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The case for the development and use of “ecologically valid” measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2006

PAUL W. BURGESS ,
NICK ALDERMAN ,
CATRIN FORBES ,
ANGELA COSTELLO ,
LAURE M-A.COATES ,
DEIRDRE R. DAWSON ,
NICOLE D. ANDERSON ,
SAM J. GILBERT ,
IROISE DUMONTHEIL  and
SHELLEY CHANNON
PAUL W. BURGESS
Affiliation:
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Psychology Department, University College London, London, UK
NICK ALDERMAN
Affiliation:
Kemsley National Brain Injury Rehabilitation Centre, St. Andrew's Hospital, Northampton, UK
CATRIN FORBES
Affiliation:
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Psychology Department, University College London, London, UK
ANGELA COSTELLO
Affiliation:
Neuroscience Unit, King's College Healthcare Trust, London, UK
LAURE M-A.COATES
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London, UK
DEIRDRE R. DAWSON
Affiliation:
Kunin-Lunenfeld Applied Research Unit, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dept. of Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science; Graduate Dept. of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada
NICOLE D. ANDERSON
Affiliation:
Kunin-Lunenfeld Applied Research Unit, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
SAM J. GILBERT
Affiliation:
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Psychology Department, University College London, London, UK
IROISE DUMONTHEIL
Affiliation:
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Psychology Department, University College London, London, UK
SHELLEY CHANNON
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, University College London, London, UK
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Abstract

This article considers the scientific process whereby new and better clinical tests of executive function might be developed, and what form they might take. We argue that many of the traditional tests of executive function most commonly in use (e.g., the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Stroop) are adaptations of procedures that emerged almost coincidentally from conceptual and experimental frameworks far removed from those currently in favour, and that the prolongation of their use has been encouraged by a sustained period of concentration on “construct-driven” experimentation in neuropsychology. This resulted from the special theoretical demands made by the field of executive function, but was not a necessary consequence, and may not even have been a useful one. Whilst useful, these tests may not therefore be optimal for their purpose. We consider as an alternative approach a function-led development programme which in principle could yield tasks better suited to the concerns of the clinician because of the transparency afforded by increased “representativeness” and “generalisability.” We further argue that the requirement of such a programme to represent the interaction between the individual and situational context might also provide useful constraints for purely experimental investigations. We provide an example of such a programme with reference to the Multiple Errands and Six Element tests. (JINS, 2006, 12, 194–209.)

Keywords

Frontal lobesMultiple Errands TestSix Element TestWisconsin Card Sorting TestStroopAssessment
Type
SYMPOSIUM
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , March 2006 , pp. 194 - 209
Copyright
© 2006 The International Neuropsychological Society

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