. Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes, and Evaluating Trends. Vol. 1. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 832 p.Google Scholar
Cherns, L. 1998a. Chelodes and closely related Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Palaeontology, 41:545573.Google Scholar
Cherns, L. 1998b. Silurian polyplacohoran molluscs from Gotland, Sweden. Palaeontology, 41:939974.Google Scholar
Cherns, L. 1999. Silurian chitons as indicators of rocky shores and lowstand on Gotland, Sweden. Palaios, 14:172179.Google Scholar
Cherns, L. 2004. Early Paleozoic diversification of chitons (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) based on new data from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Lethaia, 37:445456.Google Scholar
Cloud, P. E., and Barnes, V. E. 1946. The Ellenberger Group of central Texas. University of Texas Publication, 4621, 473 p.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1843. Observations on the lead-bearing limestone of Wisconsin, and descriptions of a new genus of trilobites and of fifteen new Silurian fossils. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1:329334.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R. 1968. Geologic map of the Salvisa Quadrangle, central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, GQ-760.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R. 1972. Geologic map of the Danville Quadrangle, Mercer and Boyle counties, Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, GQ-985.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R. 1973. Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 768, 61 p.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R. 1974. Geologic map of the Perryville Quadrangle, Mercer and Boyle counties, Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, GQ-1185.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R., and Karklins, O. L. 1970. Lithostratigraphy and fauna of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky. Field trip No. 2 in Guidebook for Field Trips, 18th Annual Meeting Southern Section Geological Society of America. Kentucky Geological Survey, Lexington, p. 1728.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R., and Noger, M. C. 1976. Tidal-flat carbonate environments in the High Bridge Group (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey Report of Investigations, 18, 15 p.Google Scholar
Cressman, E. R., and Noger, M. C. 1981. Geologic mapping of Kentucky—A history and evaluation of the Kentucky Geological Survey—U.S. Geological Survey Mapping Program, 1968–1978. U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 801, 22 p.Google Scholar
Dana, J. D. 1846. Zoophytes in U.S. Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838–1842 Underneath the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 7. C. Sherman, Philadelphia, 732 p.Google Scholar
Davidson, T., and King, W. 1874. On the Trimerellidae, a Palaeozoic family of the palliobranchs or Brachiopoda. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 30:124172.Google Scholar
de Blainville, H. M. D. 1816. Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution Systématique du règne animal. Bulletin des Sciences, Société Philomathique de Paris, p. 105124.Google Scholar
Debrock, M. D., Hoare, R. D., and Mapes, R. H. 1984. Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Polyplacophora (Mollusca) fom Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 58:11171135.Google Scholar
Dekay, J. E. 1824. Observations on the structure of trilobites and the description of an apparently new genus. Annals New York Lyceum of Natural History, 1:174189.Google Scholar
de Koninck, M. L. 1860. Observations on two new species of Chiton from the Upper Silurian “Wenlock limestone” of Dudley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6:9198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1983. Middle and Late Ordovician solitary rugose corals of the Cincinnati Arch Region. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-N, 13 p.Google Scholar
Emmons, E. 1842. Geology of New York, Pt. 2, Comprising the Survey of the Second Geological District. Natural History of New York. W. & A. White and J. Visscher, Albany, 437 p.Google Scholar
Flower, R. H. 1968. Some El Paso guide fossils. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, 22:119.Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1909. Preliminary notes on Cincinnatian and Lexington fossils. Denison University Scientific Laboratories Bulletin, 14:289334.Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1912. Strophomena and other fossils from Cincinnatian and Mohawkian horizons, chiefly in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Denison University Scientific Laboratories Bulletin, 17:17173.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. 1848. On the Asteriadae found fossil in British strata. Great Britain Geological Survey Memoir, 2:457482.Google Scholar
Frey, R. C. 1995. Middle and Upper Ordovician nautiloid cephalopods of the Cincinnati Arch Region of Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-P, 126 p.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1847. On the genera of the family Chitonidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15(174):6370.Google Scholar
Greene, R. C. 1966. Geologic map of the Valley View Quadrangle, central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, GC-470.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1847. Natural History of New York, Paleontology of New York, 1. C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, 388 p.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1856. On the genus Tellinomya and allied genera. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, 1:390395.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1861. Notes on the genera Bellerophon, Bucania, Carinaropsis, and Cyrtolites . Report New York State Cabinet of Natural History, 14: 9398.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1871. Description of New Species of Fossils from the Hudson River Group of Ohio and Trenton Limestone of Wisconsin, Argus Co. Albany, p. 2128.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D. 2000a. Silurian Polyplacophora and Rostroconchia (Mollusca) from northern California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 52:2331.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D. 2000b. Considerations on Paleozoic Polyplacophora including the description of Plasiochiton curiosus n. gen. and sp. American Malacological Bulletin, 15:131137.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D. 2001. Early Mississippian Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from Iowa. Journal of Paleontology, 75:6674.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D. 2002. European Paleozoic Polyplacophora, Multiplacophora, and Turrilepadida in United States repositories. Journal of Paleontology, 76:95108.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D., and Smith, A. G. 1984. Permian Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from West Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 58:82103.Google Scholar
Howe, H. J. 1979. Middle and Late Ordovician plectambonitacean, rhynchonellacean, syntrophiacean, trimerellacean, and atrypacean brachiopods. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-C, 18 p.Google Scholar
James, U. P. 1881. Contributions to paleontology—fossils of the Lower Silurian formation, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Paleontologist, 5:3344.Google Scholar
Kluessendorf, J. 1987. First report of Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the Silurian of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24: 435491.Google Scholar
Kolata, D. R., Huff, W. D., and Bergström, S. M. 1996. Ordovician K-bentonites of eastern North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 313, 84 p.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. A. 2000. Mohawkian (Upper Ordovician) conodonts of eastern North America and Baltoscandia. Journal of Paleontology, 74:11221147.Google Scholar
Lindström, G. 1884. On the Silurian Gastropoda and Pteropoda of Gotland. Chitonidae. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Adakamiens Handlingar, 19:1250.Google Scholar
MacQuown, W. C. Jr. 1968. Geologic map of the Nicholasville Quadrangle, Jessamine and Fayette counties, Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, GQ-767.Google Scholar
Marek, L. 1962. New polyplacophorid family Eochelodidae n. fam. in the Ordovician of Bohemia. V$enstnik Ústredniho ústavu geologického, 37:373375.Google Scholar
McEwan, E. D. 1919. A study of the brachiopod genus Platystrophia . Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 56:383448.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A., and Faber, C. L. 1894. Description of some Cincinnati fossils. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 17:137158.Google Scholar
Neuman, R. B. 1967. Some silicified Middle Ordovician brachiopods from Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 583-A, 14 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsley, R. L. 1981. Echinoderms from Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-K, 9 p.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1962. The pelecypod genus Byssonychia as it occurs in the Cincinnatian at Cincinnati, Ohio. Palaeontographica Americana, 4:171216.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1971. Review of Ordovician pelecypods. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 695, 46 p.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1978. The origin and early taxonomic diversification of pelecypods. Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, B, 284:225246.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1979a. The study of the Ordovician paleontology of Kentucky and nearby states and Ordovician pelecypods. Kentucky Geological Survey, Symposium—Kentucky Geologic Mapping Project 1960–1978, Abstracts and Program, p. 25.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. (ed.). 1979b–1995. Contributions to the paleontology of Kentucky and nearby states. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 1066-A through 1066-P.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1979c. The Ordovician Paleontology of Kentucky and nearby states—Introduction. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-A, 48 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1984 [1985]. Biostratigraphy, p. 7782. In Weir, G. W., Peterson, W. L., and Swadley, W. C. (eds.), Lithostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata exposed in Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1151-E.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1985. Early evolutionary history of diasome mollusks, p. 122137. In Bottjer, D. J., Hickman, C. S., and Ward, P. D. (eds.), Mollusks—Notes for a Short Course. University of Tennessee Department of Geological Sciences, Studies in Geology 13.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1988. The origin and Paleozoic diversification of solemyoid pelecypods. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, 44:201271.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr. 1997. Claudeonychia babini nov. gen. et sp. of Ordovician ambonychiid pelecypods from Cincinnati, Ohio. Geobios Special Memoir, 20:433436.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., and Palmer, T. J. 1976. The origin of rock boring in mytilacean pelecypods. Alcheringa, 1:167179.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., and Runnegar, B. N. 1976. The paleontology of rostroconch mollusks and the early history of the Phylum Mollusca. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 968, 88 p.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., and Runnegar, B. N. 1979. Rhytiodentalium kentuckyensis, a new genus and species of Ordovician scaphopod, and the early history of scaphopod mollusks. Journal of Paleontology, 53:530541.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., and Runnegar, B. N. 1985. The early evolution of diasome mollusks, p. 295336. In Truman, E. R. and Clarke, M. R. (eds.), The Mollusca. Vol. 10. Evolution. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., Eernisse, D. J., Hoare, R. D., and Henderson, M. D. 2003. Echinochiton dufoei: A new Ordovician chiton. Journal of Paleontology, 77:646654.Google Scholar
Pope, J. K. 1982. Some silicified strophomenacean brachiopods from the Ordovician of Kentucky, with comments on the genus Pionomena. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-L, 30 p.Google Scholar
Powell, L. H. 1935. A study of the Ozarkian faunas of southeastern Minnesota. The Science Museum of the Saint Paul Institute. Science Bulletin, No. 1, 80 p.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1911. A new fossil from Girvan. The Geological Magazine, 8:337339.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. G., and Bergström, S. M. 2003. Regional stratigraphic relations of the Trenton Limestone (Chatfieldian, Ordovician) in the eastern North American midcontinent. Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, 18:93115.Google Scholar
Robson, G. C. 1913. Helminthochiton aequivoca, n. sp., Lower Ordovician, Bohemia. Geological Magazine, 10:302304.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr. 1967. Calymenid and other trilobites from Kentucky and Ohio, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 583-B, 19 p.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr. 1979. Additional trilobites from the Ordovician of Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-D, 13 p.Google Scholar
Runnegar, B., Pojeta, J. Jr., Taylor, M. E., and Collins, D. 1979. New species of the Cambrian and Ordovician chitons Matthevia and Chelodes from Wisconsin and Queensland: Evidence for the early history of polyplacophoran mollusks. Journal of Paleontology, 53:13741394.Google Scholar
Safford, J. M. 1856. Remarks on the genus Tetradium, with notices of the species found in middle Tennessee. American Journal of Science, series 2, 22:236238.Google Scholar
Safford, J. M. 1869. Geology of Tennessee. S. C. Mercer, Nashville, 550 p.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1846. Addenda, p. 7172. In M'Coy, F. (ed.), A Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland. The University Press, Dublin.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1859. Fossils from the Base of the Trenton Group: Geological Survey of Canada, Figures and Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains. Decade 1. 47 p.Google Scholar
Saltzman, M. R., Bergström, S. M., Huff, W. D., and Kolata, D. K. 2003. Conodont and graptolite biostratigraphy and the Ordovician (Early Chatfieldian, Middle Caradocian) d13C excursion in North America and Baltoscandia: Implications for the interpretation of the relations between Millbrig and Kinnekulle K-bentonites. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on the Ordovician System. San Juan, Argentina, p. 137142.Google Scholar
Sanders, R. B. 1965. A new species of Septemchiton . Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, 45:9498.Google Scholar
Sardeson, F. W. 1896. The fauna of the Magnesian series. Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, 4:92105.Google Scholar
Sirenko, B. I. 2003. On the system of Polyplacophora. Second International Chiton Symposium, Program and Abstracts. Tsukuba, Japan, p. 3 (and attached table).Google Scholar
Sirenko, V. I., and Starobogatov, Y. I. 1977. K sistematike paleozoyskikh i Mezozoyskikh khitonov (On the systematics of Paleozoic and Mesozoic chitons). Palaeontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 3:3041. (English translation by the American Geological Institute, Paleontology Journal, 11:285–294, 1977) Google Scholar
Smith, A. G., and Hoare, R. D. 1987. Paleozoic Polyplacophora: A checklist and bibliography. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 146, 71 p.Google Scholar
Smith, A. G., and Toomey, D. F. 1964. Chitons from the Kindblade Formation (Lower Ordovician), Arbuckle Mountains, southern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular, 66, 41 p.Google Scholar
Spelman, A. R. 1966. Stratigraphy of the Lower Ordovician Nittany Dolomite in central Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geological Survey Bulletin, G47, 187 p.Google Scholar
Stauffer, C. R., and Theil, G. A. 1941. Paleozoic and related rocks of southeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin, 29, 261 p.Google Scholar
Stinchcomb, B. L., and Darrough, G. 1995. Some molluscan Problematica from the Upper Cambrian–Lower Ordovician of the Ozark Uplift. Journal of Paleontology, 69:5265.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1979. Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of post-Tyrone Ordovician rocks of the Cincinnati Region. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-G, 26 p.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1984. Graphic correlation of upper Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks, North American Midcontinent Province, U.S.A. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 295:2335.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1890a. New and little known American Paleozoic Ostracoda. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 13:104107.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1890b. New Lamellibranchiata, Number 1, containing descriptions of new species of Modiolopsis . American Geologist, 5:270284.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1890c. New Lamellibranchiata, Number 3, descriptions of new species, with remarks on others. American Geologist, 6:382389.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1891. New and little known American Paleozoic Ostracoda. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 13:173211.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1892a. New Lower Silurian Lamellibranchiata chiefly from Minnesota rocks. Geology and Natural History of Minnesota Annual Report, 19:211248.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1892b. New Lamellibranchiata, Number 4, descriptions of one new genus and eight new species. American Geologist, 10:96104.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1893. New and little known Lamellibranchiata from the Lower Silurian rocks of Ohio and adjacent states. Ohio Division of Geological Survey, 7:627693 [1895].Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1894a. The Lower Silurian Lamellibranchiata of Minnesota. Vol. 3. Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey Final Report, p. 475628. (Published under separate cover prior to the release of the entire Vol. 3) Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1894b. The Lower Silurian Ostracoda of Minnesota. Vol. 3. Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey Final Report, p. 629693. (Published under separate cover prior to the release of the entire Vol. 3) Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O., and Scofield, W. H. 1897. The Lower Silurian Gastropoda of Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey, 3:8121801.Google Scholar
Van Belle, R. A. 1975. Sur la classification des Polyplacophora: I. Introduction et Classification des Paleoloricata, avec la description de Kindbladochiton nom. nov. (pour Eochiton Smith, 1964). Informations de la Société Belge de Malacologie, série 4, 5:121131.Google Scholar
Van Belle, R. A. 1983. The systematic classification of the chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Informations de la Société Belge de Malacologie, série 11, pts. 1–3, 178 p.Google Scholar
Vendrasco, M. J., and Runnegar, B. 2004. Late Cambrian and early Ordovician stem group chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from Utah and Missouri. Journal of Paleontology, 78:675689.Google Scholar
Wagner, P. J. III 1990. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lophospiridae (Gastropoda: Pleurotomariina) of the Ordovician and Silurian. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 140 p.Google Scholar
Wahlman, G. P. 1992. Middle and Upper Ordovician symmetrical univalved mollusks (Monoplacophora and Bellerophontina) of the Cincinnati Arch Region. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-O, 213 p.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1886. Second contribution to the studies of the Cambrian faunas of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 30, 369 p.Google Scholar
Walker, L. G. 1982. The brachiopod genera Hebertella, Dalmanella, and Heterorthina from the Ordovician of Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-M, 17 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warshauer, S. M., and Berdan, J. M. 1982. Paleocopid and podocopid Ostracoda from the Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation (Middle and Upper Ordovician) of central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-H, 80 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webby, B. B., Paris, F., Droser, M. L., and Percival, I. G. (eds.). 2004. The Great Ordovician Diversification Event. Columbia University Press, New York, 484 p.Google Scholar
Weir, G. W., Peterson, W. L., and Swadley, W. C. 1979. Lithofacies and stratigraphic nomenclature of part of the Upper Ordovician section of Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, I-1155.Google Scholar
Weir, G. W., Peterson, W. L., and Swadley, W. C. 1984. Lithostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata exposed in Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1151-E, 121 p.Google Scholar
Wetherby, A. G. 1881. Descriptions of new fossils from the Lower Silurian and Subcarboniferous rocks of Ohio and Kentucky. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 4:7785.Google Scholar
Whiteaves, J. F. 1897. The fossils of the Galena-Trenton and Black River formations of Lake Winnipeg and its vicinity. Geological Survey of Canada, Palaeozoic Fossils, 3:129242.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. E. 1951. Gastropoda and Conularia of the Ottawa Formation of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence lowland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 17, 149 p.Google Scholar
Wolcott, D. E. 1969. Geologic map of the Little Hickman Quadrangle, central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, GQ-792.Google Scholar
Wolcott, D. E., and Cressman, E. R. 1971. Geologic map of the Bryantsville Quadrangle, central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Map, GQ-945.Google Scholar