Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:35:38.853Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Procedural and declarative memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2004

ROBERT M. ROTH ,
JACINTHE BARIBEAU ,
DENISE MILOVAN ,
KIERON O'CONNOR  and
CRISTO TODOROV
ROBERT M. ROTH
Affiliation:
Neuropsychology Program, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Hopital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
JACINTHE BARIBEAU
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Human Neuropsychology and Neurophysiology, Département de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Hopital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DENISE MILOVAN
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Hopital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
KIERON O'CONNOR
Affiliation:
Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Hopital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
CRISTO TODOROV
Affiliation:
Hopital Louis-H. Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with frontostriatal abnormality. This has led to the hypothesis that the disorder is characterized by abnormality of procedural memory. However, evidence for either procedural or declarative memory disturbance has been mixed, and few studies have directly assessed both of these forms of memory in the same patient group. In the present study, we assessed encoding and retrieval in declarative memory using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and procedural memory using the Pursuit Rotor Task, in 27 adults with OCD and 29 matched healthy controls. Groups did not differ with respect to salient demographic characteristics or memory on the RAVLT. In contrast, patients with OCD performed significantly better than controls during the early, but not later trial blocks of the Pursuit Rotor Task. This pattern of results indicates intact encoding and retrieval in declarative memory, but abnormally enhanced procedural memory during the early course of learning in OCD. These findings may be consistent with striatal overactivation observed in neuroimaging studies of OCD, as well as the prominent role of the striatum during early stages of procedural memory. (JINS, 2004, 10, 647–654.)

Keywords

OCDProcedural memoryDeclarative memoryStriatum
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 10 , Issue 5 , September 2004 , pp. 647 - 654
Copyright
2004 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amir, N., Freshman, M., & Foa, E.B. (2000). Family distress and involvement in relatives of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 209–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
Aylward, E.H., Harris, G.J., Hoehn-Saric, R., Barta, P.E., Machlin, S.R., & Pearlson, G.D. (1996). Normal caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder assessed by quantitative neuroimaging. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 577–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebbington, P.E. (1998). Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry–Supplementum (35), 2–6.Google Scholar
Beck, A.T. (1987). Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Braun, A.R., Stoetter, B., Randolph, C., Hsiao, J.K., Vladar, K., Gernert, J., Carson, R.E., Herscovitch, P., & Chase, T.N. (1993). The Functional Neuroanatomy of Tourette's Syndrome: An FDG-PET Study. I: Regional changes in cerebral glucose metabolism differentiating patients and controls. Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 151–168.Google Scholar
Brown, T.A., Di Nardo, P.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM–IV. Albany, NY: Graywind Publications.
Bylsma, F.W., Brandt, J., & Strauss, M.E. (1990). Aspects of procedural memory are differentially impaired in Huntington's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 287–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bystritsky, A., Liberman, R.P., Hwang, S., Wallace, C.J., Vapnik, T., Maindment, K., & Saxena, S. (2001). Social functioning and quality of life comparisons between obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenic disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 214–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabeza, R. & Nyberg, L. (2000). Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1–47.Google Scholar
Cavedini, P., Cisima, M., Riboldi, G., D'Annucci, A., & Bellodi, L. (2001). A neuropsychological study of dissociation in cortical and subcortical functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder by Tower of Hanoi task. Brain and Cognition, 46, 357–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, K.J., Kim, S.W., Dysken, M.W., & Hoover, K.M. (1992). Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 4–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deckersbach, T., Otto, M.W., Savage, C.R., Baer, L., & Jenike, M.A. (2000). The relationship between semantic organization and memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 101–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deckersbach, T., Savage, C.R., Curran, T., Bohne, A., Wilhelm, S., Baer, L., Jenike, M.A., & Rauch, S.L. (2002). A study of parallel implicit and explicit information processing in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1780–1782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B.A. (1987). California Verbal Learning Test–Adult Version. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
Eidelberg, D., Moeller, J.R., Antonini, A., Kazumata, K., Dhawan, V., Budman, C., & Feigin, A. (1997). The metabolic anatomy of Tourette's syndrome. Neurology, 48, 927–934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foa, E., Wilson, R., & Wilson, R.R. (2001). Stop obsessing!: How to overcome your obsessions and compulsions (Rev. ed.). New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishers.
Gabrieli, J.D. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 87–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabrieli, J.D., Stebbins, G.T., Singh, J., Willingham, D., & Goetz, C.G. (1997). Intact mirror-tracing and impaired rotary-pursuit learning in patients with Huntington's disease: Evidence for dissociable memory systems in skill learning. Neuropsychology, 11, 272–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez Beldarrain, M., Grafman, J., Pascual-Leone, A., & Garcia-Monco, J.C. (1999). Procedural learning is impaired in patients with prefrontal lesions. Neurology, 52, 1853–1860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., Rasmussen, S.A., Mazure, C., Delgado, P., Heninger, G.R., & Charney, D.S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. I: Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1012–1016.Google Scholar
Grafton, S.T., Woods, R.P., & Tyska, M. (1994). Functional imaging of procedural motor learning: Relating cerebral blood flow with individual subject performance. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 221–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granholm, E., Bartzokis, G., Asarnow, R.F., & Marder, S.R. (1993). Preliminary associations between motor procedural learning, basal ganglia T2 relaxation times, and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 50, 33–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greisberg, S. & McKay, D. (2003). Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 95–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heindel, W.C., Butters, N., & Salmon, D.P. (1988). Impaired learning of a motor skill in patients with Huntington's disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 141–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heindel, W.C., Salmon, D.P., Shults, C.W., Walicke, P.A., & Butters, N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 582–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollander, E., Schiffman, E., Cohen, B., Rivera-Stein, M.A., Rosen, W., Gorman, J.M., Fyer, A.J., Papp, L., & Liebowitz, M.R. (1990). Signs of central nervous system dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horwath, E. & Weissman, M.M. (2000). The epidemiology and cross-national presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 493–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalechstein, A.D., Hinkin, C.H., van Gorp, W.G., Castellon, S.A., & Satz, P. (1998). Depression predicts procedural but not episodic memory in HIV-1 infection. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 529–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowlton, B.J., Squire, L.R., & Gluck, M.A. (1994). Probabilistic classification learning in amnesia. Learning and Memory, 1, 106–120.Google Scholar
Krebs, H.I., Brashers-Krug, T., Rauch, S.L., Savage, C.R., Hogan, N., Rubin, R.H., Fischman, A.J., & Alpert, N.M. (1998). Robot-aided functional imaging: Application to a motor learning study. Human Brain Mapping, 6, 59–72.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A., Pigott, T.A., Lalonde, F.M., Dalton, I., Dubbert, B., & Murphy, D.L. (1993). Lack of evidence for Huntington's disease-like cognitive dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 345–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., Alonso, P., Pifarre, J., Menchon, J.M., & Vallejo, J. (2002). Neuropsychological performance in medicated vs. unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 109, 255–264.Google Scholar
McAllister, T.W., Sparling, M.B., Flashman, L.A., Guerin, S.J., Mamourian, A.C., & Saykin, A.J. (2001). Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage, 14, 1004–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishkin, M., Malamut, B., & Bachevalier, J. (1984). Memories and habits: Two neural systems. In G. Lynch, J.L. McGaugh, & N.M. Weinberger (Eds.), Neurobiology of learning and memory (pp. 287–296). New York: Guilford Press.
Miyachi, S., Hikosaka, O., & Lu, X. (2002). Differential activation of monkey striatal neurons in the early and late stages of procedural learning. Experimental Brain Research, 146, 122–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packard, M.G. & Knowlton, B.J. (2002). Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 563–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual-Leone, A., Grafman, J., & Hallett, M. (1995). Procedural learning and prefrontal cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 769, 61–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poldrack, R.A., Clark, J., Pare-Blagoev, E.J., Shohamy, D., Creso Moyano, J., Myers, C., & Gluck, M.A. (2001). Interactive memory systems in the human brain. Nature, 414, 546–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauch, S.L. & Savage, C.R. (2000). Investigating cortico-striatal pathophysiology in obsessive-compulsive disorders: Procedural learning and imaging probes. In W.K. Goodman, M.V. Rudorfer, & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (pp. 133–154). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Rauch, S.L., Savage, C.R., Alpert, N.M., Dougherty, D., Kendrick, A., Curran, T., Brown, H.D., Manzo, P., Fischman, A.J., & Jenike, M.A. (1997). Probing striatal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A PET study of implicit sequence learning. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9, 568–573.Google Scholar
Rauch, S.L., Whalen, P.J., Curran, T., Shin, L.M., Coffey, B.J., Savage, C.R., McInerney, S.C., Baer, L., & Jenike, M.A. (2001). Probing striato-thalamic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome using neuroimaging methods. Advances in Neurology, 85, 207–224.Google Scholar
Robinson, D., Wu, H., Munne, R.A., Ashtari, M., Alvir, J.M., Lerner, G., Koreen, A., Cole, K., & Bogerts, B. (1995). Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 393–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, D.R., Keshavan, M.S., O'Hearn, K.M., Dick, E.L., Bagwell, W.W., Seymour, A.B., Montrose, D.M., Pierri, J.N., & Birmaher, B. (1997). Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 824–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, R.M., Saykin, A.J., Wishart, H.A., Flashman, L.A., Ward, J., & Mamourian, A.C. (2003). An fMRI study of brain activation during implicit learning in OCD. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15, 262.Google Scholar
Sabe, L., Jason, L., Juejati, M., Leiguarda, R., & Starkstein, S.E. (1995). Dissociation between declarative and procedural learning in dementia and depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 841–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E., & Nicholson, K. (1995). Behavior and the basal ganglia. Advances in Neurology, 65, 1–28.Google Scholar
Sarazin, M., Deweer, B., Merkl, A., Von Poser, N., Pillon, B., & Dubois, B. (2002). Procedural learning and striatofrontal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 17, 265–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage, C.R., Baer, L., Keuthen, N.J., Brown, H.D., Rauch, S.L., & Jenike, M.A. (1999). Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 905–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage, C.R., Deckersbach, T., Wilhelm, S., Rauch, S.L., Baer, L., Reid, T., & Jenike, M.A. (2000). Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology, 14, 141–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage, C.R., Keuthen, N.J., Jenike, M.A., Brown, H.D., Baer, L., Kendrick, A.D., Miguel, E.C., Rauch, S.L., & Alpert, M.S. (1996). Recall and recognition memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 8, 99–103.Google Scholar
Saxena, S., Bota, R.G., & Brody, A.L. (2001). Brain-behavior relationships in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6, 82–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxena, S., Brody, A.L., Ho, M.L., Alborzian, S., Maidment, K.M., Zohrabi, N., Ho, M.K., Huang, S.C., Wu, H.M., & Baxter, L.R. (2002). Differential cerebral metabolic changes with paroxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder vs. major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 250–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxena, S. & Rauch, S.L. (2000). Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 563–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, J.M. (1998). Neuroanatomical aspects of cognitive-behavioural therapy response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. An evolving perspective on brain and behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry–Supplementum (35), 38–44.Google Scholar
Sheppard, D.M., Bradshaw, J.L., Purcell, R., & Pantelis, C. (1999). Tourette's and comorbid syndromes: Obsessive compulsive and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A common etiology? Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 531–552.Google Scholar
Skoog, G. & Skoog, I. (1999). A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 121–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spielberger, C., Montouri, E., & Luschene, R. (1970). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Form C1). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Spreen, O. & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Squire, L.R. (1986). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232, 1612–1619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L.R. & Zola, S.M. (1996). Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 13515–13522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stebbins, G.T., Singh, J., Weiner, J., Wilson, R.S., Goetz, C.G., & Gabrieli, J.D.E. (1995). Selective impairments of memory functioning in unmedicated adults with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neuropsychology, 9, 329–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szeszko, P.R., Robinson, D., Alvir, J.M., Bilder, R.M., Lencz, T., Ashtari, M., Wu, H., & Bogerts, B. (1999). Orbital frontal and amygdala volume reductions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 913–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gorp, W.G., Altshuler, L., Theberge, D.C., & Mintz, J. (1999). Declarative and procedural memory in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 525–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar