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Are Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated with Worse Cognitive Function in Older Adults?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2021

Amy B. Halpin Open the ORCID record for Amy B. Halpin [Opens in a new window] ,
Rebecca K. MacAulay Open the ORCID record for Rebecca K. MacAulay [Opens in a new window] ,
Angelica R. Boeve ,
Lisa M. D’Errico  and
Sahvannah Michaud
Amy B. Halpin
Affiliation:
The Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Rebecca K. MacAulay*
Affiliation:
The Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Angelica R. Boeve
Affiliation:
The Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Lisa M. D’Errico
Affiliation:
The Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Sahvannah Michaud
Affiliation:
The Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Rebecca MacAulay, Department of Psychology, 301 Little Hall, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA. Fax: +1 207-581-6128; Email: rebecca.macaulay@maine.edu
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Abstract

Objectives:

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are associated with an increased risk for dementia, but this relationship and modifying factors are poorly understood. This study is the first to our knowledge to comprehensively examine the effect of ACE on specific cognitive functions and measures associated with greater risk and resiliency to cognitive decline in independent community-dwelling older adults.

Methods:

Verbal/nonverbal intelligence, verbal memory, visual memory, and executive attention were assessed. Self-report measures examined depression, self-efficacy, and subjective cognitive concerns (SCC). The ACE questionnaire measured childhood experiences of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.

Results:

Over 56% of older adults reported an adverse childhood event. ACE scores were negatively associated with income and years of education and positively associated with depressive symptoms and SCC. ACE scores were a significant predictor of intellectual function and executive attention; however, these relationships were no longer significant after adjusting for education. Follow-up analyses using the PROCESS macro revealed that relationships among higher ACE scores with intellectual function and executive attention were mediated by education.

Conclusions:

Greater childhood adversity may increase vulnerability for cognitive impairment by impacting early education, socioeconomic status, and mental health. These findings have clinical implications for enhancing levels of cognitive reserve and addressing modifiable risk factors to prevent or attenuate cognitive decline in older adults.

Keywords

Abuseneglectcognitive reserveeducationmodifiable risk factorslate-life
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 28 , Issue 10 , November 2022 , pp. 1029 - 1038
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

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