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The Development of Centralized Craft Production Systems in a.d. 500–1600 Philippine Chiefdoms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Laura Lee Junker
Laura Lee Junker
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University
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Extract

Ethnohistoric sources suggest that at the time of European contact, the coastlines and interior river valleys of most of the major islands of the Philippines were dotted with politically complex, socially stratified societies, organized on the level of what cultural evolutionists refer to as “chiefdoms”. Recent regional-scale archaeological research in the Philippines indicates that these coastal chiefdoms have considerable time depth. Settlement hierarchies, complex mortuary patterns, and other archaeological indicators of socio-political complexity extend well into the first millennium a.d. Spanish and Chinese texts refer to Philippine chiefs as the central figures in complex regional-scale economies and international-scale trade. Hereditary chiefs controlled the agricultural productivity of “commoners” through restrictive land tenure, they mobilized surplus for elite use through formalized tribute systems, and they amassed “wealth” through sponsorship of luxury good craftsmen and through participation in foreign prestige-good trade. The accumulated “material fund of power” was used competitively by-hiefs to enhance their social ranking, to strengthen political alliances, and to expand their regional political authority.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , March 1994 , pp. 1 - 30
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1994

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References

The ethnohistoric and archaeological research which is the basis for this analysis of prehispanic Philippine craft specialization was supported through grants and fellowships from the following institutions: the Fulbright-Hays Foundation, the Social Science Research Council, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan, and the University Research Council of Vanderbilt University. Archaeology Division Director at the Philippine National Museum, Mr. Wilfredo Ronquillo, and Staff Archaeologist, Dr. Eusebio Dizon, graciously provided logistical support during the fieldwork in the Philippines. Dr. Wilfredo Arce and Ms. Maria Dalupan of Ateneo de Manila University, Dr. Juan Francisco (formerly of Philippine Fulbright Foundation), Ms. Amalia de la Torre of the Philippine National Museum, and Dr. Rowe Cadelina and Mr. Rolando Mascunana of Silliman University also provided invaluable assistance in the Philippines. As always, my thanks to Karl Hutterer and Bill Macdonald for generously allowing me to work with archaeological materials obtained from earlier research in the Bais Region. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, and I gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of Karl Hutterer, Richard Pearson, Rasmi Shoocondej, Karen Mudar, Gil Stein, John Monaghan and Anne Underhill.

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