Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T13:08:11.135Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Attention function after childhood stroke

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2004

JEFFREY E. MAX ,
DONALD A. ROBIN ,
H. GERRY TAYLOR ,
KEITH O. YEATES ,
PETER T. FOX ,
JACK L. LANCASTER ,
FACUNDO F. MANES ,
KATHERINE MATHEWS  and
SHANNON AUSTERMANN
JEFFREY E. MAX
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego and Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, California
DONALD A. ROBIN
Affiliation:
San Diego State University, San Diego, California
H. GERRY TAYLOR
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
KEITH O. YEATES
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
PETER T. FOX
Affiliation:
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (UTHSCSA)
JACK L. LANCASTER
Affiliation:
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (UTHSCSA)
FACUNDO F. MANES
Affiliation:
Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research–FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
KATHERINE MATHEWS
Affiliation:
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
SHANNON AUSTERMANN
Affiliation:
San Diego State University, San Diego, California
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We investigated attentional outcome after childhood stroke and orthopedic diagnosis in medical controls. Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions and individually matched children with clubfoot or scoliosis were studied with standardized attention and neuroimaging assessments. Stroke lesions were quite varied in location and commonly involved regions implicated in Posner's model of attention networks. Children with stroke lesions performed significantly more poorly regarding attention function compared with controls. Performance on the Starry Night, a test demanding alerting and sensory-orienting but not executive attention function, was significantly associated with lesion size in the alerting and sensory-orienting networks but not the executive attention network. Furthermore, earlier age at lesion acquisition was significantly associated with poorer attention function even when lesion size was controlled. These findings support the theory of dissociable networks of attention and add to evidence from studies of children with diffuse and focal brain damage that early insults are associated with worse long-term outcomes in many domains of neuropsychological function. In addition, these results may provide clues towards the understanding of mechanisms underlying attention in children. (JINS, 2004, 10, 976–986.)

Keywords

AttentionChildhood strokeNeuroimagingClubfootScoliosis
Type
SYMPOSIA ARTICLE
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 10 , Issue 7 , November 2004 , pp. 976 - 986
Copyright
© 2004 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aram, D.M. & Eisele, J.A. (1994). Intellectual stability in children with unilateral brain lesions. Neuropsychologia, 32, 85–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aram, D.M. & Ekelman, B.L. (1986). Cognitive profiles of children with early onset of unilateral lesions. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2, 155–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldo, J.V., Shimamura, A.P., Delis, D.C., Kramer, J., & Kaplan, E. (2001). Verbal and design fluency in patients with frontal lobe lesions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 586–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barcelo, F. & Knight, R.T. (2002). Both random and perseverative errors underlie WCST deficits in prefrontal patients. Neuropsychologia, 40, 349–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrash, J., Tranel, D., & Anderson, S.W. (2000). Acquired personality disturbances associated with bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal region. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18, 355–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauregard, M., Levesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001). Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 161–166.Google Scholar
Block, G.W., Nanson, J.L., & Lowry, N.J. (1999). Attention, memory and language after pediatric ischemic stroke. Child Neuropsychology, 5, 81–91.Google Scholar
Brewer, V.R., Fletcher, J.M., Hiscock, M., & Davidson, K.C. (2001). Attention processes in children with shunted hydrocephalus versus attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 15, 185–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, B.J. (2001). Disruption of inhibitory control in developmental disorders: A mechanistic model of implicated frontostriatal circuitry. In J.L. McClelland & R.S. Siegler (Eds.), Mechanisms of cognitive development: Behavioral and neural perspectives. (Vol. 14, pp. 327–349). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Casey, B.J., Giedd, J.N., & Thomas, K.M. (2000). Structural and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development. Biological Psychology, 54, 241–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, B.J., Tottenham, N., & Fossella, J. (2002). Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 237–254.Google Scholar
Casey, B.J., Trainor, R., Giedd, J., Vauss, Y., Vaituzis, C.K., Hamburger, S., Kozuch, P., & Rapoport, J.L. (1997). The role of the anterior cingulate in automatic and controlled processes: A developmental neuroanatomical study. Developmental Psychobiology, 30, 61–69.Google Scholar
Chapman, S., Max, J.E., McGlothlin, J., Cliff, S., & Gamino, J. (2003). Discourse plasticity in children after stroke: Age at injury and lesion effects. Pediatric Neurology, 29, 34–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbetta, M. (1998). Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: Identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 831–838.Google Scholar
Corbetta, M., Kincade, J.M., Ollinger, J.M., McAvoy, M.P., & Shulman, G. (2000). Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 292–297.Google Scholar
Damasio, H. & Damasio, A.R. (1989). Lesion analysis in neuropsychology. New York: New York University Press.
Eriksen, B.A. & Eriksen, C.W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception and Psychophysics, 16, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eslinger, P.J. & Grattan, L.M. (1993). Frontal lobe and frontal–striatal substrates for different forms of human cognitive flexibility. Neuropsychologia, 31, 17–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, J., McCandliss, B.D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M.I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 340–347.Google Scholar
Filoteo, J.V., Rilling, L.M., & Strayer, D.L. (2002). Negative priming in patients with parkinson's disease: Evidence for a role of the striatum in inhibitory attentional processes. Neuropsychology, 16, 230–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finger, S. (1991). Brain damage, development, and behavior: Early findings. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 261–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedrich, F.J., Egly, R., Rafal, R.D., & Beck, D. (1998). Spatial attention deficits in humans: A comparison of superior parietal and temporal-parietal junction lesions. Neuropsychology, 12, 193–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehring, W.J. & Knight, R.T. (2002). Lateral prefrontal damage affects processing selection but not attention switching. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 13, 267–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gescheider, G.A. (1985). Psychophysics: Method, theory, and application. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goldman, P.S. & Galkin, T.W. (1978). Prenatal removal of frontal association cortex in fetal rhesus monkey: Anatomical and functional consequences in postnatal life. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 12, 451–485.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A. (1975). Four factor index of social status. New Haven, CT: Yale University, Department of Sociology.
Karnath, H.O., Ferber, S., & Himmelbach, M. (2001). Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe. Nature, 411, 950–953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann, P.M., Fletcher, J.M., Levin, H.S., Miner, M.E., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (1993). Attentional disturbance after pediatric closed head injury. Journal of Child Neurology, 8, 348–353.Google Scholar
Kolb, B., Gibb, R., & Gorny, G. (2000). Cortical plasticity and the development of behavior after early frontal cortical injury. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18, 423–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, B., Petrie, B., & Cioe, J. (1996). Recovery from early cortical damage in rats, vii. Comparison of the behavioural and anatomical effects of medial prefrontal lesions at different of neural maturation. Behavioral Brain Research, 79, 1–14.Google Scholar
Lancaster, J.L., Rainey, L., Summerlin, J., Freitas, C., Fox, P.T., Evans, A.C., Toga, A.W., & Mazziotta, J. (1997). Automated labeling of the human brain: A preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 238–242.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, J.L., Woldorff, M.G., Parsons, L.M., Liotti, M., Freitas, C., Rainey, L., Kochunov, P., Nickerson, D., Mikiten, S.A., & Fox, P.T. (2000). Automated talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Human Brain Mapping, 10, 120–131.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lansing, A.E., Max, J.E., Delis, D., Fox, P.T., Lancaster, J.L., Manes, F.F., & Schatz, A.M. (2004). Verbal learning and memory after childhood stroke. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 742–752.Google Scholar
Lee, T.M., Liu, H.L., Feng, C.M., Hou, J., Mahankali, S., Fox, P.T., & Gao, J.H. (2001). Neural correlates of response inhibition for behavioral regulation in humans assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroscience Letters, 309, 109–112.Google Scholar
Lodge-Miller, K.A., Robin, D.A., & Schum, R.L. (1993). Attentional impairments following closed head injury. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 1, 133–146.Google Scholar
Logan, G.D. (1994). On ability to inhibit thought and action: A user's guide to the stop signal paradigm. In D. Dasenbach & T.H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 189–239). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Max, J.E., Fox, P.T., Lancaster, J.L., Kochunov, P., Mathews, K., Manes, F.F., Robertson, B.A., Arndt, S., Robin, D.A., & Lansing, A.E. (2002a). Putamen lesions and the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptomatology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 563–571.Google Scholar
Max, J.E., Manes, F., Robertson, B.A.M., Mathews, K., Fox, P.T., & Lancaster, J.L. (2004). Prefrontal and executive attention network lesions and the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptomatology. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Max, J.E., Mathews, K., Lansing, A., Robertson, B., Fox, P., Lancaster, J., Manes, F., & Smith, J. (2002b). Psychiatric disorders after childhood stroke. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 555–562.Google Scholar
Max, J.E., Mathews, K., Manes, F.F., Robertson, B.A., Arndt, S., Fox, P.T., Lancaster, J.L., Lansing, A.E., Schatz, A.M., & Collings, N. (2003). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and neurocognitive correlates after childhood stroke. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 815–829.Google Scholar
Miller, E.K. & Cohen, J.D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirsky, A.F., Anthony, B.J., Duncan, C.C., Ahearn, M.B., & Kellam, S.G. (1991). Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychology Review, 2, 109–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirsky, A.F. & Duncan, C.C. (2001). A nosology of disorders of attention. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 17–32.Google Scholar
Ochsner, K.N., Bunge, S.A., Gross, J.J., & Gabrieli, J.D.E. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences, 14, 1215–1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parasuraman, R., Greenwood, P.M., Haxby, J.V., & Grady, C.L. (1992). Visuospatial attention in dementia of the alzheimer type. Brain, 115, 711–733.Google Scholar
Paus, T., Otaky, N., Caramanos, Z., MacDonald, D., Zijdenbos, A., D'Avirro, D., Gutmans, D., Holmes, C., Tomaiuolo, F., & Evans, A.C. (1996). In vivo morphometry of the intrasulcal gray matter in the human cingulate, paracingulate, and superior-rostral sulci: Hemispheric asymmetries, gender differences and probability maps. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 376, 664–673.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M.I. (1988). Structures and functions of selective attention. In T. Boll & B. Bryant (Eds.), Master lectures in clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice (pp. 171–202). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Posner, M.I. & Dehaene, S. (1994). Attentional networks. Trends in Neurosciences, 17, 75–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M.I. & Fan, J. (in press). Attention as an organ system. In J. Pomerantz (Ed.), Neurobiology of perception and communication: From synapse to society. The IVth de Lange conference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Posner, M.I. & Petersen, S.E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25–42.Google Scholar
Posner, M.I., Petersen, S.E., Fox, P.T., & Raichle, M.E. (1988). Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science, 240, 1627–1631.Google Scholar
Posner, M.I. & Raichle, M.E. (1994). Images of mind. New York: Scientific American Books.
Radcliffe, J., Bunin, G.R., Sutton, L.N., Goldwein, J.W., & Phillips, P.C. (1994). Cognitive deficits in long-term survivors of childhood medulloblastoma and other noncortical tumors: Age-dependent effects of whole brain radiation. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 12, 327–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafal, R.D. (1998). Neglect. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 711–733). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Reddick, W.E., White, H.A., Glass, J.O., Wheeler, G.C., Thompson, S.J., Gajjar, A., Leigh, L., & Mulhern, R.K. (2003). Developmental model relating white matter volume to neurocognitive deficits in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Cancer, 97, 2512–2519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riva, D. & Cazzaniga, L. (1986). Late effects of unilateral brain lesions sustained before and after age one. Neuropsychologia, 24, 423–428.Google Scholar
Rizzo, M. & Robin, D.A. (1990). Simultanagnosia: A defect of sustained attention yields insights on visual information processing. Neurology, 40, 447–455.Google Scholar
Rizzo, M. & Robin, D.A. (1996). Bilateral effects of unilateral visual cortex lesions in human. Brain, 119, 951–963.Google Scholar
Roach, E.S. & Riela, A.R. (1995). Inflammatory vascular disorders. In E.S. Roach & A.R. Riela (Eds.), Pediatric cerebrovascular disorders (pp. 121–139). Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company Inc.
Robertson, B.A. & Jehknen, M. (1977). Auditory sustained attention is a marker of unilateral spatial neglect. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1527–1532.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M.K. & Posner, M.I. (2001). Mechanism and variation in the development of attentional networks. In C.A. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience Vol. 24, (pp. 353–363). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rueda, M.R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B.D., Halparin, J.D., Gruber, D.B., Lercari, L.P., & Posner, M.I. (2004). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1029–1040.Google Scholar
Sapir, A., Soroker, N., Berger, A., & Henik, A. (1999). Inhibition of return in spatial attention: Direct evidence for collicular generation. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 1053–1054.Google Scholar
Stiles, J. (2000). Neural plasticity and cognitive development. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18, 237–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiles, J. & Nass, R. (1991). Spatial grouping activity in young children with congenital right or left hemisphere brain injury. Brain and Cognition, 15, 201–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiles, J., Trauner, D., Engel, M., & Nass, R. (1997). The development of drawing in children with congenital focal brain injury: Evidence for limited functional recovery. Neuropsychologia, 35, 299–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroop, J. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.Google Scholar
Sturm, W. & Willmes, K. (2001). On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic and phasic alertness. Neuroimage, 14, S76–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swick, D. & Knight, R.T. (1998). Cortical lesions and attention. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 143–162). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Taylor, H.G., Albo, V.C., Phebus, C.K., Sachs, B.R., & Bierl, P.G. (1987). Postirradiation treatment outcomes for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: Clarification of risks. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 12, 395–411.Google Scholar
Taylor, H.G. & Alden, J. (1997). Age-related differences in outcomes following childhood brain insults: An introduction and overview. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 555–567.Google Scholar
Taylor, H.G., Schatschneider, C., & Minich, N.M. (2000). Longitudinal outcomes of haemophilus influenzae meningitis in school-age children. Neuropsychology, 14, 509–518.Google Scholar
Vaidya, C.J., Austin, G., Kirkorian, G., Ridlehuber, H.W., Desmond, J.E., Glover, G.H., & Gabrieli, J.D. (1998). Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 14494–14499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargha-Khadem, F., O'Gorman, A.M., & Watters, G.V. (1985). Aphasia and handedness in relation to hemispheric side, age at injury and severity of cerebral lesion during childhood. Brain, 108, 677–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children—third edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Woods, B.T. (1980). The restricted effects of right-hemisphere lesions after age one: Wechsler Test data. Neuropsychologia, 18, 65–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar