Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:03:35.815Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Self-esteem and perceived social competence protect adolescent students against ostracism and loneliness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2020

Halis Sakız ,
Abdullah Mert  and
Hakan Sarıçam
Halis Sakız*
Affiliation:
Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey
Abdullah Mert
Affiliation:
Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
Hakan Sarıçam
Affiliation:
Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
*
*Address for correspondence: Halis Sakız, Mardin Artuklu University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Educational Sciences, Mardin, Turkey. Email: halissakiz@artuklu.edu.tr
Get access

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to examine the associations between self-esteem, perceived social competence, ostracism and loneliness among adolescent students. For the investigation of self-esteem and perceived social competence as key developmental constructs concerning negative experiences such as ostracism and loneliness, it is important to understand the experiences that may inhibit individual development in adolescence. Participants were 542 presecondary and secondary school students who completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Perceived Social Competence Scale, the Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents, and the Loneliness Scale for Children. The data were analysed with Pearson moments correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Findings showed that: (1) self-esteem, perceived social competence, ostracism and loneliness were related to each other; (2) self-esteem and perceived social competence were negatively related to ostracism and loneliness; (3) ostracism had a positive relationship with loneliness and a negative impact on self-esteem; and (4) an increase in the level of perceived social competence predicted a decrease in the levels of ostracism and loneliness. The results were discussed in the light of relevant literature.

Keywords

Self-esteemperceived social competenceostracismlonelinessadolescents
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , June 2021 , pp. 94 - 109
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akın, A., Uysal, R., & Akın, Ü. (2016). Ergenler için ostrasizm (sosyal dışlanma) ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması [The validity and reliability of Turkish version of the ostracism experience scale for adolescents]. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24, 895–904.Google Scholar
Anderson-Butcher, D., Iachini, A.L., & Amorose, A.J. (2007). Initial reliability and validity of the Perceived Social Competence Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 18, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreassen, C.S., Pallesena, S., & Griffiths, M.D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asher, S.R., Hymel, S., & Renshaw, P.D. (1984). Loneliness in children. Child Development, 55, 1456–1464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ateş, B. (2016). Lise öğrencilerinin algılanan sosyal yetkinlik puanlarının bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi [Investigation of perceived social competence scores of high school students in terms of some variables]. Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9, 185–194.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbini, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychological functioning. Child Development, 74, 769–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M.T., & Qualter, P. (2020). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066 Google Scholar
Bayraktar, F., Sayıl, M., & Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli gençlerde benlik saygısı: Ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum değişkenlerinin rolü [Self-esteem among high-school adolescents and college students: The role of parental and peer attachment, empathy and psychological adjustment variables]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24, 48–63.Google Scholar
Bierman, K.L., & Welsh, J.A. (2008). Assessing social dysfunction: The contributions of laboratory and performance-based measures. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 526–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boling, M.W., Barry, C.M., Kotchick, B.A., & Lowry, J. (2011). Relations among early adolescents’ parent adolescent attachment, perceived social competence, and friendship quality. Psychological Reports, 109, 819–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borys, S., & Perlman, D. (1985). Gender differences in loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 63–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, M. (2003). Prevention and intervention for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A whole school approach. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 13, 47–62.Google Scholar
Chung, S., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., & Wolchik, S. (2019). Threat appraisals and coping responses to stressors: Links to Chinese children’s behavioral problems and social competence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 39, 280–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Curcio, A.L., Mak, A.S., & George, A.M. (2019). Maternal and paternal bonding and self-esteem as predictors of psychological distress among male and female adolescents. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 29, 54–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cvencek, D., Fryberg, S.A., Covarrubias, R., & Meltzoff, A.N. (2018). Self-concepts, self-esteem, and academic achievement of minority and majority North American elementary school children. Child Development, 89, 1099–1109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda benlik saygısı [Self-esteem in adolescents] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hacettepe University, Turkey.Google Scholar
De Jong-Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, A., & Tarhan, N. (2001). Loneliness and social dissatisfaction in Turkish adolescents. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 113–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhal, A., Bhatia, S., Sharma, V., & Gupta, P. (2007). Adolescent self-esteem, attachment and loneliness. Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 3, 61–63.Google Scholar
Diarof, A. (2010). Ostracism and aggression: Influence of increasing provocation by peers on aggressive behaviour after acute experience of ostracism (Unpublished master’s thesis). Universitat Trier, Germany.Google Scholar
Durlak, J.A. (2009). How to select, calculate, and interpret effect sizes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 917–928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duyan, V., Var, E.C., & Kilic, E. (2015). The adaptation study of the loneliness scale for children to Turkish. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 9, 40–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberger, N.I. (2006). Identifying the neural correlates underlying social pain: implications for developmental processes. Human Development, 49, 273–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erol, R.Y., & Orth, U. (2016). Self-esteem and the quality of romantic relationships. European Psychologist, 21, 274–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabes, R.A., Gaertner, B.M., & Popp, T.K. (2006). Getting along with others: Social competence in early childhood. In McCartney, K. & Phillips, D. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of early childhood development. (pp. 297–316). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Fairlamb, S., & Juhl, J. (2020). Death thoughts predict increased depression for those with low self-worth. Death Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1793432 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferris, D.L., Lian, H., Brown, D.J., & Kenney, R.M. (2015). Ostracism, self-esteem, and job performance: When do we self-verify and when do we self-enhance? The Academy of Management Journal, 58, 279–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gedviliene, G. (2014). The case of Lithuania and Belgium: Teachers and students’ social competence. European Scientific Journal, 10, 181–294.Google Scholar
Genç, A., Şener, Ü., Karabacak, H., & Üçok, K. (2011). Kadın ve erkek genç erişkinler arasında fiziksel aktivite ve yaşam kalitesi farklılıklarının araştırılması [Investigation of physical activity and quality of life differences between male and female young adults]. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 12, 145–150.Google Scholar
Gilman, R., Carter-Sowell, A., DeWall, N., Adams, R., & Carboni, I. (2013). Validation of the Ostracism Experiences Scale for Adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 25, 319–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giromini, L., de Campora, G., Brusadelli, E., D’Onofrio, E., Zennaro, A., Zavattini, G.C., & Lang, M. (2016). Validity and reliability of the interpersonal competence questionnaire: Empirical evidence from an Italian study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 113–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürler, A., & Demirli, C. (2017). The relationship between ostracism and self-esteem in adolescents. The Journal of Social Science, 4, 941–951.Google Scholar
Haktanır, G. (2011). Okul öncesi eğitime giriş [Introduction to preschool education]. Anı Yayıncılık.Google Scholar
Harris, M.A., & Orth, U. (2019). The link between self-esteem and social relationships: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000265 Google ScholarPubMed
Hart, D., Atkins, R., & Fegley, S. (2003). Personality and development in childhood: A person-centered approach. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 68, Serial No. 272.Google ScholarPubMed
Hawes, D.J., Zadro, L., Fink, E., Richardson, R., O’Moore, K., Griffiths, B., … Williams, K.D. (2012). The effects of peer ostracism on children’s cognitive processes. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 599–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoe-Chang, Y. (2017). The effects of cognition of college and department’s core competencies and collective-efficacy on department satisfaction and GPA: Mediating effects of self-efficacy and self-esteem. Information, 20, 5203–5210.Google Scholar
Hou, N., Fan, J., Tan, J., Stuhlman, M., Liu, C., & Valdez, G. (2019). Understanding ostracism from attachment perspective. Journal of International Students, 9, 856–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaırmak, Ö., & Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. (2011). The effect of self-esteem and locus of control on resilience: The mediating role of affects. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4, 30–43.Google Scholar
Kavakli, M. (2019). Psikolojik dışlanma ve sosyal dışlanma arasındaki farklılık: Benlik değeri, yalnızlık ve genel aidiyet duygusu üzerindeki etkileri [The difference between ostracism and social exclusion: The effects on self-esteem, loneliness and general belongingness emotion]. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11, 45–55.Google Scholar
Khezerlou, E. (2017). Professional self-esteem as a predictor of teacher burnout across Iranian and Turkish EFL teachers. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 5, 113–130.Google Scholar
Kim, H.Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38, 52–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, O. (2001). Sex differences in social support, loneliness, and depression among Korean college students. Psychological Reports, 88, 521–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kita, Y., & Inoue, Y. (2017). The direct/indirect association of ADHD/ODD symptoms with self-esteem, self-perception, and depression in early adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koparan, Ş., Öztürk, F., Özkılıç, R., & Şenışık, Y. (2009). An investigation of social self-efficacy expectations and assertiveness in multi-program high school students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 623–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M.R., Kowalski, R.M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lou, L.L. (2009). Loneliness, friendship, and self-esteem: First-year college students’ experience of using Facebook (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University at Albany, State University of New York.Google Scholar
