Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:07:42.445Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The allometry of oysters: spatial and temporal variation in the length–biomass relationships for Crassostrea virginica

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2015

Eric N. Powell ,
Roger Mann ,
Kathryn A. Ashton-Alcox ,
Yungkul Kim  and
David Bushek
Eric N. Powell*
Affiliation:
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
Roger Mann
Affiliation:
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
Kathryn A. Ashton-Alcox
Affiliation:
Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
Yungkul Kim
Affiliation:
School of Science, Engineering & Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, 640 Dr Mary Mcleod Bethune Blvd, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA
David Bushek
Affiliation:
Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to:E.N. Powell, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA. email: eric.n.powell@usm.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We examine the relationship of biomass B and length L in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica by focusing on the scaling exponent b in the allometric equation B = aLb using four datasets: Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Galveston Bay and a regionally extensive compilation from the NOAA Mussel Watch Program. The average value of the scaling exponent in Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay is about 2. For Galveston Bay, the value is distinctly higher, near 2.6. Over all Mussel Watch sites, the value is again near 2. Within Delaware Bay, the salinity gradient exerts an important effect. Shells are longer for their meat weight at lower salinities. The range of scaling exponents revealed by Mussel Watch data is exceedingly large (b < 1 to >3). Scaling exponents below 2.5 are unusual in bivalves. Among bivalves, only other oyster taxa have comparably low scaling exponents averaging near 2. We propose that oyster biomass routinely scales nearer the square of the length rather than the cube and that this is a constraint imposed by the exigency of carbonate production for reef maintenance and accretion in the face of high rates of taphonomic degradation. The adaptation as a reef builder requires the formation of carbonate that rapidly breaks down, thus requiring that carbonate produced be maximized. A biomass-to-length scaling exponent of 2 provides a mechanism to maximize shell production relative to biomass, while at the same time providing maximum surface area for the all-important settling of oyster spat to maintain the population.

Keywords

oysterallometryscaling exponentgeographic variationCrassostrea
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 96 , Issue 5 , August 2016 , pp. 1127 - 1144
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbe, G.R. (1988) Population structure of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, on an oyster bar in central Chesapeake Bay: changes associated with shell planting and increased recruitment. Journal of Shellfish Research 7, 33–40.Google Scholar
Acarli, S., Lok, A. and Yigitkurt, S. (2012) Growth and survival of Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguière, 1789) in Sufa Lagoon, Izmir, Turkey. Israel Journal of Aquaculture –Bamidgeh 64, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, R.R. and Dietl, G.P. (2005) Non-predatory shell damage in Neogene Western Atlantic deep-burrowing bivalves. Palaios 20, 280–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appleyard, C.L. and DeAlteris, J.T. (2002) Growth of the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, in an experimental-scale upweller. Journal of Shellfish Research 21, 3–12.Google Scholar
Ashton-Alcox, K.A., Powell, E.N., Hearon, J.A., Tomlin, C.S. and Babb, R.M. (2013) Transplant monitoring for the New Jersey Delaware Bay oyster fishery. Journal of Shellfish Research 32, 459–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bald, J., Sinquin, A., Borja, A., Caill-Milly, N., Duclercq, B., Dang, C. and de Montaudouin, X. (2009) A system dynamics model for the management of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850) in the Bay of Arcachon (France). Ecological Modelling 220, 2828–2837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, B.B., Luckenbach, M.W. and Kingsley-Smith, P.R. (2010) Oyster reef community interactions: the effect of resident fauna on oyster (Crassostrea spp.) larval recruitment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 391, 169–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, F.R. (1974) Annual biodeposition and gross energy budget of mature Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31, 185–190.Google Scholar
Best, M.M.R., Ku, T.C.W., Kidwell, S.M. and Walter, L.M. (2007) Carbonate preservation in shallow marine environments: unexpected role of tropical siliciclastics. Journal of Geology 115, 437–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidegain, G., Sestelo, M., Roca-Pardiñas, J. and Juanes, J.A. (2013) Estimating a new suitable catch size of two clam species: implications for shellfishery management. Ocean and Coastal Management 71, 52–63.Google Scholar
Bottjer, D.J. and Carter, J.G. (1980) Functional and phylogenetic significance of projecting periostracal structures in the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Journal of Paleontology 54, 200–216.Google Scholar
Boucher, G., Clavier, J., Hily, C. and Gattuso, J.-P. (1998) Contribution of soft-bottoms to the community metabolism (primary production and calcification) of a barrier reef flat (Moorea, French Polynesia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 225, 269–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradbury, A., Blake, B., Speck, C. and Rogers, D. (2005) Length-weight models for intertidal clams in Puget Sound (Bivalve Regions 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Fish Program Fish Management Division FPT05–15, 62 pp.Google Scholar
Brown, J.H., Gillooly, J.F., Allen, A.P., Savage, V.M. and West, G.B. (2004) Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85, 1771–1789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J.H., Marquet, P.A. and Taper, M.L. (1993) Evolution of body size: consequences of an energetic definition of fitness. American Naturalist 142, 573–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buroker, N.E. (1983) Sexuality with respect to shell length and group size in the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas . Malacologia 23, 271–279.Google Scholar
Bushek, D., Ford, S.E. and Burt, I. (2012) Long-term patterns of an estuarine pathogen along a salinity gradient. Journal of Marine Research 70, 225–251.Google Scholar
Callender, W.R., Powell, E.N. and Staff, G.M. (1994) Taphonomic rates of molluscan shells placed in autochthonous assemblages on the Louisiana continental slope. Palaios 9, 60–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, E.R., Pena, J.C., Cruz, R.A. and Palacios, J.A. (1998) Growth and reproductive cycle of Polymesoda radiata (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 46, 643–648.Google Scholar
Carriker, M.R., Palmer, R.E. and Prezant, R.S. (1980) Functional ultramorphology of the dissoconch valves of the oyster Crassostrea virginica . Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 70, 139–183.Google Scholar
Carver, C.E., Thériault, I. and Malley, A.L. (2010) Infestation of cultured eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica by the boring sponge Cliona celata, with emphasis on sponge life history and mitigation strategies. Journal of Shellfish Research 29, 905–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerame-Vivas, M.J. and Gray, I.E. (1966) The distribution pattern of benthic invertebrates of the continental shelf off North Carolina. Ecology 47, 260–270.Google Scholar
Choi, K-S., Lewis, D.H., Powell, E.N. and Ray, S.M. (1993) Quantitative measurement of reproductive output in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 24, 299–322.Google Scholar
Christmas, J.F., McGinty, M.R., Randle, D.A., Smith, G.F. and Jordan, S.J. (1997) Oyster shell disarticulation in three Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Journal of Shellfish Research 16, 115–123.Google Scholar
Claudi, R., Graves, A., Taraborelli, A.C., Prescott, R.J. and Mastitsky, S.E. (2012) Impact of pH on survival and settlement of dreissenid mussels. Aquatic Invasions 7, 21–28.Google Scholar
Conand, C., Chabonet, P., Cuet, P. and Letourneur, Y. (1997) The carbonate budget of a fringing reef in La Reunion Island (Indian Ocean): sea urchin and fish bioerosion and net calcification. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 1, 953–958.Google Scholar
Cruz, A.F.C., Pena, J.C. and Lopez, Y.S. (1997) Growth and sexual maturity of a Crassostrea columbiensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) population. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45, 335–339.Google Scholar
Dame, R.F. (2009) Shifting through time: oysters and shell rings in past and present southeastern estuaries. Journal of Shellfish Research 28, 425–430.Google Scholar
Davies, D.J., Powell, E.N. and Stanton, R.J. Jr. (1989) Relative rates of shell dissolution and net sediment accumulation – a commentary: can shell beds form by the gradual accumulation of biogenic debris on the sea floor? Lethaia 22, 207–212.Google Scholar
Dekshenieks, M.M., Hofmann, E.E., Klinck, J.M. and Powell, E.N. (2000) Quantifying the effects of environmental change on an oyster population: a modeling study. Estuaries 23, 593–610.Google Scholar
Diederich, S., Nehls, G., van Beusekom, J.E.E. and Reise, K. (2005) Introduced Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the northern Wadden Sea: invasion accelerated by warm summers? Helgoland Marine Research 59, 97–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Sabbagh, A.M. (2008) Biostratigraphy, taphonomy and palaeoecology of two tropical Coniacian-Santonian oyster species from Wadi Sadr, western Sinai, Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 249, 47–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engle, J.B. and Chapman, C.R. (1953) Oyster condition affected by attached mussels. National Shellfisheries Association Convention Addresses for 1951, pp. 70–78.Google Scholar
Fay, C.W., Neves, R.J. and Pardue, G.B. (1983) Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic): surf clam. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-82/11/13, 23 pp.Google Scholar
Feder, H.M. and Paul, A.J. (1974) Age, growth and size-weight relationships of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, in Prince William Sound Alaska. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 64, 45–52.Google Scholar
Franz, D.R. (1997) Resource allocation in the intertidal salt-marsh mussel Geukensia demissa in relation to shore level. Estuaries 20, 134–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaspar, M.B., Santos, M.N. and Vasconcelos, P. (2001) Weight-length relationships of 25 bivalve species (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, 805–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, P. and O'Donnell, J. (2009) Comparison of the salinity structure of the Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware Bay, and Long Island Sound using a linearly tapered advection-dispersion model. Estuaries and Coasts 32, 68–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillooly, J.F., Brown, J.H., West, G.B., Savage, V.M. and Charnov, E.L. (2001) Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251.Google Scholar
Golightly, C.G. Jr. and Kosinski, R.J. (1981) Estimating the biomass of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from shell dimensions. Hydrobiologia 80, 263–267.Google Scholar
Grabowski, J.H., Peterson, C.H., Powers, S.P., Gaskill, D. and Summerson, H.C. (2004) Growth and survivorship of non-native (Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea ariakensis) versus native Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Journal of Shellfish Research 23, 781–793.Google Scholar
Greenstein, B.J. and Pandolfi, J.M. (2003) Taphonomic alteration of reef corals: effects of reef environment and coral growth form II: the Florida Keys. Palaios 18, 495–509.Google Scholar
Griffiths, R.J. (1981) Aerial exposure and energy balance in littoral and sublittoral Choromytilus meridionalis (Kr) (Bivalvia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 52, 231–241.Google Scholar
Grizzle, R.E., Adams, J.R. and Walters, L.J. (2002) Historical changes in intertidal oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs in a Florida lagoon potentially related to boating activities. Journal of Shellfish Research 21, 749–756.Google Scholar
Grizzle, R.E., Greene, J.K. and Coen, L.D. (2008) Seston removal by natural and constructed intertidal Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs: a comparison with previous laboratory studies, and the value of in situ methods. Estuaries and Coasts 31, 1208–1220.Google Scholar
Guida, V.G. (1976) Sponge predation in the oyster reef community as demonstrated with Cliona celata Grant. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 25, 109–122.Google Scholar
Gunter, G. (1979) The grit principle and the morphology of oyster reefs. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 69, 1–5.Google Scholar
Gusev, A.A. and Rudinskaya, L.V. (2014) Shell form, growth, and production of Astarte borealis (Schumacher, 1817) (Astartidae, Bivalvia) in the southeastern Baltic Sea. Oceanology 54, 458–464.Google Scholar
Gutíerrez, J.L., Jones, C.G., Strayer, D.L. and Iribarne, O.O. (2003) Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos 101, 79–90.Google Scholar
Hall, C.A. Jr. (1964) Shallow-water marine climates and molluscan provinces. Ecology 45, 226–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, J.M., Mann, R., Southworth, M.J. and Wesson, J.A. (2010) Management of the Piankatank River, Virginia, in support of oyster (Crassostrea virginica, Gmelin 1791) fishery repletion. Journal of Shellfish Research 29, 867–888.Google Scholar
Harper, E.M. (1997) Attachment of mature oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) to natural substrata. Marine Biology 127, 449–453.Google Scholar
Haskin, H.H. and Ford, S.E. (1982) Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) on Delaware Bay seed oyster beds: a host-parasite relationship along a salinity gradient. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40, 388–405.Google Scholar
Haven, D. (1960) Seasonal cycle of condition index of oysters in the York and Rappahannock Rivers. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 51, 42–66.Google Scholar
Hemachandra, S.T. (2008) Allometry and condition index in green mussel Perna viridis (L.) from St. Mary's Island off Malpe, near Udupi, India. Aquaculture Research 39, 1747–1758.Google Scholar
Hochachka, P.W., Darveau, C-A., Andrews, R.D. and Suarez, R.K. (2003) Allometric cascade: a model for resolving body mass effects on metabolism. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology: A Molecular and Integrative Physiology 134, 675–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, E.E., Klinck, J.M., Kraeuter, J.N., Powell, E.N., Grizzle, R.E., Buckner, S.C. and Bricelj, V.M. (2006) A population dynamics model of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria: development of the age- and length-frequency structure of the population. Journal of Shellfish Research 25, 417–444.Google Scholar
Hofmann, E.E., Powell, E.N., Klinck, J.M. and Wilson, E.A. (1992) Modeling oyster populations. III. Critical feeding periods, growth and reproduction. Journal of Shellfish Research 11, 399–416.Google Scholar
Hong, W., Keppens, E., Nielsen, P. and van Riet, A. (1995) Oxygen and carbon isotope study of the Holocene oyster reefs and paleoenvironmental reconstruction on the northwest coast of Bohai Bay, China. Marine Geology 124, 289–302.Google Scholar
Hopkins, S.H., Mackin, J.G. and Menzel, R.W. (1954) The annual cycle of reproduction, growth and fattening in Louisiana oysters. National Shellfisheries Association Convention Papers for 1953, pp. 39–50.Google Scholar
Honkoop, P.J.C. and Beukema, J.J. (1997) Loss of body mass in winter in three intertidal bivalve species: an experimental and observational study of the interacting effects between water temperature, feeding time and feeding behavior. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 212, 277–297.Google Scholar
Hover, V.C., Walter, L.M. and Peacor, D.R. (2001) Early marine diagenesis of biogenic aragonite and Mg-calcite: new constraints from high-resolution STEM and AEM analyses of modern platform carbonates. Chemistry and Ecology 175, 221–248.Google Scholar
HSRL (2012) Report of the 2012 Stock Assessment Workshop (14th SAW) for the New Jersey Delaware Bay Oyster Beds. Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, 168 pp.Google Scholar
Hurrell, J.W., Kushnir, Y., Hersen, G.O. and Visbeck, M. (2003) An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series 134, 1–35.Google Scholar
Hutchins, L.W. (1947) The bases for temperature zonation in geographical distribution. Ecological Monographs 17, 325–335.Google Scholar
Idris, M.H., Arshad, A., Amin, S.M.N., Japar, S.B., Daud, S.K., Mazlan, A.G., Zakaria, M.S. and Yusoff, F.W. (2012) Age, growth and length-weight relationships of Pinna bicolor Gmelin (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) in the seagrass beds of Sungai Pulai Estuary, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 28, 597–600.Google Scholar
Kaehler, S. (1999) Incidence and distribution of phototrophic shell-degrading endoliths of the brown mussel Perna perna . Marine Biology 135, 505–514.Google Scholar
Kang, S-G., Choi, K-S., Bulgakov, A.A., Kim, Y. and Kim, S-Y. (2003) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used in quantification of reproductive capacity in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Korea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 282, 1–21.Google Scholar
Kennedy, W.J., Taylor, J.D. and Hall, A. (1969) Environmental and biological controls on bivalve shell mineralogy. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 44, 499–530.Google Scholar
Kent, B. (1998) Making dead oysters talk. Crownsville, MD: Maryland Historical Trust, Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum, 107 pp.Google Scholar
Kim, Y. and Powell, E.N. (1998) Influence of climate change on interannual variation in population attributes of Gulf of Mexico oysters. Journal of Shellfish Research 17, 265–274.Google Scholar
Kim, Y. and Powell, E.N. (2006) Relationships among parasites and pathologies in sentinel bivalves: NOAA Status and Trends “Mussel Watch” Program. Bulletin of Marine Science 79, 83–112.Google Scholar
Kim, Y. and Powell, E.N. (2007) Distribution of parasites and pathologies in sentinel bivalves: NOAA status and trends “Mussel Watch” Program. Journal of Shellfish Research 26, 1115–1151.Google Scholar
Kim, Y., Powell, E.N., Wade, T.L. and Presley, B.J. (2008) Relationship of parasites and pathologies to contaminant body burden in sentinel bivalves: NOAA Status and Trends ‘Mussel Watch’ Program. Marine Environmental Research 65, 101–127.Google Scholar
Kimbrough, K.L., Johnson, W.E., Lauenstein, G.G., Christensen, J.D. and Apeti, D.A. (2008) An assessment of two decades of contaminant monitoring in the nation's coastal zone. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 74, 105 pp.Google Scholar
Kleeman, K. (1996) Biocorrosion by bivalves. Pubblicazioni della Stazioni Zoologica di Napoli I: Marine Ecology 17, 145–158.Google Scholar
Klinck, J.M., Hofmann, E.E., Powell, E.N. and Dekshenieks, M.M. (2002) Impact of channelization on oyster production: a hydrodynamic-oyster model for Galveston Bay, Texas. Environmental Modelling and Assessment 7, 273–289.Google Scholar
Kornobis, S. (1977) Ecology of Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.) (Dreissenidae, Bivalvia) in lakes receiving leaded water discharges. Polish Archives of Hydrobiology 24, 531–545.Google Scholar
Kosnik, M.A., Hua, Q., Kaufman, D.S. and Wüst, R.A. (2009) Taphonomic bias and time-averaging in tropical molluscan death assemblages: differential shell half-lives in Great Barrier Reef sediment. Paleobiology 35, 565–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraeuter, J.N., Ford, S. and Canzonier, W. (2003) Increased biomass yield from Delaware Bay oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by alteration of planting season. Journal of Shellfish Research 22, 39–49.Google Scholar
Kraeuter, J.N., Ford, S. and Cummings, M. (2007) Oyster growth analysis: a comparison of methods. Journal of Shellfish Research 26, 479–491.Google Scholar
Kristensen, P.S. and Lassen, H. (1997) The production of relaid blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in a Danish fjord. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54, 854–865.Google Scholar
LaBarbera, M. (1989) Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20, 97–117.Google Scholar
Lauenstein, G.G., Cantillo, A.Y., Kokkinakis, S., Frew, S., Jobling, H.J. and Fay, R.R. (1997) Mussel Watch Project site descriptions, through 1997. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 112, 354 pp.Google Scholar
Lejart, M., Clavier, J., Chauvaud, L. and Hily, C. (2012) Respiration and calcification of Crassostrea gigas: contribution of an intertidal invasive species to coastal ecosystem CO2 fluxes. Estuaries and Coasts 25, 622–632.Google Scholar
Libini, C.L., Abraham, K.J., Shanmugam, K., Rao, K.P., Kripa, V., Velayudhan, T.S. and Mohamed, K.S. (2011) Biometric relationships of the black winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin (Roding, 1798) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indian Journal of Fisheries 58, 139–143.Google Scholar
Lika, K. and Nisbet, R.M. (2000) A dynamic energy budget model based on partitioning of net production. Journal of Mathematical Biology 41, 361–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundberg, S. and Persson, L. (1993) Optimal body size and resource density. Journal of Theoretical Biology 164, 163–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, B.A. and Thompson, R.J. (1985) Influence of temperature and food availability on the ecological energetics of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus I. Growth rates of shell and somatic tissue. Marine Ecology Progress Series 25, 279–294.Google Scholar
MacDonald, I.A. and Perry, C.T. (2003) Biological degradation of coral framework in a turbid lagoon environment, Discovery Bay, north Jamaica. Coral Reefs 22, 523–535.Google Scholar
Mallela, J. and Perry, C.T. (2007) Calcium budgets for two coral reefs affected by different terrestrial runoff regimes, Rio Bueno, Jamaica. Coral Reefs 26, 129–145.Google Scholar
Mann, R., Harding, J.M. and Southworth, M.J. (2009a) Reconstructing pre-colonial oyster demographics in the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 85, 217–222.Google Scholar
Mann, R., Southworth, M., Harding, J.M. and Wesson, J. (2004) A comparison of dredge and patent tongs for estimation of oyster populations. Journal of Shellfish Research 23, 387–390.Google Scholar
Mann, R., Southworth, M., Harding, J.M. and Wesson, J.A. (2009b) Population studies of the native eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) in the James River, Virginia, USA. Journal of Shellfish Research 28, 193–220.Google Scholar
Mao Che, L., Alsumard, T. le C., Boury-Esnault, N., Payri, C., Golubic, S. and Bézac, C. (1996) Biodegradation of shells of the black pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii, by microborers and sponges of French Polynesia. Marine Biology 126, 509–519.Google Scholar
Marsden, I.D. (2000) Variability in low tide populations of tuatua, Paphies donacina, in Pegasus Bay, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34, 359–370.Google Scholar
Marzec, R.J., Kim, Y. and Powell, E.N. (2010) Geographic trends in weight and condition index of surfclams (Spisula solidissima) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Journal of Shellfish Research 29, 117–128.Google Scholar
Masse, J-P. and Fenerci-Masse, M. (2006) Carbonate production by rudist bivalves. The record of Late Barremian requieniid communities from Provence (SE France). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 234, 239–257.Google Scholar
McDonald, S.J., Frank, D.S., Ramirez, J.A., Wang, B. and Brooks, J.M. (2006) Ancillary methods of the National Status and Trends Program: 2000–2006 update. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 28, 17 pp.Google Scholar
Mercado-Silva, N. (2005) Condition index of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) in Sapelo Island Georgia — effects of site, position on bed and pea crab parasitism. Journal of Shellfish Research 24, 121–126.Google Scholar
Morse, J.W., Andersson, A.J. and Mackenzie, F.T. (2006) Initial response of carbonate-rich shelf sediments to rising atmospheric pCO2 and “ocean acidification”: role of high Mg-calcite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 5814–5830.Google Scholar
Munroe, D.M. and McKinley, R.S. (2007) Effect of predator netting on recruitment and growth of Manila clams (Venerupis philippinarum) on soft substrate intertidal plots in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Shellfish Research 26, 1035–1044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munroe, D.M., Powell, E.N., Mann, R., Klinck, J.M. and Hofmann, E.E. (2013) Underestimation of primary productivity on continental shelves: evidence from maximum size of extant surfclam (Spisula solidissima) populations. Fisheries Oceanography 22, 220–233.Google Scholar
Murawski, S.A. and Serchuk, F.M. (1979) Shell length-meat weight relationship of ocean quahogs, Arctica islandica, from the Middle Atlantic shelf. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 69, 40–46.Google Scholar
Nagi, H.M., Shenai-Tirokar, P.S. and Jagtap, T.G. (2011) Dimensional relationships in Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) and C. gryphoides (Schlotheim) in Mangrove ecosystem. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science 40, 559–566.Google Scholar
Novack-Gottshall, P.M. (2008) Using simple body-size metrics to estimate fossil body volume: empirical validation using diverse Paleozoic invertebrates. Palaios 23, 163–173.Google Scholar
Nurul Amin, S.M., Zafar, M. and Halím, A. (2008) Age, growth, mortality and population structure of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis, in the Mahaskhali Channel (southeastern coast of Bangladesh). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 24, 18–25.Google Scholar
Packard, G.C. (2011) Unanticipated consequences of logarithmic transformation in bivariate allometry. Journal of Comparative Physiology Part B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 181, 841–849.Google Scholar
Packard, G.C. (2013) Is logarithmic transformation necessary in allometry? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 109, 476–486.Google Scholar
Páez-Osuna, F., Frías-Espericueta, M.G. and Osuna-López, J.I. (1995) Trace metal concentrations in relation to season and gonadal maturation in the oyster Crassostrea iridescens . Marine Environmental Research 40, 19–31.Google Scholar
Palmer, A.R. (1983) Relative cost of producing skeletal organic matrix versus calcification: evidence from marine gastropods. Marine Biology 75, 287–292.Google Scholar
Parras, A. and Casadío, S. (2006) The oyster Crassostrea? hatcheri (Ortmann, 1897), a physical ecosystem engineer from the Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene of Patagonia, southern Argentina. Palaios 21, 168–186.Google Scholar
Ponurovskii, S.K. (2008) Population structure and growth of the Japanese littleneck clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Amursky Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 34, 329–332.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N. and Klinck, J.M. (2007) Is oyster shell a sustainable estuarine resource? Journal of Shellfish Research 26, 181–194.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Ashton-Alcox, K.A., Kraeuter, J.N., Ford, S.E. and Bushek, D. (2008) Long-term trends in oyster population dynamics in Delaware Bay: regime shifts and response to disease. Journal of Shellfish Research 27, 729–755.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Klinck, J.M., Ashton-Alcox, K., Hofmann, E.E. and Morson, J.M. (2012a) The rise and fall of Crassostrea virginica oyster reefs: the role of disease and fishing in their demise and a vignette on their management. Journal of Marine Research 70, 559–567.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Klinck, J.M., Ashton-Alcox, K.A. and Kraeuter, J.N. (2009) Multiple stable reference points in oyster populations: biological relationships for the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Delaware Bay. Fishery Bulletin 107, 109–132.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Klinck, J.M., Hofmann, E.E. and Ford, S. (1997) Varying the timing of oyster transplant: implications for management from simulation studies. Fisheries Oceanography 6, 213–237.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Klinck, J.M., Hofmann, E.E. and McManus, M.A. (2003) Influence of water allocation and freshwater inflow on oyster production: a hydrodynamic-oyster population model for Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. Environmental Management 31, 100–121.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Klinck, J.M., Hofmann, E.E., Wilson-Ormond, E.A. and Ellis, M.S. (1995a) Modeling oyster populations. V. Declining phytoplankton stocks and the population dynamics of American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) populations. Fisheries Research 24, 199–222.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Kraeuter, J.N. and Ashton-Alcox, K.A. (2006) How long does oyster shell last on an oyster reef? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 69, 531–542.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Kreeger, D.A., Morson, J.M., Haidvogel, D.B., Wang, Z., Thomas, R. and Gius, J.E. (2012b) Oyster food supply in Delaware Bay: estimation from a hydrodynamic model and interaction with the oyster population. Journal of Marine Research 70, 469–503.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Morson, J.M., Ashton-Alcox, K.A. and Kim, Y. (2013) Accommodation of the sex-ratio in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica to variation in growth and mortality across the estuarine salinity gradient. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, 533–555.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Song, J., Ellis, M.S. and Wilson-Ormond, E.A. (1995b) The status and long-term trends of oyster reefs in Galveston Bay, Texas. Journal of Shellfish Research 14, 439–457.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Staff, G.M., Callender, W.R., Ashton-Alcox, K.A., Brett, C.E., Parsons-Hubbard, K.M., Walker, S.E. and Raymond, A. (2011) Taphonomic degradation of molluscan remains during thirteen years on the continental shelf and slope of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 312, 209–232.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N., Staff, G.M., Davies, D.J. and Callender, W.R. (1989) Macrobenthic death assemblages in modern marine environments: formation, interpretation and application. Critical Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1, 555–589.Google Scholar
Powell, E.N. and Stanton, R.J. Jr. (1985) Estimating biomass and energy flow of molluscs in paleo-communities. Palaeontology (London) 28, 1–34.Google Scholar
Reaves, C.M. (1986) Organic matter metabolizability and calcium carbonate dissolution in nearshore marine muds. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 56, 486–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, J.S. and Ross, A.H. (2001) A dynamic energy budget model of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas . Ecological Modeling 142, 105–120.Google Scholar
Ren, J.S. and Ross, A.H. (2005) Environmental influence on mussel growth: a dynamic energy budget model and its application to the green shell mussel Perna canaliculus . Ecological Modeling 189, 347–362.Google Scholar
Rheault, R.B. and Rice, M.A. (1996) Food-limited growth and condition index in the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791), and the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck 1819). Journal of Shellfish Research 15, 271–283.Google Scholar
Ricker, W.E. (1973) Linear regression in fishery research. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30, 409–434.Google Scholar
Ricker, W.E. (1975) Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 191, 1–382.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, G.D. (1980) The “vital effect” on skeletal trace element content as exemplified by magnesium. In Carter, J.G. (ed.) Skeletal biomineralization: patterns, processes and evolutionary trends, Volume 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 567–577.Google Scholar
Rossetto, M., de Leo, G.A., Bevacqua, D. and Micheli, F. (2012) Allometric scaling of mortality rates with body mass in abalones. Oecologia 168, 989–996.Google Scholar
Salkeld, P.N. (1995) Aspects of reproduction associated with the use of a segmented regression to describe the relationship between body-weight and shell length of Mytilus edulis . Marine Ecology Progress Series 124, 117–128.Google Scholar
Sanders, D. (1999) Shell disintegration and taphonomic loss in rudist biostromes. Lethaia 32, 101–112.Google Scholar
Soniat, T.M., Hofmann, E.E., Klinck, J.M. and Powell, E.N. (2009) Differential modulation of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) disease parasites by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 99–114.Google Scholar
Soniat, T.M., Powell, E.N., Hofmann, E.E. and Klinck, J.M. (1998) Understanding the success and failure of oyster populations: the importance of sampled variables and sample timing. Journal of Shellfish Research 17, 1149–1165.Google Scholar
Soniat, T.M. and Ray, S.M. (1985) Relationships between possible available food and the composition, condition, and reproductive state of oysters from Galveston Bay, Texas. Contributions in Marine Science 28, 109–121.Google Scholar
Soniat, T.M., Ray, S.M. and Jeffrey, L.M. (1984) Components of the seston and possible available food for oysters in Galveston Bay, Texas. Contributions in Marine Science 27, 127–141.Google Scholar
Southworth, M., Harding, J.M., Wesson, J.A. and Mann, R. (2010) Oyster (Crassostrea virginica, Gmelin 1791) population dynamics on public reefs in the Great Wicomico River, Virginia, USA. Journal of Shellfish Research 29, 271–290.Google Scholar
Steuber, T. (2000) Skeletal growth rate of Upper Cretaceous rudist bivalves: implications for carbonate production and organism-environment feedbacks. In Inslaco E., Skelton P.W. and Palmer T.J. (eds) Carbonate platform systems: components and interaction . Geological Society of London Special Publications 178, 21–32.Google Scholar
Stiner, J.L. and Walters, L.J. (2008) Effects of recreational boating on oyster reef architecture and species interactions. Florida Scientist 71, 31–44.Google Scholar
Taylor, J.D. and Layman, M. (1972) The mechanical properties of bivalve (Mollusca) shell structures. Palaeontology (London) 15, 73–87.Google Scholar
Thórarinsdóttir, G. and Jóhannesson, G. (1996) Shell length-meat weight relationships of ocean quahog, Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767), from Icelandic waters. Journal of Shellfish Research 15, 729–733.Google Scholar
Tokeshi, M., Ota, N. and Kawai, T. (2000) A comparative study of morphometry in shell-bearing molluscs. Journal of Zoology (London) 251, 31–38.Google Scholar
Tribble, G.W. (1993) Organic matter oxidation and aragonite diagenesis in a coral reef. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 63, 523–527.Google Scholar
Troost, K. (2010) Causes and effects of a highly successful marine invasion: case-study of the introduced Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in continental NW European estuaries. Journal of Sea Research 64, 145–165.Google Scholar
Troutman, B.M. and Williams, G.P. (1987) Fitting straight lines in the earth sciences. In Size, W.B. (ed.) Use and abuse of statistical methods in the earth sciences. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 107–128.Google Scholar
van der Veer, H.W., Cardoso, J.F.M.F. and van der Meer, J. (2006) The estimation of DEB parameters for various northeast Atlantic bivalve species. Journal of Sea Research 56, 107–124.Google Scholar
Waldbusser, G.G., Steenson, R.A. and Green, M.A. (2011) Oyster shell dissolution rates in estuarine waters: effects of pH and shell legacy. Journal of Shellfish Research 30, 659–669.Google Scholar
Wall, L.M., Walters, L.J., Grizzle, R.E. and Sacks, P.E. (2005) Recreational boating activity and its impact on the recruitment and survival of the oyster Crassostrea virginica on intertidal reefs in Mosquito Lagoon, Florida. Journal of Shellfish Research 24, 965–973.Google Scholar
Walles, B., Mann, R., Ysebaert, T., Troost, K., Herman, P.M.J. and Smaal, A. (2015) Demography of the ecosystem engineer Crassostrea gigas, related to vertical reef accretion and reef persistence. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 154, 224–233.Google Scholar
Warburton, F.E. (1958) Control of the boring sponge on oyster beds. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Progress Reports of the Atlantic Coast Stations 69, 7–11.Google Scholar
Warton, D.I., Wright, I.J., Falster, D.S. and Westoby, M. (2006) Bivariate line-fitting methods for allometry. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 81, 259–291.Google Scholar
Warwick, R.M. and Price, R. (1975) Macrofauna production in an estuarine mud-flat. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 55, 1–18.Google Scholar
Weinberg, J.R. (2005) Bathymetric shift in the distribution of Atlantic surfclams: response to warmer ocean temperatures. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, 1444–1453.Google Scholar
Wilson, E.A., Powell, E.N., Wade, T.L., Taylor, R.J., Presley, B.J. and Brooks, J.M. (1992) Spatial and temporal distributions of contaminant body burden and disease in Gulf of Mexico oyster populations: the role of local and large-scale climatic controls. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 46, 201–235.Google Scholar
Wisshak, M., Gektidis, M., Freiwald, A. and Lundälv, T. (2005) Bioerosion along a bathymetric gradient in a cold-temperate setting (Kosterfjord, SW Sweden): an experimental study. Facies 51, 93–117.Google Scholar
Wright, D.A. and Hetzel, E.W. (1985) Use of RNA:DNA ratios as an indicator of nutritional stress in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica . Marine Ecology Progress Series 25, 199–206.Google Scholar
Wright, V.P. and Burgess, P.M. (2005) The carbonate factory continuum, facies mosaics and microfacies: an appraisal of some of the key concepts underpinning carbonate sedimentology. Facies 51, 17–23.Google Scholar
Wright-Lopez, H., Hoguin-Quinones, O., Arreguin-Sanchez, E. and Roque-Villada, I. (2009a) Growth and mortality of the mollusk Pteria sterna in wild banks of southern Baja California, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57, 659–670.Google Scholar
Wright-Lopez, H., Hoguin-Quinones, O., Arreguin-Sanchez, E. and Roque-Villada, I. (2009b) Growth and mortality of the mother-of-pearl Pinctada mazatlanica in natural populations of the east coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57, 53–61.Google Scholar
Yap, W.G. (1977) Population biology of the Japanese little-neck clam, Tapes philippinarum in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 31, 223–244.Google Scholar
Yoo, S.K. and Yoo, M.S. (1973) Biological studies on oyster culture (II) morphological characteristics of the oyster, Crassostrea gigas . Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society 6, 65–74.Google Scholar
Zarnoch, C.B. and Schreibman, M.P. (2008) Influence of temperature and food availability on the biochemical composition and mortality of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) during the over-winter period. Aquaculture 274, 281–291.Google Scholar
Zuschin, M. and Baal, C. (2007) Large gryphaeid oysters as habitats for numerous sclerobionts: a case study from the northern Red Sea. Facies 53, 319–327.Google Scholar