Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:30:07.096Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Semantic Clustering of Category Fluency in Schizophrenia Examined with Singular Value Decomposition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2012

Kyongje Sung ,
Barry Gordon ,
Tracy D. Vannorsdall ,
Kerry Ledoux ,
Erin J. Pickett ,
Godfrey D. Pearlson  and
David J. Schretlen
Kyongje Sung
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Barry Gordon
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Department of Cognitive Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Tracy D. Vannorsdall
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Kerry Ledoux
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Erin J. Pickett
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Godfrey D. Pearlson
Affiliation:
Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
David J. Schretlen*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: David J. Schretlen, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 218, Baltimore, MD 21287-7218. E-mail: dschret@jhmi.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Decreased productivity on verbal fluency tasks by persons with schizophrenia has been attributed to semantic system abnormalities. Semantic structure is often assessed using multidimensional scaling (MDS) to detect normal and aberrant semantic clustering. However, MDS has limitations that may be particularly problematic for such assessments. Here, we introduce a different clustering technique, singular value decomposition (SVD), to elucidate abnormalities of the semantic system in schizophrenia. We compared 102 treated outpatients with schizophrenia to 109 healthy adults on two category-cued word fluency tasks. Patients with schizophrenia showed semantic clustering patterns that differ markedly from those of healthy adults. However, SVD revealed more detailed and critical semantic system abnormalities than previously appreciated using MDS. Patients with schizophrenia showed less coherent semantic clustering of both low- and high-frequency category exemplars than healthy adults. These results suggest the intriguing possibility that impaired automatic activation of semantic information is a key deficit in schizophrenia. (JINS, 2012, 18, 565–575)

Keywords

SchizophreniaSemantic networkLatent semantic analysisVerbal fluencyLexical retrievalWord association
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 18 , Issue 3 , May 2012 , pp. 565 - 575
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, H.A., Frith, C.D. (1983). Selective retrieval and free emission of category exemplars in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 481–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, H.A., Liddle, P.F., Frith, C.D. (1993). Negative features, retrieval-processes and verbal fluency in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 769–775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aloia, M.S., Gourovitch, M.L., Missar, D., Pickar, D., Weinberger, D.R., Goldberg, T.E. (1998). Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, II: Specifying a candidate cognitive mechanism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1677–1684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aloia, M.S., Gourovitch, M.L., Weinberger, D.R., Goldberg, T.E. (1996). An investigation of semantic space in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2(4), 267–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alter, O., Brown, P.O., Botstein, D. (2000). Singular value decomposition for genome-wide expression data processing and modeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(18), 10101–10106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N.C., Olsen, S. (1982). Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(7), 789–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bokat, C.E., Goldberg, T.E. (2003). Letter and category fluency in schizophrenic patients: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 64(1), 73–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozikas, V.P., Kosmidis, M.H., Karavatos, A. (2005). Disproportionate impairment in semantic verbal fluency in schizophrenia: Differential deficit in clustering. Schizophrenia Research, 74(1), 51–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, A.S., Butters, N., Paulsen, J.S., Salmon, D.P., Swenson, M.R., Maloney, L.T. (1993). An assessment of the semantic network in patients with Alzheimers-disease. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(2), 254–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, A.S., Butters, N., Salmon, D.P., Mcguire, K.A. (1993). Dimensionality and Clustering in the Semantic Network of Patients with Alzheimers-Disease. Psychology and Aging, 8(3), 411–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, A.S., Ho, Y.C. (2003). Things aren't as bad as they seem: A comment on Storms et al. (2003). Neuropsychology, 17(2), 302–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., McHugh, P.R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovannetti, T., Goldstein, R.Z., Schullery, M., Barr, W.B., Bilder, R.M. (2003). Category fluency in first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(3), 384–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gourovitch, M.L., Goldberg, T.E., Weinberger, D.R. (1996). Verbal fluency deficits in patients with schizophrenia: Semantic fluency is differentially impaired as compared with phonologic fluency. Neuropsychology, 10(4), 573–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, X., Cai, Z., Franceschetti, D., Penumatsa, P., Graesser, A. C., Louwerse, M.M., … Tutoring Research Group. (2003). LSA: First dimension and dimensional weighting. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Boston.Google Scholar
Joyce, E.M., Collinson, S.L., Crichton, P. (1996). Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: Relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia. Psychological Medicine, 26(1), 39–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landauer, T.K. (1999). Latent semantic analysis: A theory of the psychology of language and mind. Discourse Processes, 27(3), 303–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landauer, T.K. (2007). LSA as a theory of meaning. In T. Landauer, D.S. McNamara, S. Dennis & W. Kintsch (Eds.), Handbook of latent semantic analysis (pp. 3–34). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landauer, T.K., Dumais, S.T. (1997). A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104(2), 211–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landauer, T.K., McNamara, D.S., Dennis, S., Kintsch, W. (2007). Handbook of latent semantic analysis. Mahwah, NJ: LEA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, R.M. (2004). PROPACK for Matlab 1.1. Retrieved from http://soi.stanford.edu/~rmunk/PROPACK/index.html.Google Scholar
Laws, K.R., Al-Uzri, M., Mortimer, A.M. (2000). Lexical knowledge degradation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 45(1–2), 123–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leeson, V.C., Laws, K.R., McKenna, P.J. (2006). Formal thought disorder is characterised by impaired lexical access. Schizophrenia Research, 88(1–3), 161–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehl, P.E. (1970). Nuisance variables and the ex post facto design. In M. Radner & S. Winokur (Eds.), Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Moelter, S.T., Hill, S.K., Ragland, J.D., Lunardelli, A., Gur, R.C., Gur, R.E., Moberg, P.J. (2001). Controlled and automatic processing during animal word list generation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 15(4), 502–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nurnberger, J.I. Jr., Blehar, M.C., Kaufmann, C.A., York-Cooler, C., Simpson, S.G., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Reich, T. (1994). Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH Genetics Initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(11), 849–859; discussion 863–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulsen, J.S., Romero, R., Chan, A., Davis, A.V., Heaton, R.K., Jeste, D.V. (1996). Impairment of the semantic network in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 63(2–3), 109–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quesada, J. (2007). Creating your own LSA spaces. In T. Landauer, D.S. McNamara, S. Dennis, W. Kintsch (Eds.), Handbook of latent semantic analysis (pp. 71–88). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.Google Scholar
Robert, P.H., Lafont, V., Medecin, I., Berthet, L., Thauby, S., Baudu, C., Darcourt, G. (1998). Clustering and switching strategies in verbal fluency tasks: Comparison between schizophrenics and healthy adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4(6), 539–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossell, S.L., David, A.S. (2006). Are semantic deficits in schizophrenia due to problems with access or storage? Schizophrenia Research, 82(2–3), 121–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossell, S.L., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Shapleske, J., David, A.S. (1999). Is semantic fluency differentially impaired in schizophrenic patients with delusions? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21(5), 629–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schretlen, D.J., Cascella, N.G., Meyer, S.M., Kingery, L.R., Testa, S.M., Munro, C.A., Pearlson, G.D. (2007). Neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 62(2), 179–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schretlen, D.J., Testa, S.M., Winicki, J.M., Pearlson, G.D., Gordon, B. (2008). Frequency and bases of abnormal performance by healthy adults on neuropsychological testing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(3), 436–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schretlen, D.J., Vannorsdall, T.D. (2010). Calibrated Ideational Fluency Assessment (CIFA) professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Google Scholar
Schretlen, D.J., Winicki, J.M., Meyer, S.M., Testa, S.M., Pearlson, G.D., Gordon, B. (2009). Development, psychometric properties, and validity of the Hopkins Adult Reading Test (HART). Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(6), 926–943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, M., Maier, S., Weisbrod, M. (1997). A cognitive neuroscience view on formal thought disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 24(1–2), 137–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storms, G., Dirikx, T., Saerens, J., Verstraeten, S., De Deyn, P.P. (2003). On the use of scaling and clustering in the study of semantic deficits. Neuropsychology, 17(2), 289–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumiyoshi, C., Sumiyoshi, T., Nohara, S., Yamashita, I., Matsui, M., Kurachi, M., Niwa, S. (2005). Disorganization of semantic memory underlies alogia in schizophrenia: An analysis of verbal fluency performance in Japanese subjects. Schizophrenia Research, 74(1), 91–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Troyer, A.K., Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G. (1997). Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: Evidence from younger and older healthy adults. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 138–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zakzanis, K.K., Troyer, A.K., Rich, J.B., Heinrichs, W. (2000). Component analysis of verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 13(4), 239–245.Google ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: PDF

Sung supplementary materials

Appendix.pdf

Download Sung supplementary materials(PDF)
PDF 337.6 KB