Ma, Z.-W., Liang, J.-J., Zeng, W.-N., Jiang, S., & Liu, T. (2014). The relationship between self-esteem and loneliness: Does social anxiety matter? International Journal of Psychological Studies, 6, 151–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maes, M., Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Van den Noortgate, W., & Goossens, L. (2019). Gender differences in loneliness across the lifespan: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 33, 642–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahon, N.E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T.J., Cannella, B.L., & Hanks, M.M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55, 308–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, D.W. (1993). Relationship basics. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.Google Scholar
Mert, A., & Özdemir, G. (2018). Yalnızlık duygusunun akıllı telefon bağımlılığına etkisi [The effects of sense of lonesomeness to the smart phone addiction]. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8, 88–107.Google Scholar
Muller, R.D., Skues, J.L., & Wise, L.Z. (2017). Cyberbullying in Australian primary schools: How victims differ in attachment, locus of control, self-esteem, and coping styles compared to non-victims. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 27, 85–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2014). Loneliness among men and women — A five-year follow-up study. Aging & Mental Health, 18, 194–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nida, S.A., & Saylor, C.F. (2017). Ostracism in children and adolescents. In Williams, K.D. & Nida, S.A. (Eds.). Ostracism, Exclusion, and Rejection (pp. 192–207). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Oğurlu, U. (2015). Ostracism among gifted adolescents: A preliminary study in Turkey. Educational Process: International Journal, 4, 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okun, M.A., & Keith, V.M. (1998). Effects of positive and negative social exchanges with various sources on depressive symptoms in younger and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53, 4–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olmstead, R.E., Guy, S.M., O’Malley, P.M., & Bentler, P.M. (1991). Longitudinal assessment of the relationship between self-esteem, fatalism, loneliness and substance abuse. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 749–770.Google Scholar
Onoda, K., Okamoto, Y., Nakashima, K., Nittono, H., Yoshimura, S., Yamawaki, S., Yamaguchi, S., & Ura, M. (2010). Does low self-esteem enhance social pain? The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 385–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orzeck, T., & Rokach, A. (2004). Men who abuse drugs and their experience of loneliness. European Psychologist, 9, 163–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orth, U., Robins, R.W., Meier, L.L., & Conger, R.D. (2016). Refining the vulnerability model of low self-esteem and depression: Disentangling the effects of genuine self-esteem and narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 133–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Over, H., & Uskul, A.K. (2016). Culture moderates children’s responses to ostracism situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 710–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Özdemir, Y., Vazsonyi, A.T., & Çok, F. (2017) Parenting processes, self-esteem, and aggression: A mediation model, European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14, 509–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmen, H., Vermande, M.M., Deković, M., & van Aken, M.A. (2011). Competence, problem behavior, and the effects of having no friends, aggressive friends, or nonaggressive friends: A four-year longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 57, 186–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, R., & Jahoda, A. (2004). The Glasgow Social Self-Efficacy Scale: A new scale for measuring social self-efficacy in people with intellectual disability. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 265–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perlman, D. (2004). European and Canadian studies of loneliness among seniors. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23, 181–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plummer, D.M., & Harper, A. (2007). Helping children to build self-esteem: A photocopiable activities book (2nd ed.). London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabiner, D.L., Godwin, J. & Dodge, K.A. (2016). Predicting academic achievement and attainment: The contribution of early academic skills, attention difficulties, and social competence. School Psychology Review, 45, 250–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raver, C.C., & Zigler, E.F. (1997). Social competence: An untapped dimension in evaluating Head Start’s success. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 12, 363–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggio, R.E., Throckmorton, B., & Depaola, S. (1990). Social skills and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 799–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, S.L., O’Reilly, J., & Wang, W. (2013). Invisible at work: An integrated model of workplace ostracism. Journal of Management, 39, 203–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romera, E.M., Cano, J.J., Garcia-Fernandez, C.M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Cyberbullying: Social competence, motivation and peer relationships. Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal, 24, 71–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Conceiving the self. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Rubin, K.H., & Mills, R.S.L. (1988). The many faces of social isolation in childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 916–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, D.W., Cutrona, C.E., McRae, C., & Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 146, 7–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakiz, H. (2017). Impact of an inclusive programme on achievement, attendance and perceptions towards the school climate and social-emotional adaptation among students with disabilities. Educational Psychology, 37, 611–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saricam, H., Akın, A., Akın, Ü., & Çardak, M. (2013). Algılanan sosyal yetkinlik ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The adaptation of perceived social competence scale to Turkish: The study of validity and reliability]. JASSS, 6, 591–600.Google Scholar
Saricam, H., Gencdogan, B., & Erozkan, A. (2012). The examination of the relationship between the university students’ rejection sensitivities, self-esteem and loneliness levels. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2716–2720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saricam, H., Yaman, E., & Celik, I. (2016). The mediator effect of loneliness between perceived social competence and cyber bullying in Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Progressive Education, 12, 99–107.Google Scholar
Sebastian, C., Viding, E., Williams, K.D., & Blakemore, S.J. (2010). Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence. Brain Cognitive 72, 134–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shek, D.T.L., & Leung, J.T.Y. (2017). Developing social competence. In Shek, D.T.L., Ma, C., & Merrick, J. (Eds.), Public health: Practices, methods and policies. Leadership: Promoting leadership and intrapersonal development in university students (pp. 75–89). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Shujja, S., Malik, F., & Khan, N. (2015). Social competence scale for adolescents (SCSA): Development and validation within cultural perspective. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 25, 59–77.Google Scholar
Spoor, J., & Williams, K.D. (2006). The evolution of an ostracism detection system. In Forgas, J.P., Haselton, M. & Hoppel, W.V. (Eds.), The evolution of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and social cognition (pp. 279–292). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A.S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W.B., & Brooks, M. (2012). Why threats trigger compensatory reactions: The need for coherence and quest for self-verification. Social Cognition, 30, 758–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, M.K., & Buhrmester, D. (2007). Friendship features and social exclusion: An observational study examining gender and social context. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 412–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R.A., & Goodman, M. (2011). The architecture of social developmental science: Theoretical and historical perspectives. In Underwood, M.K. & Rosen, L.H. (Eds.), Social development: Relationships in infancy, childhood, and adolescence (pp. 3–28). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, R.A., Winer, A.C., & Goodvin, R. (2011). The individual child: Temperament, emotion, self, and personality. In Bornstein, M.H. & Lamb, M.E. (Eds.), Developmental science: An advanced textbook (pp. 427–468). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R.H., Engels, R.C., & Goossens, L. (2013). Low self-esteem as a risk factor for loneliness in adolescence: Perceived-but not actual-social acceptance as an underlying mechanism. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 1067–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Soest, T., Luhmann, M., & Gerstorf, D. (2020). The development of loneliness through adolescence and young adulthood: Its nature, correlates, and midlife outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 56, 1919–1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, J., & Gerstorf, D. (2018). Introduction to the special section on self-esteem and personality across the lifespan: Antecedents of development and change. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whelan, A., Haywood, P., & Galloway, S. (2007). Low self-esteem: group cognitive behaviour therapy. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35, 125–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesselmann, E.D., Williams, K.D., Ren, D., & Hales, A.H. (2014). Ostracism and solitude. In Coplan, R.J. & Bowker, J.C. (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 224–241). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Williams, K.D. (2007a). Ostracism: The kiss of social death. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 236–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K.D. (2007b). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, K.D., Forgas, J.P., Hippel, W.V., & Zadro, L. (2005). The social outcast: An overview. In Williams, K.D., Forgas, J.P. & Hippel, W.V. (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 1–34). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Williams, K.L., & Galliher, R.V. (2006). Predicting depression and self-esteem from social connectedness, support, and competence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 855–874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeedyk, S.M., Cohen, S.R., Eisenhower, A., & Blacher, J. (2016). Perceived social competence and loneliness among young children with asd: child, parent and teacher reports. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 436–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, F., You, Z., Fan, C., Gao, C., Cohen, R., Hsueh, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2014). Friendship quality, social preference, proximity prestige, and self-perceived social competence: Interactive influences on children’s loneliness. Journal of School Psychology, 52, 511–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed