Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:35:12.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of the effects of tobacco smoking on cancer treatment: smoking cessation intervention should be integrated into the cancer care continuum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2019

Rahil Kassim ,
Ernest Osei Open the ORCID record for Ernest Osei [Opens in a new window]  and
Kelly A. Cronin
Rahil Kassim
Affiliation:
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, ON, Canada
Ernest Osei*
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, ON, Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONCanada
Kelly A. Cronin
Affiliation:
Department of Oncology Prevention, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, ON, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Ernest Osei, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, ON, Canada. E-mail: ernest.osei@grhosp.on.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

The adverse health effects associated with smoking tobacco have been well investigated, and its detrimental effects on cancer treatment outcomes, efficacy and quality of life (QOL) for cancer patients have also been well documented. Tobacco smoke contains many thousands of chemicals, including a plethora of carcinogens, and the exposure of human cells to these carcinogens, and their metabolic activation, is the main mechanism by which smoking-related cancer is initiated.

Materials and Methods:

This paper reports on a narrative review of recent studies in the field of effects of tobacco smoking on cancer treatment, including the effects of carcinogens in smoke on carcinogenesis, cell mutations and the immune system. The health effects of smokeless tobacco, effects of tobacco smoking on cancer treatment, and its impact on surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are reported. The potential risks of second primary cancers or recurrence from tobacco use, the effects of second-hand smoking and cancer treatment, the impact of smoking on the QOL after cancer treatment and the need to integrate smoking cessation programs into the cancer care continuum are also reported.

Conclusions:

Tobacco use has a direct impact on cellular function by inhibiting apoptosis, stimulating proliferation and decreasing the efficacy of cancer treatment; therefore, quitting its use has the potential to improve treatment response rates and survival, as well as reduces the risk of developing second cancers and potentially improves the QOL after treatment. Smoking cessation is one of the most important interventions to prevent cancer and is also essential after the diagnosis of cancer to improve clinical outcomes. Due to the numerous benefits of smoking cessation, it should become a critical component of the cancer care continuum in all oncology programs – from prevention of cancer through diagnosis, treatment, survivorship and palliative care. Evidence-based smoking cessation intervention should be sustainably integrated into any comprehensive cancer program, and the information should be targeted to the specific benefits of cessation in cancer patients.

Keywords

chemotherapyhealth benefitsradiation therapysmoking cessationsurgery
Type
Literature Review
Information
Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 84 - 92
Check for updates
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Statistic Canada, Health Canada. Canadian Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs (CTADS) survey: 2017 summary. 2018. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary.html. Accessed on 26th February 2019.Google Scholar
Samet, J M. Tobacco smoking: the leading cause of preventable disease worldwide. Thoracic Surg Clin 2013; 23 (2): 103–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. 2004; 83: 1–1452. Lyon, France.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Chemicals and industrial processes associated with cancer in humans. 1979. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Volumes 1 to 20 (Suppl. 1): 1–83. Lyon, France.Google Scholar
Hecht, S S. Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3 (10): 733–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karam-Hage, M, Cinciripini, P M, Gritz, ER. Tobacco use and cessation for cancer survivors: an overview for clinicians. CA: Cancer J Clin 2014; 64 (4): 272–290.Google ScholarPubMed
Hecht, S S. Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23 (6): 907–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuper, H, Adami, H O, Boffetta, P. Tobacco use, cancer causation and public health impact. J Intern Med 2002; 251 (6): 455–466.Google ScholarPubMed
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease, The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease, A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010. ISBN-13: 978-0-16-084078-4.Google Scholar
Phillips, D H. Smoking-related DNA and protein adducts in human tissues. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23 (12): 1979–2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, D L, Byers, L A, Kurie, J M. Smoking, p53 mutation, and lung cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12 (1): 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sopori, M L, Kozak, W. Immunomodulatory effects of cigarette smoke. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 83 (1):148–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, J, Li, X, Xie, F et al. Immunomodulatory effects of cigarette smoke condensate in mouse macrophage cell line. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30 (3): 315–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebbert, J O, Elrashidi, M Y, Stead, L F. Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation. 1. Cochrane Database System Rev 2015; 26 (10): CD004306.Google Scholar
Critchley, J A, Unal, B. Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: a systematic review. Thorax 2003; 58 (5): 435–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Idris, A, Ibrahim, S, Vasstrand, E et al. The Swedish snus and the Sudanese toombak: are they different? Oral Oncol 1998; 34 (6): 558–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health: A Global Perspective. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2014. NIH Publication No. 14-7983.Google Scholar
Norberg, M, Malmberg, G, Ng, N. Use of moist smokeless tobacco (snus) and the risk of development of alcohol dependence: a cohort study in a middle-aged population in Sweden. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 149: 151–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostova, D, Dave, D. Smokeless tobacco use in India: role of prices and advertising. Social Sci Med 2015; 138: 82–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Committee on the Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age for Purchasing Tobacco Products; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Institute of Medicine; Bonnie, R J, Stratton, K, Kwan, L Y (ed.). Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US), 2015. 4, The Effects of Tobacco Use on Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310413/Google Scholar
Gupta, S, Gupta, R, Sinha, D N, Mehrotra, R. Relationship between type of smokeless tobacco & risk of cancer: a systematic review. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148 (1): 56–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wyss, A B, Hashibe, M, Lee, Y C et al. Smokeless tobacco use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis of US studies in the INHANCE consortium. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184 (10): 703–716.Google ScholarPubMed
Henley, S J, Thun, M J, Connell, C et al. Two large prospective studies of mortality among men who use snuff or chewing tobacco (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16 (4): 347–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolk, R, Shamsuzzaman, A S, Svatikova, A et al. Hemodynamic and autonomic effects of smokeless tobacco in healthy young men. J Am College Cardiol 2005; 45 (6): 910–914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savitz, D A, Meyer, R E, Tanzer, J M et al. Public health implications of smokeless tobacco use as a harm reduction strategy. Am J Public Health 2006; 96 (11): 1934–1939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toll, B A, Brandon, T H, Gritz, E R et al. Assessing tobacco use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation: an American Association for Cancer Research policy statement. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res 2013; 19 (8): 1941–1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gritz, E R, Toll, B A, Warren, G W. Tobacco use in the oncology setting: advancing clinical practice and research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23 (1): 3–9. A publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peppone, L, Mustian, K, Palesh, O et al. The effect of smoking on side effects among cancer patients throughout treatment: a URCC CCOP study of 947 patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19 (3): 897–897.Google Scholar
Peppone, L J, Mustian, K M, Morrow, G R et al. The effect of cigarette smoking on cancer treatment–related side effects. Oncologist 2011; 16 (12): 1784–1792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gritz, E R, Dresler, C, Sarna, L et al. Smoking, the missing drug interaction in clinical trials: ignoring the obvious. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers 2005; 14 (10): 2287–2293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gritz, E R, Fingeret, M C, Vidrine, D J et al. Successes and failures of the teachable moment: smoking cessation in cancer patients. Cancer 2006; 106 (1): 17–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petros, W P, Younis, I R, Ford, J N et al. Effects of tobacco smoking and nicotine on cancer treatment. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32 (10): 920–931.Google ScholarPubMed
Chen, A M, Chen, L M, Vaughan, A et al. Tobacco smoking during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer is associated with unfavorable outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 79 (2): 414–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, L S, Africano, N L, Tercyak, K P et al. Nicotine dependence treatment for patients with cancer: review and recommendations. Cancer 2003; 98 (3): 632–644.Google Scholar
Ford, M B, Sigurdson, A J, Petrulis, E S et al. Effects of smoking and radiotherapy on lung carcinoma in breast carcinoma survivors. Cancer 2003; 98 (7): 1457–1464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, G, Schnoll, R A, Alfano, C M et al. National cancer institute conference on treating tobacco dependence at cancer centers. J Oncol Pract 2011; 7 (3): 178–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gajdos, C, Hawn, M T, Campagna, E J et al. Adverse effects of smoking on postoperative outcomes in cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19 (5): 1430–1438.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmidt-Hansen, M, Page, R, Hasler, E. The effect of preoperative smoking cessation or preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation on outcomes after lung cancer surgery: a systematic review. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 14 (2): 96–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myles, P S, Iacono, G A, Hunt, J O et al. Risk of respiratory complications and wound infection in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery: smokers versus nonsmokers. Anesthesiology 2002; 97 (4): 842–847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorensen, L T. Wound healing and infection in surgery: the pathophysiological impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine replacement therapy: a systematic review. Ann Surg 2012; 255 (6): 1069–1079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, L T. Wound healing and infection in surgery: the clinical impact of smoking and smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg 2012; 147 (4): 373–383.Google Scholar
Vaporciyan, A A, Merriman, K W, Ece, F et al. Incidence of major pulmonary morbidity after pneumonectomy: association with timing of smoking cessation. Ann Thoracic Surg 2002; 73 (2): 420–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lassig, A A D, Bechtold, J E, Lindgren, B R et al. Tobacco exposure and wound healing in head and neck surgical wounds. Laryngoscope 2018; 128 (3): 618–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, S M, Koch, C J. Prognostic significance of tumor oxygenation in humans. Cancer Lett 2003; 195 (1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaupel, P, Mayer, A. Hypoxia in cancer: significance and impact on clinical outcome. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26 (2): 225–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wouters, B G, Brown, J M. Cells at intermediate oxygen levels can be more important than the “hypoxic fraction” in determining tumor response to fractionated radiotherapy. Radiat Res 1997; 147 (5): 541–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Malley, M, King, A N, Conte, M et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on metabolism and effectiveness of systemic therapy for lung cancer. Therapy for lung cancer. J Thoracic Oncol 2014; 9 (7): 917–926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bristow, B J. Smoking cessation basics: an essential component of radiation therapy clinical practice. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2013; 44 (2): 106–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browman, G P, Wong, G, Hodson, I et al. Influence of cigarette smoking on the efficacy of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer. Therapy in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 1993 ; 328 (3): 159–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zevallos, J P, Mallen, M J, Lam, C Y et al. Complications of radiotherapy in laryngopharyngeal cancer: effects of a prospective smoking cessation program. Cancer 2009; 115 (19): 4636–4644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillison, M L, Zhang, Q, Jordan, R et al. Tobacco smoking and increased risk of death and progression for patients with p16-positive and p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30 (17): 2102–2111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eifel, P J, Jhingran, A, Bodurka, D C et al. Correlation of smoking history and other patient characteristics with major complications of pelvic radiation therapy for cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20 (17): 3651–3657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monson, J M, Stark, P, Reilly, J J et al. Clinical radiation pneumonitis and radiographic changes after thoracic radiation therapy for lung carcinoma. Cancer Interdiscip Int J Am Cancer Soc 1998; 82 (5): 842–850.Google ScholarPubMed
Jethwa, A R, Khariwala, S S. Tobacco-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 36 (3): 411–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanner, T, Grimsrud, T K. Nicotine: carcinogenicity and effects on response to cancer treatment – a review. Front Oncol 2015; 5: 196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catassi, A, Servent, D, Paleari, L et al. Multiple roles of nicotine on cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis: implications on lung carcinogenesis. Mutat Res-Rev Mutat Res 2008; 659 (3): 221–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cataldo, J K, Dubey, S, Prochaska, J J. Smoking cessation: an integral part of lung cancer treatment. Oncology 2010; 78 (5-6): 289–301.Google ScholarPubMed
Arcavi, L, Benowitz, N L. Cigarette smoking and infection. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164 (20): 2206–2216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dresler, C M, Gritz, E R. Smoking, smoking cessation and the oncologist. Lung Cancer 2001; 34 (3): 315–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, J, Huang, H, Pan, C et al. Nicotine inhibits apoptosis induced by cisplatin in human oral cancer cells. Int J oral maxillofacial Surg 2007; 36 (8): 739–744.Google ScholarPubMed
Tucker, M A, Murray, N, Shaw, E G et al. Second primary cancers related to smoking and treatment of small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89 (23): 1782–1788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, C, Shun, C, Huang, K et al. Stopping smoking might reduce tumour recurrence in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int 2007; 100 (2): 281–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Do, K, Johnson, M M, Lee, J J et al. Longitudinal study of smoking patterns in relation to the development of smoking-related secondary primary tumors in patients with upper aerodigestive tract malignancies. Cancer 2004; 101 (12): 2837–2842.Google ScholarPubMed
Besaratinia, A, Pfeifer, G P. Second-hand smoke and human lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9 (7): 657–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asomaning, K, Miller, D P, Liu, G et al. Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk. Lung cancer 2008; 61 (1): 13–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janerich, D T, Thompson, W D, Varela, L R et al. Lung cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke in the household. N Engl J Med 1990; 323 (10): 632–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peppone, L J, Hyland, A, Moysich, K B et al. Examining the association between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer using historical case–control data. Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33 (3): 182–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pang, D, McNally, R, Birch, J M. Parental smoking and childhood cancer: results from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study. Br J Cancer 2003; 88 (3): 373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belson, M, Kingsley, B, Holmes, A. Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: a review. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 115 (1): 138–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitz, J S, Bradley, T P, Golden, A L. Overview of smoking and all cancers. Med Clin 2004; 88 (6): 1655–1675.Google ScholarPubMed
Parsons, A, Daley, A, Begh, R et al. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: b5569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayne, S T, Cartmel, B, Kirsh, V et al. Alcohol and tobacco use prediagnosis and postdiagnosis, and survival in a cohort of patients with early stage cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers 2009; 18 (12): 3368–3374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J, Qi, Y, Wampfler, J A et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on quality of life in small cell lung cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48 (11): 1593–1601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, S A, Ronis, D L, Valenstein, M et al. Depressive symptoms, smoking, drinking, and quality of life among head and neck cancer patients. Psychosomatics 2007; 48 (2): 142–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szeszko, B, Osowiecka, K, Rucińska, M et al. Smoking during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and acute mucosal reaction. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2015; 20 (4): 299–304. doi: 10.1016/j.rpor.2015.04.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tao, Z, Gao, J, Qian, L et al. Factors associated with acute oral mucosal reaction induced by radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective single-center experience. Medicine 2017; 96 (50): e8446. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008446CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharp, L, McDevitt, J, Carsin, A-E et al. Smoking at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in head and neck cancer: findings from a large, population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23(11): 2579–2590. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0311CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J, Nastasi, D, Tso, R et al. The effects of continued smoking in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol 2019; 135: 51–57. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.02.021Google ScholarPubMed
Khuri, F R, Lee, J J, Lippman, S M et al. Randomized phase III trial of low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of second primary tumors in stage I and II head and neck cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98 (7): 441–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, S M, Boldt, R G, Louie, A V. How can we better help cancer patients quit smoking? The London Regional Cancer Program experience with smoking cessation. Curr Oncol 2018; 25 (3): 226–230. doi: 10.3747/co.25.3921Google ScholarPubMed
Elyse, P, Japuntich, S, Temel, J et al. Smoking cessation intervention for thoracic surgery and oncology clinics: a pilot trial. J Thoracic Oncol 2011; 6 (6): 1059–1065.Google Scholar