Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:30:22.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Temporal Relationship Between Depression, Anxiety, and Functional Status after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-lagged Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

Michael Schönberger ,
Jennie Ponsford ,
Kate R. Gould  and
Lisa Johnston
Michael Schönberger*
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany (current) School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study)
Jennie Ponsford
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study) National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Kate R. Gould
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study)
Lisa Johnston
Affiliation:
Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study)
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Michael Schönberger, Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelberger Str. 41, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: michael.schoenberger@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Poor functional status and high rates of anxiety and depression have been reported in individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is unclear whether psychiatric disorders after TBI are a cause or a consequence of functional limitations. The current study aimed to investigate the temporal relationship between anxiety, depression and functional impairment following TBI. The study has a prospective, longitudinal single-group design. Anxiety and depression, assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and functional changes, assessed with the Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended, were measured six and 12 months post-injury in 122 individuals who had sustained a TBI (79% male, mean age 35 years, mean duration of post-traumatic amnesia 24 days, mean Glasgow Coma Scale score 9.2). Cross-lagged analyses were conducted within a structural equation modelling framework. Functional changes six months post-injury predicted depression and anxiety one year after the injury. Anxiety and depression, in turn, were not predictive of later functional status. This study adds to our understanding of the temporal relationship between depression, anxiety and functional status after TBI. The results indicate the importance of supporting brain injured individuals in coping with the functional consequences of their injury in order promote psychological well-being. (JINS, 2011, 17, 781–787)

Keywords

Traumatic brain injuryDepressionAnxietyFunctional statusProspective studiesLongitudinal studies
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 17 , Issue 5 , September 2011 , pp. 781 - 787
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ashman, T.A., Spielman, L.A., Hibbard, M.R., Silver, J.M., Chandna, T., Gordon, W.A. (2004). Psychiatric challenges in the first 6 years after traumatic brain injury: Cross-sequential analyses of Axis I disorders. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 85(4 Suppl. 2), S36–S42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bombardier, C.H., Bell, K.R., Temkin, N.R., Fann, J.R., Hoffman, J., Dikmen, S. (2009). The efficacy of a scheduled telephone intervention for ameliorating depressive symptoms during the first year after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24(4), 230–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bombardier, C.H., Fann, J.R., Temkin, N.R., Esselman, P.C., Barber, J., Dikmen, S.S. (2010). Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury. JAMA, 303(19), 1938–1945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, A.L., Caetano, C., Stuss, D.T., Winour, G., Robertson, I.H. (1999). Neuropsychological rehabilitation in the interdisciplinary team: The post-acute stage. In: Cognitive neurorehabilitation: A comprehensive approach (pp. 188–200). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Corrigan, J.D., Selassie, A.W., Orman, J.A. (2010). The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25(2), 72–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deb, S., Lyons, I., Koutzoukis, C., Ali, I., McCarthy, G. (1999). Rate of psychiatric illness 1 year after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(3), 374–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dikmen, S.S., Machamer, J.E., Powell, J.M., Temkin, N.R. (2003). Outcome 3 to 5 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(10), 1449–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dikmen, S.S., Machamer, J., Temkin, N., Mclean, A. (1990). Neuropsychological Recovery in patients with moderate to severe head-injury: 2 year follow-up. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(4), 507–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, K., Ponsford, J. (2008). Cognitive functioning ten years following traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 618–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draper, K., Ponsford, J., Schönberger, M. (2007). Psychosocial and emotional outcomes 10 years following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22(5), 278–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fann, J.R., Burington, B., Leonetti, A., Jaffe, K., Katon, W.J., Thompson, R.S. (2004). Psychiatric illness following traumatic brain injury in an adult health maintenance organization population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(1), 53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fann, J.R., Hart, T., Schomer, K.G. (2009). Treatment for depression after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Journal of Neurotrauma, 26(12), 2383–2402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fedoroff, J., Starkstein, S.E., Forrester, A.W., Geisler, F.H., Jorge, R.E., Arndt, S.V., Robinson, R.G. (1992). Depression in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(7), 918–923.Google ScholarPubMed
First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J.B.W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, research version, non-patient edition. (SCID-I/NP). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Gomez-Hernandez, R., Max, J.E., Kosier, T., Paradiso, S., Robinson, R.G. (1997). Social impairment and depression after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78(12), 1321–1326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, K., Ponsford, J., Johnston, L., Schönberger, M. (2011). The nature, frequency and course of psychiatric disorders in the first year after traumatic brain injury, a prospective study. Psychological Medicine, [Epub ahead of print].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gracey, F., Evans, J.J., Malley, D. (2009). Capturing process and outcome in complex rehabilitation interventions: A “Y-shaped” model. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(6), 867–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbard, M.R., Ashman, T.A., Spielman, L.A., Chun, D., Charatz, H.J., Melvin, S. (2004). Relationship between depression and psychosocial functioning after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 85(4 Suppl. 2), S43–S53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, A.B. (1965). The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58, 295–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorge, R.E., Robinson, R.G. (2003). Mood disorders following traumatic brain injury. International Review of Psychiatry, 15(4), 317–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorge, R.E., Robinson, R.G., Arndt, S.V., Starkstein, S.E., Forrester, A.W., Geisler, F. (1993). Depression following traumatic brain injury: A 1 year longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 27(4), 233–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, G., Brown, S., Todd, J., Kremer, P. (2008). Challenging behaviour profiles of people with acquired brain injury living in community settings. Brain Injury, 22(6), 457–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, E., Lauterbach, E.C., Reeve, A., Arciniegas, D.B., Coburn, K.L., Mendez, M.F., Coffey, E.C. (2007). Neuropsychiatric complications of traumatic brain injury: A critical review of the literature (A report by the ANPA committee on research). The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19(2), 106–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Kreutzer, J.S., Seel, R.T., Gourley, E. (2001). The prevalence and symptom rates of depression after traumatic brain injury: A comprehensive examination. Brain Injury, 15(7), 563–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malec, J.F., Brown, A.W., Moessner, A.M., Stump, T.E., Monahan, P. (2010). A preliminary model for posttraumatic brain injury depression. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(7), 1087–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCleary, C., Satz, P., Forney, D., Light, R., Zaucha, K., Asarnow, R., Namerow, N. (1998). Depression after traumatic brain injury as a function of Glasgow Outcome Score. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(2), 270–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrimmon, S., Oddy, M. (2006). Return to work following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 20(10), 1037–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet, 370(9590), 851–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, B.O., Du Toit, S.H.C., Spisic, D. (1997). Robust inference using weighted least squares and quadratic estimating equations in latent variable modeling with categorical and continuous outcomes. Retrieved from http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/muthen/articles/Article_075.pdfGoogle Scholar
Muthén, B.O., Muthén, L.K. (2010). Mplus version 6. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Pagulayan, K.F., Hoffman, J.M., Temkin, N.R., Machamer, J.E., Dikmen, S.S. (2008). Functional limitations and depression after traumatic brain injury: Examination of the temporal relationship. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 89(10), 1887–1892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelz, D.C., Andrews, F.M. (1964). Detecting causal priorities in panel study data. American Sociological Review, 29(6), 836–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettigrew, L.E., Wilson, J.T., Teasdale, G.M. (2003). Reliability of ratings on the Glasgow Outcome Scales from in-person and telephone structured interviews. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 18(3), 252–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ponsford, J., Draper, K., Schönberger, M. (2008). Functional outcome 10 years after traumatic brain injury: Its relationship with demographic, injury severity, and cognitive and emotional status. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(2), 233–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popper, K. (1963). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Prigatano, G.P. (1999). Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seel, R.T., Kreutzer, J., Rosenthal, M., Hammond, F.M., Corrigan, J.D., Black, K. (2003). Depression after traumatic brain injury: A National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Model Systems multicenter investigation. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 84(2), 177–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherer, M., Novack, T.A., Sander, A.M., Struchen, M.A., Alderson, A., Thompson, R.N. (2002). Neuropsychological assessment and employment outcome after traumatic brain injury: A review. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(2), 157–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tate, R.L., Broe, G.A. (1999). Psychosocial adjustment after traumatic brain injury: What are the important variables? Psychological Medicine, 29(3), 713–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temkin, N.R., Machamer, J.E., Dikmen, S.S. (2003). Correlates of functional status 3-5 years after traumatic brain injury with CT abnormalities. Journal of Neurotrauma, 20(3), 229–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Korff, M., Ormel, J., Katon, W., Lin, E.H. (1992). Disability and depression among high utilizers of health-care. A longitudinal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(2), 91–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, W.C., Pickett, T.C. (2007). Motor impairment after severe traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal multicenter study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 44(7), 975–982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelan-Goodinson, R., Ponsford, J., Johnston, L., Grant, F. (2009). Psychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury: Their nature and frequency. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24(5), 324–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelan-Goodinson, R., Ponsford, J., Schönberger, M., Johnston, L. (2008). The association between psychiatric state and outcome following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 40, 850–857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, I.B., Cleary, P.D. (1995). Linking clinical-variables with health-related quality-of-life. A conceptual-model of patient outcomes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(1), 59–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, J.T., Pettigrew, L.E., Teasdale, G.M. (1998). Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use. Journal of Neurotrauma, 15(8), 573–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed