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Preliminary Evidence for Cannabis and Nicotine Urinary Metabolites as Predictors of Verbal Memory Performance and Learning Among Young Adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2021

Natasha E. Wade Open the ORCID record for Natasha E. Wade [Opens in a new window] ,
Rachel Baca ,
Kelly E. Courtney ,
Connor J. McCabe ,
M. Alejandra Infante ,
Marilyn A. Huestis  and
Joanna Jacobus
Natasha E. Wade
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Rachel Baca
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Kelly E. Courtney
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Connor J. McCabe
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
M. Alejandra Infante
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Marilyn A. Huestis
Affiliation:
Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
Joanna Jacobus*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Joanna Jacobus, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA92093, USA. E-mail: jjacobus@ucsd.edu
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Abstract

Objective:

Verbal memory deficits are linked to cannabis use. However, self-reported episodic use does not allow for assessment of variance from other factors (e.g., cannabis potency, route of consumption) that are important for assessing brain-behavior relationships. Further, co-occurring nicotine use may moderate the influence of cannabis on cognition. Here we utilized objective urinary measurements to assess the relationship between metabolites of cannabis, 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH), and nicotine (cotinine) on verbal memory in young adults.

Method:

Adolescents and young adults (n = 103) aged 16–22 completed urinary drug testing and verbal memory assessment (RAVLT). Linear regressions examined the influence of THCCOOH and cotinine quantitative concentrations, and their interaction, on RAVLT scores, controlling for demographics and alcohol. Cannabis intake frequency was also investigated. Secondary analyses examined whether past month or recency of use related to performance, while controlling for THCCOOH and cotinine concentrations.

Results:

THCCOOH concentration related to both poorer total learning and long delay recall. Cotinine concentration related to poorer short delay recall. Higher frequency cannabis use status was associated with poorer initial learning and poorer short delay. When comparing to self-report, THCCOOH and cotinine concentrations were negatively related to learning and memory performance, while self-report was not.

Conclusions:

Results confirm the negative relationship between verbal memory and cannabis use, extending findings with objective urinary THCCOOH, and cotinine concentration measurements. No moderating relationship with nicotine was found, though cotinine concentration independently associated with negative short delay performance. Findings support the use of both urinary and self-report metrics as complementary methods in substance use research.

Keywords

CannabisCreatine-normalized THCCOOH concentrationsTHCCOOHCotinineVerbal memoryUrinary analysis
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 27 , Special Issue 6: Clarifying the Complexities of Cannabis and Cognition , July 2021 , pp. 546 - 558
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

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