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Neuropsychological Performance in Mainland China: The Effect of Urban/Rural Residence and Self-Reported Daily Academic Skill Use

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2010

Saurabh Gupta ,
Florin Vaida ,
Katie Riggs ,
Hua Jin ,
Igor Grant ,
Lucette Cysique ,
Chuan Shi ,
Xin Yu ,
Zunyou Wu  and
Robert K. Heaton
Saurabh Gupta*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
Florin Vaida
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
Katie Riggs
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
Hua Jin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
Igor Grant
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
Lucette Cysique
Affiliation:
Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Chuan Shi
Affiliation:
Beijing Mental Health Institute, Beijing, China
Xin Yu
Affiliation:
Beijing Mental Health Institute, Beijing, China
Zunyou Wu
Affiliation:
China Centers for Disease Control, Beijing, China
Robert K. Heaton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Saurabh Gupta, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, 220 Dickinson, Suite B, San Diego, California 92103. E-mail: s8gupta@ucsd.edu
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Abstract

Age, education, and gender are the most common covariates used to define normative standards against which neuropsychological (NP) performance is interpreted, but influences of other demographic factors have begun to be appreciated. In developing nations, urban versus rural residence may differentially affect numerous factors that could influence cognitive test performances, including quality of both formal and informal educational experiences and employment opportunities. Such disparities may necessitate corrections for urban/rural (U/R) status in NP norms. Prior investigations of the U/R effect on NP performance typically have been confounded by differences in educational attainment. We addressed in this by comparing the NP performance of large, Chinese urban (Yunnan Province, n = 201) and rural (Anhui Province, n = 141) cohorts of healthy adults, while controlling for other demographic differences. Although the groups did not differ in global NP scores, a more complex pattern was observed within specific NP ability domains and tests. Urban participants showed better performance in select measures of processing speed and executive functions, verbal fluency, and verbal learning. Self-reported daily use of academic skills was predictive of many U/R differences. Controlling for academic skill use abrogated most U/R differences but revealed rural advantages in select measures of visual reasoning and motor dexterity. (JINS, 2011, 17, 000–000)

Keywords

Cognitive scienceEducational measurementMinority groupsPopulation groupsNeuropsychological testsReference standardsClinical research
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 17 , Issue 1 , January 2011 , pp. 163 - 173
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2010

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