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Impact of sea spider parasitism on host clams: susceptibility and intensity-dependent mortality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2017

Katsumasa Yamada ,
Katsumi Miyazaki ,
Takeshi Tomiyama ,
Gen Kanaya ,
Yoshifumi Miyama ,
Tomoyoshi Yoshinaga ,
Kunihiro Wakui ,
Masanori Tamaoki  and
Mitsuharu Toba
Katsumasa Yamada*
Affiliation:
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Taira-machi, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan
Katsumi Miyazaki
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
Takeshi Tomiyama
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
Gen Kanaya
Affiliation:
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
Yoshifumi Miyama
Affiliation:
Tokyo Bay Fisheries Laboratory, Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 3091 Okubo, Futtsu, Chiba 293-0042, Japan
Tomoyoshi Yoshinaga
Affiliation:
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
Kunihiro Wakui
Affiliation:
Fukushima Prefectural Fisheries office, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8026, Japan
Masanori Tamaoki
Affiliation:
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
Mitsuharu Toba
Affiliation:
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: K. Yamada, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Taira-machi, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan. email: k.yamada@affrc.go.jp
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Abstract

Nymphonella tapetis (Pycnogonida, Ascorhynchidae) is an endoparasitic sea spider affecting bivalves. Recently, sea spiders have been found on a massive scale in the commercially important Manila clams (Veneridae, Ruditapes philippinarum) in Japan (Tokyo Bay). Simultaneously, mass mortality has occurred in this area. Local fishers assumed that this mass mortality was caused by the parasitic sea spider, despite the effect of the parasite and parasite intensity on the host being unknown. To evaluate the susceptibility of the Manila clam to sea spider infestation and the impact on mortality levels, we established six treatments at different infection intensities (density of newly hatched larvae of sea spiders) over a 6-month long laboratory experiment. We monitored mortality and three susceptibility indices (clearance rate, sand-burrowing speed and adductor muscle strength) under sufficient food conditions. Parasitization by sea spider affected clearance rate and sand-burrowing speed. The pattern of parasitic intensity effects on survival of Manila clam hosts was shown to be dependent on the levels of parasite numbers, i.e. clams with lower parasitic levels (total of <200 hatching larvae of sea spider given to a host) have a higher survival rate, and high mortality of host clams was shown in excessively higher parasitic densities (400–4000 individuals). Such pattern of parasitic effects on host survival might be one of the causes of mass mortality of Manila clams occurring in the field.

Keywords

Clam fisheryendoparasitehost-parasite interactionmortalityparasite intensitysublethal impact
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 98 , Issue 4 , June 2018 , pp. 735 - 742
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2017 

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