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Gender Differences in the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in Korean Americans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2012

Sun S. Kim ,
Hua Fang ,
Joseph DiFranza ,
Douglas M. Ziedonis  and
Grace X. Ma
Sun S. Kim*
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, USA
Hua Fang
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, USA
Joseph DiFranza
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, USA
Douglas M. Ziedonis
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, USA
Grace X. Ma
Affiliation:
Temple University, Department of Public Health, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Sun S. Kim, 365 Plantation Street, Suite 100, Worcester, MA 01652, USA. E-mail: sun.kim@umassmed.edu
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Abstract

Introduction: This study was conducted to compare gender differences in the psychometric properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Methods: The sample comprised 334 Korean immigrants (97 women and 237 men) who reported daily smoking for the past 6 months. Item-by-item responses and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were compared by gender. Promax rotation was selected based on findings from previous studies suggesting correlated factors. Results: Compared with men, women smoked fewer cigarettes per day, were more likely to smoke when ill in bed, and were less likely to smoke frequently in the morning. The entire sample and men within the sample had the same factor loading pattern, where three items (time to first cigarette, the cigarette most hate to give up, and smoke more frequently in the morning) were loaded on Factor 1 (morning smoking) and the remaining three items (difficult to refrain from smoking in public places, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and smoking even when ill in bed) on Factor 2 (daytime smoking). For women, however, neither the 1- nor 2-factor model fit the data well. Conclusions: For Korean American male smokers, the psychometric properties of the FTND were similar to those seen in other populations, but this was not the case with Korean American women. Clinicians may need to modify their interpretation of nicotine dependence severity if basing only on the FTND with Korean women. The FTND assesses smoking patterns which has a cultural influence and other measures of nicotine dependence should be considered.

Keywords

smokingpsychometric testinggenderAsianculture
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Smoking Cessation , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , June 2012 , pp. 31 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2012

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