Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:26:44.198Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Towards best practice in school management of students with depressive disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2021

John R. Burns Open the ORCID record for John R. Burns [Opens in a new window]
John R. Burns*
Affiliation:
Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Shore School, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
*
Address for correspondence: John Burns, Centre for Emotional Health, The Australian Hearing Hub, Level 1, 16 University Ave, Macquarie UniversityNSW 2109, Australia. Email: john.burns@mq.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

There is growing evidence of an escalation of depression in young people. In light of this, schools are increasingly being confronted with the challenge of how to best manage students with depressive disorders. Such management includes consideration of the academic, behavioural, social and emotional implications of the disorder. This article provides school practitioners and management with a review of what constitutes ‘best practice’ in school management of students with depressive disorders. It adopts the mental health intervention framework of the Institute of Medicine, considering how school-based intervention occurs across the four domains of mental health promotion, prevention, case identification and treatment, as well as maintenance of students with or at-risk of depression. It provides a checklist for practitioners at each stage of the Institute of Medicine intervention spectrum. Moreover, it takes the view that best practice in psychology is always evidence-based practice, although discerning a clear path through the available research is not always obvious.

Keywords

Adolescent depressionschoolspreventionmental health promotion
Type
Practitioner Paper
Information
Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools , Volume 31 , Special Issue 2: Actioning Research within Schools: Key Processes for Planning Successful Interventions , December 2021 , pp. 246 - 259
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahn, S., & Fedewa, A.L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relationship between children’s physical activity and mental health. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36, 385–397. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsq107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldridge, J.M., & McChesney, K. (2018). The relationships between school climate and adolescent mental health and wellbeing: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Research, 88, 121–145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.01.012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2009). Policy statement — Guidance for the Administration of Medication in School. Pediatrics, 124, 1244–1251. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-1953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E.J., Messer, S.C., Pickles, A., Winder, F., & Silver, D. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiology studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 237–249.Google Scholar
APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271–285. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.61.4.271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avenevoli, S., Swendsen, J., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., & Merikangas, K.R. (2015). Major Depression in the National Comorbidity Survey — Adolescent supplement: Prevalence, correlates, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 37–44.e32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, P.M., Farrell, L.J., Ollendick, T.H., & Dadds, M. (2006). Long-term outcomes of an Australian universal prevention trial of anxiety and depression symptoms in children and youth: An evaluation of the Friends program. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35, 403–411. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3503_5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, M.M., Clarke, A.M., Jenkins, R., & Patel, V. (2013). A systematic review of the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle income countries. BMC Public Health, 13, 835. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baune, B.T., Fuhr, M., Air, T., & Hering, C. (2014). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescents and young adults with major depressive disorder – A review. Psychiatry Research, 218, 261–271. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, C., Hayes, L., Nurse, S., Aisbett, D., Francis, K., Newnham, K., & Sewell, J. (2011). Preferences and intention of rural adolescents toward seeking help for mental health problems. Rural and Remote Health, 11, 1582.Google ScholarPubMed
Brunstein Klomek, A., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I.S., & Gould, M.S. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 40–49. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calear, A., & Christensen, H. (2010). Systematic review of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 429–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (2013). Creating a positive school climate: A foundation for resilience. In Goldstein, S. & Brooks, R.B. (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 411–423). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, S.L. (2014). A meta-analysis of school-based depression prevention programs for children and adolescents (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Brigham Young University, UT.Google Scholar
