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Resisting a Right to Relief: States, Responsible Relative Laws, and Old Age Assistance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2018

Susan Stein-Roggenbuck
Susan Stein-Roggenbuck*
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
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Abstract:

Efforts to modernize public assistance via the Social Security Act of 1935 met significant opposition from states. One manifestation of that resistance was state responsible relative laws in the Old Age Assistance program. Responsible relative laws enforced support by adult children as an eligibility requirement; applicants with children deemed able to provide support were either denied aid, or the grant awarded was reduced. These laws are an example of parent dependency policies that sought to enforce or encourage family members, particularly adult children, to support parents in need. States sought to ensure that all financial resources were exhausted before public funds were spent on OAA. Responsible relative laws were an arena of public assistance that remained under state discretion, and many states used them to control costs and contest federal efforts to modernize relief programs and limit state and local authority.

Keywords

Old Age Assistanceresponsible relative lawspaying for long-term careSocial SecurityMedicareMedicaid
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Policy History , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , July 2018 , pp. 400 - 428
Copyright
Copyright © Donald Critchlow and Cambridge University Press 2018 

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References

NOTES

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31. Ibid., 2.

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49. Report of the Senate Interim Committee on Welfare, Part One (California, 1951), 34–35.

50. Report of the Senate Interim Committee on Welfare, Needed Revisions in Social Welfare Legislation (California, 1951), 10.

51. Official Report of the Indiana Welfare Investigation Commission (Indianapolis, 1944).

52. Ibid., 22.

53. Minutes, Indiana Department of Public Welfare, 12 June 1940, 1070; 1 December 1940, 1150–51, Box 1, ISA.

54. “Statement by State Board of Public Welfare to the Governor and Members of the 84th General Assembly,” 2 December 1944, Records of Welfare Organizations and Topics, RG 47.8, Correspondence, Indiana, Box 34, Folder 660 (1943), 11, NA–CP.

55. “Recipients AND or VERSUS Responsible Relatives,” Public Welfare in Indiana 55, no. 5 (May 1945): 9.

56. Newspaper clippings, Indianapolis Times, 21 August 1945, SSA Records, Records of the Social Security Board, RG 47.3, Correspondence, Box 34, Folder 660 1943; Minutes, Indiana Department of Public Welfare, 30 April 1945, 2154, Box 7, ISA.

57. Chapter 82, “An Act to Establish Liability for support of parents,” Laws of the State of Indiana 1947, Vol. I (Indianapolis, 1947), 249–51; “Action on Recommendations of the Indiana Welfare Investigation Commission,” Public Welfare in Indiana 58, no. 8 (August 1948): 12.

58. Quoted in Dorothy Nierengarten, “We Don’t Believe in Relative Responsibility,” Public Welfare 8, no. 5 (May 1950): 102–3.

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63. The state senate voted to repeal the property lien law on a 25–17 vote; the state house voted for repeal on a 77–10. Journal of the Indiana State Senate During the Regular Session of the Eighty-Second Session of the General Assembly (Fort Wayne, 1941), 1152; Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Indiana, Eighty-Second Session of the General Assembly (Indianapolis, 1941), 1103.

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66. “Welfare Lien and Recovery of Old Age Assistance,” Public Welfare in Indiana 57, no. 5 (May 1947): 6–7. The state board minutes recorded no statements concerning the property lien laws.

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68. “Action on Recommendations of the Indiana Welfare Investigation Commission,” Public Welfare in Indiana 58, no. 8 (August 1948): 12; Official Report of the Indiana Welfare Investigation Commission, 14.

69. Emphasis in original text. Barnett, Recovery of Public Funds, 4.

70. “Old Age Lien Passes Senate,” Indianapolis Star, 26 February 1947, 17.

71. “Old Age Assistance Lien and Recovery Provision,” Public Welfare in Indiana 58, no. 8 (August 1948): 5. South Dakota’s department of public welfare also supported the lien provisions as a deterrent on applications. South Dakota Department of Social Security Annual Report, For the Period July 1, 1939–June 30,1940 (Pierre, 1940), 9.

72. Bond, Our Needy Aged, 166.

73. South Dakota Department of Social Security, Annual Report, for the Period July 1, 1939 to June 30, 1940 (1940), 9.

74. Report of the Senate Interim Committee on Social Welfare, Part Five (California Senate, 1953) 25.

75. Ibid., 26.

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77. Lowe, State Public Welfare Legislation, 63–67, 92–95.

78. Bond, Our Needy Aged, 165.

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81. Bond, Our Needy Aged, 166–69. Most states would not seek a claim against the estate if the recipient left a surviving spouse or dependent children who resided in the home.

82. “Old Age Assistance Lien and Recovery Provision,” 5.

83. Barnett, Recovery of Public Funds in Old-Age Assistance, 6–7.

84. Public Act 262 of 1947, Local and Public Acts of the Michigan Legislature, 394; Michigan Social Welfare Commission, Fifth Biennial Report, July 1946–June 1948 (Lansing, 1948), 17, 20.

85. Tani, States of Dependency, 160–69 (164).

86. State Letter, 7 May 1941, “Standards for Safeguarding Information Concerning Applicants and Recipients of Public Assistance,” 1, Records of Welfare Organizations and Topics, RG 47.8, BPA, State Letters, Box 1, Folder 1.

87. Ibid., 1–2. Ohio was one state that clashed with federal officials, in part over the use of public assistance lists for political purposes, in the early stages of the Social Security Act. Federal officials provided the governor’s office in Utah with lists of recipients in 1943; they suspected he used them for political purposes but could not prove anything. Utah welfare officials also battled the Church of Latter Day Saints, who sought lists of recipients to ensure that its members were not receiving public aid. Coll, Safety Net, 28–29; “Current Activity Report,” 22 December 1944, 1–2; October 19, 1944, 1–2; 20 July 1944, 4; 5 April 1944, 6; 22 May 1943, 5; Records of Welfare Organizations and Topics, RG 47.8, BPA, Correspondence, Utah, Box 98, Folder 620.62/03, NA-CP.

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89. Bond et al., Our Needy Aged, 172.

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92. Official Report of the Welfare Investigation Commission, 23.

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97. Berman, “State Public Assistance Legislation, 1951,” 8; Letter to Hunt from the SSB, 25 April 1951; SSA Records, Records of the Office of Commissioner, RG 47.3.1, Box 26, Binder 3/51 to 5/51, NA-CP; Tani, States of Dependency, 166.

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100. “Indiana Loses Suit for Relief Grants,” New York Times, 8 September 1951, 10.

101. “Board Statement on Effects of Loss of Federal Reimbursement on Public Assistance Programs,” Public Welfare in Indiana 61, no. 8 (August 1951): 3.

102. Indiana Chamber of Commerce, Where Do We Go from Here in Public Welfare Financing? (August 1951), 3.

103. “Statement by State Board of Public Welfare,” 4.

104. Ibid., 5.

105. State Letter 166, 8 November 1951, “Section 618 of the Revenue Act of 1951,” SSA Records, Records of Welfare Organizations and Topics, RG 47.8, BPA, State Letters, Box 2, Folder 3; Tani, States of Dependency, 167–68.

106. “Indiana Loses Suit,” 10.

107. Letter from Robert Bahannan Jr. to APWA, 21 June 1951, APWA Records, Box 22, Folder 7, SWHA.

108. State Letter No. 166, 8 November 1951, “Section 618 of the Revenue Act of 1951.”

109. Annual Report of the Federal Security Agency, 1952 (Washington, D.C., 1953), 47.

110. State Letter 166, 8 November 1951, “Section 618 of the Revenue Act of 1951.”

111. Monthly Bulletin, Department of Health Education and Welfare, January 1956, 1, APWA Records, Box 22, Folder 6, SWHA.

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114. Lucy Freeman, “Relief Lists Held Futile in Indiana,” New York Times, 10 March 1952, 25.

115. Annual Report of the Federal Security Agency, 1952 (Washington, D.C., 1953), 47; Tani, States of Dependency, 168.

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