Cummings, C.M., Caporino, N.E., & Kendall, P.C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 816–845. doi: 10.1037/a0034733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, J.M., & Suldo, S.M. (2014). Accuracy of teachers in identifying elementary school students who report at-risk levels of anxiety and depression. School Mental Health, 6, 237–250. doi: 10.1007/s12310-014-9125-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, M.M., & Wodrich, D.L. (2006). The effect of sharing health information on teachers’ production of classroom accommodations. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 553–564. doi: 10.1002/pits.20166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David-Ferdon, C., & Kaslow, N.J. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 62–104. doi: 10.1080/15374410701817865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dupéré, V., Dion, E., Nault-Brière, F., Archambault, I., Leventhal, T., & Lesage, A. (2018). Revisiting the link between depression symptoms and high school dropout: Timing of exposure matters. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, 205–211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, H.L., Costello, E.J., & Angold, A. (2003). School refusal and psychiatric disorders: A community study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 797–807. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000046865.56865.79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eklund, K., & Dowdy, E. (2014). Screening for behavioral and emotional risk versus traditional school identification methods. School Mental Health, 6, 40–49. doi: 10.1007/s12310-013-9109-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, C.B.R., Fraser, M.W., & Cotter, K.L. (2014). The effectiveness of school-based bullying prevention programs: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 532–544. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulstich, M.E., Carey, M.P., Ruggiero, L., Enyart, P., & Gresham, F. (1986). Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: An evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1024–1027.Google Scholar
Fenwick-Smith, A., Dahlberg, E.E., & Thompson, S.C. (2018). Systematic review of resilience-enhancing, universal, primary school-based mental health promotion programs. BMC Psychology, 6, Article No. 30. doi: 10.1186/s40359-018-0242-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finning, K., Ukoumunne, O.C., Ford, T., Danielsson-Waters, E., Shaw, L., Romero De Jager, I., Stentiford, L., & Moore, D.A. (2019). The association between child and adolescent depression and poor attendance at school: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 928–938. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fliege, H., Lee, J.-R., Grimm, A., & Klapp, B.F. (2009). Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66, 477–493. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, D.A., Caruana, N., Hudson, J.L., & McArthur, G.M. (2019). The association between poor reading and internalising problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 67, 45–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.09.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, K., Boyd, C., Aisbett, D., Newnham, K., & Newnham, K. (2006). Rural adolescents’ attitudes to seeking help for mental health problems. Youth Studies Australia, 25, 42–49.Google Scholar
Fröjd, S.A., Nissinen, E.S., Pelkonen, M.U. I., Marttunen, M.J., Koivisto, A.-M., & Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2008). Depression and school performance in middle adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 485–498. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillham, J.E., Reivich, K., Freres, D.R., Chaplin, T.M., Shatté, A.J., Samuels, B., Elkon, A.G., Litzinger, S., Lascher, M., Gallop, R., & Seligman, M.E. P. (2007). School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 9–19. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, R., Meltzer, H., & Bailey, V. (1998). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 125–130. doi: 10.1007/s007870050057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, J., Howes, F., Waters, E., Maher, E., & Oberklaid, F. (2005). Promoting the social and emotional health of primary school-aged children: Reviewing the evidence base for school-based interventions. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 7, 30–36. doi: 10.1080/14623730.2005.9721872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, J., McLaughlin, K.A., Alegría, M., Costello, E.J., Gruber, M.J., Hoagwood, K., Leaf, P.J., Olin, S., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R.C. (2013). School mental health resources and adolescent mental health service use. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 501–510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, M.T., Weissberg, R.P., O’Brien, M.U., Zins, J.E., Fredericks, L., Resnik, H., & Elias, M.J. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning. American Psychologist, 58, 466–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallam, S. (2009). An Evaluation of the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) programme: Promoting positive behaviour, effective learning and well-being in primary school children. Oxford Review of Education, 35, 313–330. doi: 10.1080/03054980902934597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, S., Morris, R., Gunnell, D., Ford, T., Hollingworth, W., Tilling, K., Bell, S., Grey, J., Brockman, R., Campbell, R., Araya, R., Murphy, S., & Kidger, J. (2019). Is teachers’ mental health and wellbeing associated with students’ mental health and wellbeing? Journal of Affective Disorders, 242, 180–187. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, S.R., Brock, S.E., & Jeltova, I. (2014). Identifying, assessing, and treating bipolar disorder at school. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilt-Panahon, A., Kern, L., Divatia, A., & Gresham, F. (2008). School-based interventions for students with or at risk for depression: A review of the literature. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 1, 32–41. doi: 10.1080/1754730X.2008.9715743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodes, M. (2019). New developments in the mental health of refugee children and adolescents. Evidence Based Mental Health. doi: 10.1136/ebmental-2018-300065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, N., Kalambouka, A., Bolton, J., Lendrum, A., Wigelsworth, M., Lennie, C., & Farrell, P. (2008). Primary Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) evaluation of small group work (DCSF-RR064). https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/33806516/FULL_TEXT.PDF.Google Scholar
Humphrey, N., Lendrum, A., & Wigelsworth, M. (2010). Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) programme in secondary schools: National evaluation. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/11567/1/DFE-RR049.pdf.Google Scholar
Huppert, F.A., & Johnson, D.M. (2010). A controlled trial of mindfulness training in schools: The importance of practice for an impact on well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 264–274. doi: 10.1080/17439761003794148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, C.M., Muehlenkamp, J.J., Miller, A.L., & Turner, J.B. (2008). Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 363–375. doi: 10.1080/15374410801955771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiménez-Barbero, J.A., Ruiz-Hernández, J.A., Llor-Zaragoza, L., Pérez-García, M., & Llor-Esteban, B. (2016). Effectiveness of anti-bullying school programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 61, 165–175. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. (2005). The experience of work-related stress across occupations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 178–187. doi: 10.1108/02683940510579803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorm, A.F., Kitchener, B., Sawyer, M., Scales, H., & Cvetkovski, S. (2010). Mental health first aid training for high school teachers: A cluster randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaminer, Y., Connor, D.F., & Curry, J.F. (2007). Comorbid adolescent substance use and major depressive disorders: A review. Psychiatry, 4, 32–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Kamphaus, R.W., & Reynolds, C.R. (2015). Behavior Assessment System for Children — Third Edition (BASC-3): Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (BESS). Pearson.Google Scholar
Katz, C., Bolton, S.L., Katz, L.Y., Isaak, C., Tilston-Jones, T., & Sareen, J. (2013). A systematic review of school-based suicide prevention programs. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 1030–1045.Google ScholarPubMed
King, K.A., Vidourek, R.A., Davis, B., & McClellan, W. (2002). Increasing self-esteem and school connectedness through a multidimensional mentoring program. Journal of School Health, 72, 294–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb01336.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konu, A., & Rimpelä, M. (2002). Well-being in schools: A conceptual model. Health Promotion International, 17, 79–87. doi: 10.1093/heapro/17.1.79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., Komro, K., Gibbs, L., Magnus, D., & Campbell, R. (2015). The World Health Organization’s Health Promoting Schools Framework: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Public Health, 15, 130. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langille, D., Rasic, D., Kisely, S., Flowerdew, G., & Cobbett, S. (2012). Protective associations of school connectedness with risk of depression in Nova Scotia adolescents. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 759–764. doi: 10.1177/070674371205701208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, D., Johnson, S., Hafekost, J., Boterhoven De Haan, K., Sawyer, M.G., Ainley, J., & Zubrick, S.R. (2015). The mental health of children and adolescents. Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Department of Health, Canberra.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee-Tarver, A. (2006). Are individualized education plans a good thing? A survey of teachers’ perceptions of the utility of IEPS in regular education settings. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 33, 263–272.Google Scholar
Lee, S., Kim, C.-J., & Kim, D.H. (2015). A meta-analysis of the effect of school-based anti-bullying programs. Journal of Child Health Care, 19, 136–153. doi: 10.1177/1367493513503581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovato, N., & Gradisar, M. (2014). A meta-analysis and model of the relationship between sleep and depression in adolescents: Recommendations for future research and clinical practice. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18, 521–529. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, R., Nielsen, K.K., Hansen, D.H., Kriegbaum, M., Molbo, D., Due, P., & Christensen, U. (2009). Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: A study of Danish men born in 1953. The European Journal of Public Health, 19, 111–116. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckn101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maag, J.W., & Reid, R. (2006). Depression among students with learning disabilities: Assessing the risk. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 3–10. doi: 10.1177/00222194060390010201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDermott, B., Baigent, M., Chanen, A., Fraser, L., Graetz, B., Hayman, N., Newman, L., Parikh, N., Peirce, B., Proimos, J., Smalley, T., & Spence, S. (2011). Clinical practice guidelines: Depression in adolescents and young adults. Beyond Blue.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, K., & Williams, C. (2018). Universal, school-based interventions to promote mental and emotional well-being: What is being done in the UK and does it work? A systematic review. BMJ Open, 8, e022560. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malhi, G.S., Bassett, D., Boyce, P., Bryant, R., Fitzgerald, P.B., Fritz, K., Hopwood, M., Lyndon, B., Mulder, R., Murray, G., Porter, R., & Singh, A.B. (2015). Royal Australian and New Zealand college of psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 1087–1206. doi: 10.1177/0004867415617657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manassis, K., Wilansky-Traynor, P., Farzan, N., Kleiman, V., Parker, K., & Sanford, M. (2010). The Feelings Club: Randomized controlled evaluation of school-based CBT for anxious or depressive symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 945–952. doi: 10.1002/da.20724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marazziti, D., Consoli, G., Picchetti, M., Carlini, M., & Faravelli, L. (2010). Cognitive impairment in major depression. European Journal of Pharmacology, 626, 83–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marraccini, M.E., & Brier, Z.M. (2017). School connectedness and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A systematic meta-analysis. School Psychology Quarterly, 32, 5–21. doi: 10.1037/spq0000192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masi, G., Tomaiuolo, F., Sbrana, B., Poli, P., Baracchini, G., Pruneti, C.A., Favilla, L.,·Floriani, C., & Marcheschi, M. (2001). Depressive symptoms and academic self-image in adolescence. Psychopathology, 34, 57–61. doi: 10.1159/000049281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazza, J.J., & Reynolds, W.M. (2008). School-wide approaches to prevention of and intervention for depression and suicidal behaviors. In Doll, B. & Cummings, J.A. (Eds.), Tranforming school mental health services: Population-based approaches to promoting the competency and wellness of children (pp. 213–241). Corwin Press.Google Scholar
Merry, S.N., Hetrick, S.E., Cox, G.R., Brudevold-Iversen, T., Bir, J.J., & McDowell, H. (2012). Cochrane Review: Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 7, 1409–1685. doi: 10.1002/ebch.1867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D.N., & Brock, S.E. (2010). Identifying, assessing, and treating self-injury at school. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millings, A., Buck, R., Montgomery, A., Spears, M., & Stallard, P. (2012). School connectedness, peer attachment, and self-esteem as predictors of adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1061–1067. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mo, P.K.H., Ko, T.T., & Xin, M.Q. (2018). School-based gatekeeper training programmes in enhancing gatekeepers’ cognitions and behaviours for adolescent suicide prevention: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 12, 29–29. doi: 10.1186/s13034-018-0233-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Pediatrics, 138, e20161878. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moor, S., Maguire, A., McQueen, H., Wells, E., Elton, R., Wrate, R., & Blair, C. (2007). Improving the recognition of depression in adolescence: Can we teach the teachers? Journal of Adolescence, 30, 81–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mrazek, P.J., & Haggerty, R.J. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. National Academies Press (US).Google Scholar
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32775/.Google Scholar
O’Neil, A., Quirk, S.E., Housden, S., Brennan, S.L., Williams, L.J., Pasco, J.A., Berk, M.J., & Jacka, F.N. (2014). Relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 104, e31–42. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Offord, D.R., Kraemer, H.C., Kazdin, A.E., Jensen, P.S., & Harrington, R. (1998). Lowering the burden of suffering from child psychiatric disorder: Trade-offs among clinical, targeted, and universal interventions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 686–694. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199807000-00007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennant, M.E., Loucas, C.E., Whittington, C., Creswell, C., Fonagy, P., Fuggle, P., Kelvin, R., Naqvi, S., Stockton., S., & Kendall, T. (2015). Computerised therapies for anxiety and depression in children and young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 67, 1–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. (2007). Understanding, developing, and writing effective IEPS. Corwin Press.Google Scholar
Quiroga, C.V., Janosz, M., Bisset, S., & Morin, A.J.S. (2013). Early adolescent depression symptoms and school dropout: Mediating processes involving self-reported academic competence and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 552–560. doi: 10.1037/a0031524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riglin, L., Petrides, K.V., Frederickson, N., & Rice, F. (2014). The relationship between emotional problems and subsequent school attainment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 335–346. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, A.G., Shochet, I.M., & Bellair, R. (2010). The role of social skills and school connectedness in preadolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 269–275. doi: 10.1080/15374410903532692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, M., Richards, C.S., & Bleckley, M.K. (2007). Comorbidity between depression and disordered eating in adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 8, 440–449. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.03.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, M.A., Wilcox, H.C., Schonfeld, I.S., Davies, M., Hick, R.C., Turner, J.B., & Shaffer, D. (2009). School-based screening to identify at-risk students not already known to school professionals: The Columbia Suicide Screen. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 334–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, M.E.P., Ernst, R.M., Gillham, J.E., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35, 293–311. doi: 10.1080/03054980902934563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shochet, I.M., Dadds, M.R., Holland, D., Whitefield, K., Harnett, P.H., & Osgarby, S.M. (2001). The efficacy of a universal school-based program to prevent adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 30, 303–315. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shochet, I.M., Homel, R., Cockshaw, W.D., & Montgomery, D.T. (2008). How do school connectedness and attachment to parents interrelate in predicting adolescent depressive symptoms? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 676–681. doi: 10.1080/15374410802148053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shore, L., Toumbourou, J.W., Lewis, A.J., & Kremer, P. (2018). Review: Longitudinal trajectories of child and adolescent depressive symptoms and their predictors — A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 23, 107–120. doi: 10.1111/camh.12220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spence, S.H., & Shortt, A.L. (2007). Research review: Can we justify the widespread dissemination of universal, school-based interventions for the prevention of depression among children and adolescents? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 526–542. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01738.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stansfeld, S.A., Rasul, F.R., Head, J., & Singleton, N. (2011). Occupation and mental health in a national UK survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 101–110. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0173-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stasiak, K., Fleming, T., Lucassen, M.F., Shepherd, M.J., Whittaker, R., & Merry, S.N. (2016). Computer-based and online therapy for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26, 235–245. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stice, E., Shaw, H.E., Bohon, C., Marti, N., & Rohde, P. (2009). A meta-analytic review of depression prevention programs for children and adolescents: Factors that predict magnitude of intervention effects. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 77, 486–503. doi: 10.1037/a0015168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stiffler, M.C., & Dever, B.V. (2015). Mental health screening at school: Instrumentation, implementation, and critical issues. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ttofi, M., & Farrington, D.P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 27–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ttofi, M., Farrington, D.P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R. (2011). Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3, 63–73. doi: 10.1108/17596591111132873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twenge, J.M., Cooper, A.B., Joiner, T.E., Duffy, M.E., & Binau, S.G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005–2017. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128, 185–199. doi: 10.1037/abn0000410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verboom, C.E., Sijtsema, J.J., Verhulst, F.C., Penninx, B.W., & Ormel, J. (2014). Longitudinal associations between depressive problems, academic performance, and social functioning in adolescent boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 50, 247–257. doi: 10.1037/a0032547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warin, J. (2017). Creating a whole school ethos of care. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 22, 188–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Way, N., Reddy, R., & Rhodes, J. (2007). Students’ perceptions of school climate during the middle school years: Associations with trajectories of psychological and behavioral adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 194–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weare, K., & Nind, M. (2011). Mental health promotion and problem prevention in schools: What does the evidence say? Health Promotion International, 26, i29–i69. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dar075.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weersing, V.R., Jeffreys, M., Do, M.-C.T., Schwartz, K.T.G., & Bolano, C. (2017). Evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46, 11–43. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1220310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weidman, A.C., Augustine, A.A., Murayama, K., & Elliot, A.J. (2015). Internalizing symptomatology and academic achievement: Bi-directional prospective relations in adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 106–114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.07.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weist, M.D. (1997). Expanded school mental health services. In Ollendick, T.H. & Prinz, R.J. (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (pp. 319–352). Springer US.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weist, M.D., Sander, M.A., Lowie, J.A., & Christodulu, K.V. (2002). The expanded school mental health framework. Childhood Education, 78, 269–273. doi: 10.1080/00094056.2002.10522739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, J., Barlow, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2003). A systematic review of universal approaches to mental health promotion in schools. Health Education, 103, 197–220. doi:doi: 10.1108/09654280310485546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner-Seidler, A., Perry, Y., Calear, A.L., Newby, J.M., & Christensen, H. (2017). School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 30–47. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitley, J., Smith, J.D., & Vaillancourt, T. (2013). Promoting mental health literacy among educators: Critical in school-based prevention and intervention. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28, 56–70. doi: 10.1177/0829573512468852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, J.C., & Ollendick, T.H. (2006). The comorbidity of conduct problems and depression in childhood and adolescence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 201–220. doi: 10.1007/s10567-006-0011-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (1986). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html.Google Scholar
Zins, J., Elias, M., & Greenberg, M. (2003). Facilitating success in school and in life through social and emotional learning. Perspectives in Education, 21, 55–67.Google Scholar
Zins, J.E., & Elias, M.J. (2007). Social and emotional learning: Promoting the development of all students. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 17, 233–255. doi: 10.1080/10474410701413152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar