Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:50:19.717Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Morphological re-description of Aplysia depilans (Gastropoda: Anaspidea): new insights into the anatomy of the anaspideans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2018

Carlo M. Cunha Open the ORCID record for Carlo M. Cunha [Opens in a new window]  and
Luiz Ricardo L. Simone
Carlo M. Cunha*
Affiliation:
Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Ave. Conselheiro Nébias 536, 11045-002, Santos, SP, Brazil
Luiz Ricardo L. Simone
Affiliation:
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Ave. Nazaré 481, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Carlo M. Cunha Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Ave. Conselheiro Nébias 536, 11045-002, Santos, SP, Brazil email: carlomagenta@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Although Aplysia depilans is a widely known European species and the type species of the genus, the distinctions that separate it from other related congeners are not entirely clear. Aimed at improving this scenario, a detailed morphological description is performed herein, showing some unprecedented and useful features. Based on our anatomical examination, this study has found the opaline gland to be dark in colour, as well as a metapodium with an indistinctly delimited pedal sucker, a crop divided into two equal chambers of similar volume by a circular muscle, gizzard plates arranged in groups, and a peculiar penial sheath structure. All of these characters appear to be significantly different from the other species, based on a review of the anatomical literature and several examined samples of ongoing studies. Our central objective is to provide new data on the anatomy of the type species of Aplysiidae; and, based on topological evidence, to propose a new terminology and possible homologies to some important characters, such as parapodia lobation, cephalic tentacles, crop, penial sheath, gizzard plates and visceral ganglion in anaspideans, for future phylogenetic analysis. The subgenus Subaplysia Medina, Collins & Walsh, 2005 is regarded as a junior synonym of subgenus Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767.

Keywords

HeterobranchiaAplysiidaecomparative morphologygross anatomydissectionsystematics
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 99 , Issue 3 , May 2019 , pp. 595 - 610
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, A. (1861) On some new species of Mollusca from the north of China and Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8, 135–142.Google Scholar
Adams, A. and Reeve, L. (1850) Mollusca. In Adams, A. (ed.) The zoology of the voyage of HMS Samarang: under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., F.R.A.S., F.G.S. during the years 1843–46. London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve, pp. 25–87, pl. 7–24.Google Scholar
Allan, J.K. (1932) A new genus and species of sea-slug, and two new species of sea-hares from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 18, 314–320.Google Scholar
Baba, K. (1937) Opisthobranchia of Japan (I). Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University 5, 195–236.Google Scholar
Baba, K. (1938) Opisthobranchia of Kii, Middle Japan. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Kyusyu Imperial University 6, 1–19.Google Scholar
Baba, K. (1959) The genus Petalifera and a new species, P. ramosa, from Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 7, 43–44.Google Scholar
Bartsch, P. and Rehder, H.A. (1939) Mollusks collected on the presidential cruise of 1938. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 98, 1–18.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. (1969) Bursatella leachi guineensis subsp. nov. (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) from Ghana. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 38, 323–341.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. (1970) Aplysiid species from Malta with notes on the Mediterranean Aplysiomorpha (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 38, 25–46.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. (1974) Aplysiid species from East Africa with notes on the Indian Ocean Aplysiomorpha (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 54, 63–99.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. (1975) On a collection of Aplysia species from Naples with a note on the distribution of Aplysia parvula (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) in the Mediterranean. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 39, 121–128.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. (1977) Aplysiid species from eastern Australia with notes on the Pacific Ocean Aplysiomorpha (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 34, 87–147.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. and Brown, G.H. (1975) Aplysia parvula Guilding in Morch, an opisthobranch new to the British fauna. Journal of Conchology 28, 329–333.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. and Thompson, T.E. (1968) Note sur les Opisthobranches du Bassin d'Arcachon. Actes de la Société linnéenne de Bordeaux 105, 1–35.Google Scholar
Beeman, R.D. (1960) A new tectibranch, Aplysia reticulopoda, from the southern California coast. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 59, 144–152.Google Scholar
Bouchet, P. (2010) Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809. In Molluscabase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=172 (accessed 13 November 2016).Google Scholar
Bouchet, P. and Gofas, S. (2010) Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767. In Molluscabase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137654 (accessed 13 November 2016).Google Scholar
Brace, R.C. (1977a) Shell attachment and associated musculature in the Notaspidea and Anaspidea (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 34, 27–43.Google Scholar
Brace, R.C. (1977b) The functional anatomy of the mantle complex and columellar muscle of tectibranch molluscs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), and its bearing on the evolution of opisthobranch organization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 277, 1–56.Google Scholar
Brand, A.R. (1972) The mechanism of blood circulation in Anodonta anatina (L.) (Bivalvia, Unionidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 56, 361–379.Google Scholar
Carefoot, T.H. (1987) Aplysia: its biology and ecology. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 25, 167–284.Google Scholar
Carew, T.J. (2000) Behavioral neurobiology: the cellular organization of natural behavior. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Cooper, J.G. (1863) On new or rare mollusca inhabiting the coast of California – No. II. Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Science 3, 56–60.Google Scholar
Cossignani, T. and Ardovini, R. (2011) Malacologia Mediterranea. Atlante delle conchiglie del Mediterraneo. 7.500 foto a colori. Ancona: L'Informatore Piceno, 537 pp.Google Scholar
Cossignani, T., Cossignani, V., Nisio, A.D. and Passamonti, M. (1992) Atlante delle conchiglie del Medio Adriatico. Ancona: L'informatore Piceno Ed, 120 pp.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G. (1803) Memoire sur le genre Laplysia. Nouvelles annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 2, 287–314, t. 1–4.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G. (1817) Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée. Paris: Deterville, vol. 4, 255 pp.Google Scholar
Dall, W.H. (1900) On a genus (Phyllaplysia) new to the Pacific coast. The Nautilus 14, 91–92.Google Scholar
Dall, W.H. and Simpson, C.T. (1901) The Mollusca of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 20, 351–524.Google Scholar
Dayrat, B. and Tillier, S. (2000) Taxon sampling, character sampling and systematics: how gradist presuppositions created additional ganglia in gastropod euthyneuran taxa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, 403–418.Google Scholar
Dayrat, B. and Tillier, S. (2002) Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, 403–470.Google Scholar
de Blainville, H.M.D. (1817) Bursatella. In Cuvier, F. (ed.) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. Paris: Levrault, Strasbourg & Le Normant, vol. 5, supplement, p. 138.Google Scholar
d'Orbigny, A. (1837) Mollusques. In Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale. Paris: P. Bertrand, vol. 5, 758 pp.Google Scholar
Eales, N.B. (1921) Aplysia. In LMBC memories. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 84 pp.Google Scholar
Eales, N.B. (1944) Aplysiids from the Indian Ocean, with a review of the family Aplysiidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 26, 1–22.Google Scholar
Eales, N.B. (1957) Aplysiids from West Africa, with description of a new species, Aplysia winneba. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 32, 179–183.Google Scholar
Eales, N.B. (1960) Revision of the world species of Aplysia (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Bulletin of the British Museum Zoology 5, 1–404.Google Scholar
Engel, H. and Eales, N.B. (1957) The species of Aplysia belonging to the subgenus Tullia Pruvot-Fol, 1933: on a generic character in statu nacendi. Beufortia 6, 83–114.Google Scholar
Engel, H. and Hummelinck, P.W. (1936) Ueber westindische Aplysiidae und verwandten anderer Gebiete. Capita Zoologica 8, 1–75.Google Scholar
Enriques, P. (1902) Il fegato dei molluschi. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 15, 281–406.Google Scholar
Fretter, V. and Ko, B.H. (1979) The specialization of the Aplysiid gut. Malacologia 18, 7–11.Google Scholar
Fujisawa, Y., Furukawa, Y., Ohta, S., Ellis, T.A., Dembrow, N.C., Li, L., Floyd, P.D., Sweedler, J.V., Minakata, H., Nakamaru, K., Morishita, F., Matsushima, O., Weiss, K.R. and Vilim, F.S. (1999) The Aplysia mytilus inhibitory peptide-related peptides: identification, cloning, processing, distribution, and action. Journal of Neuroscience 13, 9618–9634.Google Scholar
Garcia, F.J. and Garcia-Gomez, J.C. (1988) Estudio anatomico del sistema nervioso de Armina maculata Rafinesque, 1814 (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Arminacea). Iberus 8, 75–87.Google Scholar
Gmelin, J.F. (1791) Vermes. In Gmelin, J.F. (ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta Reformata, Tome 1, Pars 6 (Vermes). Lipsiae (Leipzig): G.E. Beer, pp. 3021–3910.Google Scholar
Göbbeler, K. and Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Euthyneura (Mollusca, Gastropoda) with special focus on Opisthobranchia as a framework for reconstruction of evolution of diet. Thalassas 27, 121–154.Google Scholar
Gosliner, T.M. (1994) Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia. In Harrison, F. and Kohn, A. (eds) Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, Mollusca. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, vol. 5, pp. 253–355.Google Scholar
Grande, C., Templado, J., Cervera, J.L. and Zardoya, R. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) based on mitochondrial cox 1, trnV, and rrnL genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 378–388.Google Scholar
Grigg, U.R. (1949) The occurrence of British Aplysia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 28, 795–805.Google Scholar
Guiart, J. (1901) Contribution à l’étude des gastéropodes opisthobranches et en particulier des céphalaspides. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 14, 1–219.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, H. (1939) Opisthobranchia. In Bronns, H.G. (ed.) Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. 3. Band: Mollusca, II. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1247 pp.Google Scholar
Howells, H.H. (1942) The structure and function of the alimentary canal of Aplysia punctata. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 83, 357–397.Google Scholar
Huber, G. (1993) On the cerebral nervous system of marine Heterobranchia (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 59, 381–420.Google Scholar
Jacklet, J.W., Peretz, B. and Strumwasser, F. (1970) Synaptic influences on identified neurons in an aberrant parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 66, 318–325.Google Scholar
Johnson, P.M. and Willows, A.O.D. (1999) Defense in sea hares (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Anaspidea): multiple layers of protection from egg to adult. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 32, 147–180.Google Scholar
Jörger, K.M., Neusser, T.P., Haszprunar, G. and Schrödl, M. (2008) Undersized and underestimated: 3D-visualization of the Mediterranean interstitial acochlidian gastropod Pontohedyle milaschewitchii (Kowalevsky, 1901). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 8, 194–214.Google Scholar
Jörger, K.M., Stöger, I., Kano, Y., Fukuda, H., Knebelsberger, T. and Schrödl, M. (2010) On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods and implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 323.Google Scholar
Jung, L.H., Kavanaugh, S.I., Sun, B. and Tsai, P.S. (2014) Localization of a molluscan gonadotropin-releasing hormone in Aplysia californica by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. General and Comparative Endocrinology 195, 132–137.Google Scholar
Kandel, E. (1979) Behavioral biology of Aplysia. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.Google Scholar
Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H. and Jessell, T.M. (2000) Principles of neural science, 4th edn. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Kandel, E.R. and Tauc, L. (1965) Heterosynaptic facilitation in neurones of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia depilans. Journal of Physiology 181, 1–27.Google Scholar
Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2004) Phylogeny of the Aplysiidae (Gastropoda, opisthobranchia) with new aspects of the evolution of seahares. Zoologica Scripta 33, 439–462.Google Scholar
Klussmann-Kolb, A., Croll, R.P. and Staubach, S. (2013) Use of axonal projection patterns for the homologisation of cerebral nerves in Opisthobranchia, (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Frontiers in Zoology 10, 20.Google Scholar
Klussmann-Kolb, A. and Dinapoli, A. (2006) Systematic position of the pelagic Thecosomata and Gymnosomata within Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) – revival of the Pteropoda. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 44, 118–129.Google Scholar
Kodirov, S.A. (2011) The neuronal control of cardiac functions in Molluscs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A – Molecular and Integrative Physiology 160, 102–116.Google Scholar
Kriegstein, A.R. (1977) Development of the nervous system of Aplysia californica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74, 375–378.Google Scholar
Lemche, H. (1956) The anatomy and histology of Cylichna. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 16, 1–278.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, J. (1786) A Catalogue of the Portland Museum, lately the property of the Duchess Dowager of Portland, deceased; which will be sold by auction by Mr. Skinner & Co. London, viii + 194 pp.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, 12th edn. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, vol 1 (pt 2), pp. 533–1327.Google Scholar
Lobo-da-Cunha, A. (1999) Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the basophilic cells in the hepatopancreas of Aplysia depilans (Mollusca, Opistobranchia). Tissue and Cell 31, 8–16.Google Scholar
Lobo-da-Cunha, A. (2000) The digestive cells of the hepatopancreas in Aplysia depilans (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia): ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Tissue and Cell 32, 9–57.Google Scholar
Lobo-da-Cunha, A. (2001) Ultrastructural and histochemical study of the salivary glands of Aplysia depilans (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Acta Zoologica 82, 201–212.Google Scholar
Lobo-da-Cunha, A. (2002) Cytochemical localization of lysosomal enzymes and acidic mucopolysaccharides in the salivary glands of Aplysia depilans (Opisthobranchia). Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 34, 217–225.Google Scholar
Lobo-da-Cunha, A. and Batista-Pinto, C. (2003) Stomach cells of Aplysia depilans (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia): a histochemical, ultrastructural, and cytochemical study. Journal of Morphology 256, 360–370.Google Scholar
Lobo-da-Cunha, A. and Batista-Pinto, C. (2005) Light and electron microscopy studies of the oesophagus and crop epithelium in Aplysia depilans (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Tissue and Cell 37, 447–456.Google Scholar
Lobo-da-Cunha, A. and Batista-Pinto, C. (2007) Ultrastructural, histochemical and cytochemical characterization of intestinal epithelial cells in Aplysia depilans (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Acta Zoologica 88, 211–221.Google Scholar
Macfarland, F.M. (1909) The Opisthobranchiate Mollusca of the Branner-Agassiz expedition to Brazil. Leland Stanford Junior University Publications; University Series 2, 5–104.Google Scholar
Malaquias, M.A.E., Mackenzie-Dodds, J., Bouchet, P., Gosliner, T. and Reid, D.G. (2009) A molecular phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Euthyneura): Architectibranchia redefined and Runcinacea reinstated. Zoologica Scripta 38, 23–41.Google Scholar
Malaquias, M.A.E. and Reid, D.G. (2008) Systematic revision of the Recent species of Bullidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea), with a molecular phylogenetic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153, 453–543.Google Scholar
Marcus, Er. (1955) Opisthobranchia from Brazil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Zoologia 20, 89–200.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ev. (1972) On the Anaspidea (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) of the warm waters of the Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science 22, 841–874.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ev. and Marcus, Er. (1955) Sea-hares and side-gilled slugs from Brazil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 6, 3–49.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ev. and Marcus, Er. (1957a) On Phyllaplysia engeli. Basteria 21, 53–66.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ev. and Marcus, Er. (1957b) Notes on Aplysia. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 8, 3–22.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ev. and Marcus, Er. (1961) On the occurrence of Stylocheilus citrinus (Opisthobranchia, Anaspidea) in Brazilian waters. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 35, 16–19.Google Scholar
Marcus, Ev. and Marcus, Er. (1967) Opisthobranchs from the southwestern Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 17, 597–628.Google Scholar
Martinez, E. (1996) On Petalifera petalifera (Rang, 1828) (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia): new anatomical and geographical data. Journal of Molluscan Studies 62, 243–250.Google Scholar
Martinez, E. and Ortea, J. (2002) On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 and Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea). Iberus 20, 11–21.Google Scholar
Mazzarelli, G. (1890) Ricerche sulla morfologia e fisiologia della glandola del Bohadsch nelle Aplysiidae (Glandula opalina del Vayssière) e diagnosi di una nuova specie di Aplysia. Atti della Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche di Napoli 2, 1–14.Google Scholar
Mazzarelli, G. (1891) Ricerche sulla morfologia e fisiologia dell’ apparato riproduttore nelle Aplysiae del Golfo di Napoli. Atti della Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche di Napoli 4 (Suppl), 1–50.Google Scholar
Mazzarelli, G. (1893) Monographia delle Aplysiidae del Golfo di Napoli. Memorie della Societa Italiana delle Scienze 9, 1–222.Google Scholar
Medina, M., Collins, T.M. and Walsh, P.J. (2001) mtDNA ribosomal gene phylogeny of sea hares in the genus Aplysia (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Anaspidea): implications for comparative neurobiology. Systematic Biology 50, 676–688.Google Scholar
Medina, M., Collins, T.M. and Walsh, P.J. (2005) Phylogeny of sea hares in the Aplysia clade based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Bulletin of Marine Science 76, 691–698.Google Scholar
Medina, M. and Walsh, P.J. (2000) Molecular systematics of the order Anaspidea based on mitochondrial DNA sequences (12S, 16S, and COI). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15, 41–58.Google Scholar
Mikkelsen, P.M. (1996) The evolutionary relationships of Cephalaspidea s.l. (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia): a phylogenetic analysis. Malacologia 37, 375–442.Google Scholar
Mörch, O.A.L. (1863) Contributions à la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie 11, 21–43.Google Scholar
Morton, J.E. and Holme, N.A. (1955) The occurrence at Plymouth of the opistobranch Akera bullata, with notes on its habits and relationships. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 34, 101–112.Google Scholar
Müller, O.F. (1776) Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularium. Copenhagen: Hafniae, Typiis Hallageriis, xxii+274 pp.Google Scholar
Narusuye, K., Hamaguchi, A. and Nagahama, T. (2013) Activity changes in jaw motor neurons induced by egg-laying hormone contribute to the feeding suppression during egg-laying behavior in Aplysia kurodai. Neuroscience Research 76, 31–41.Google Scholar
Nusnbaum, M., Aggio, J.F. and Derby, C.D. (2012) Taste-mediated behavioral and electrophysiological responses by the predatory fish Ariopsis felis to deterrent pigments from Aplysia californica ink. Journal of Comparative Physiology A – Neuroethology Sensory and Behavioral Physiology 198, 283–294.Google Scholar
Nusnbaum, M. and Derby, C.D. (2010) Effects of sea hare ink secretion and its escapin-generated components on a variety of predatory fishes. Biological Bulletin 218, 282–292.Google Scholar
Pilsbry, H.A. (1895) Philinidae, Gastropteridae, Aglajidae, Aplysiidae, Oxynoeidae, Runcinidae, Umbraculidae, Pleurobranchidae. Manual of Conchology 16(62), 49–112, pls. 17–31.Google Scholar
Pilsbry, H.A. (1951) Aplysia badistes, a peculiar Floridan sea-hare. Notulae Naturae 240, 1–6.Google Scholar
Philippi, R.A. (1836) Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae. Berolini: Simonis Schropii et Sociorum, xiv+267 pp.Google Scholar
Poddubetskaia, M. (2003) Aplysia depilans (?) from Senegal. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/10333.Google Scholar
Poiret, J.L.M. (1789) Voyage en Barbarie, ou Lettres Ecrites del'Ancienne Numidie pendant les Années 1785 et 1786, avec un Essai sur l'Histoire naturelle de ce Pays. Paris: J. B. F. Née de la Rochelle, 2(1), 1–315.Google Scholar
Pruvot-Fol, A. (1933) Les opisthobranches de Quoy & Gaimard. Annales Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle 11, 13–92.Google Scholar
Pruvot-Fol, A. (1954) Faune de France. 58. Mollusques Opisthobranches. Paris: Paul Lechevalier, 460 pp.Google Scholar
Quattrini, D. (1967) Structure and ultrastructure of the molluscan prostate. 4. Observations on Aplysia depilans Gmelin (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia). Monitore Zoologico Italiano 1, 235–259.Google Scholar
Quoy, J.R. and Gaimard, J.P. (1825) Zoologie [in] Freycinet, L. Voyage autour du monde entrepris par ordre du Roy sur les corvettes de S.M. l'Uranies et la Physicienne pendant les annees 1817–20. Zoologie 2, 410–516.Google Scholar
Quoy, J.R. and Gaimard, J.P. (1832) Voyage de decouvertes de L'Astrolabe pendant les annees 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandement de M.J. Dumont D'Urville. Zoologie 2, 1–686.Google Scholar
Rang, S. (1828) Historie naturalle des Aplysiens, premiere famille de l'ordre des Tectibranches. Paris: Didot, 83 pp.Google Scholar
Revell, D. (2002) Stylocheilus striatus – life history studies. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/6192.Google Scholar
Risbec, J. (1928) Etude anatomique des gastéropodes Tectibranches de la presqu’île de Nouméa, avec description de cinq espèces nouvelles. Archives du muséum d'histoire naturelle 3, 37–68.Google Scholar
Rosenbluth, J. (1963) The visceral ganglion of Aplysia californica. Cell and Tissue Research 60, 213–236.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (1999a) Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/aplydepi.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (1999b) Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786). In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/dolaauri.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (1999c) Syphonota geographica (Adams & Reeve, 1850). In Sea Slug Forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/syphgeog.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (2003a) Comment on Aplysia parvula from Senegal by Marina & Patrice. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/9803.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (2003b) Dolabella brazieri from northern New South Wales. Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/9784.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (2004) Anaspidea – gizzard. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/anasgizz.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (2006) Comment on Sea hares on floating pumice by Kathe R. Jensen. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/19091.Google Scholar
Rudman, W.B. (2007) Comment on Re: Aplysia fasciata and A. punctata from antibes by dominique horst. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/21050.Google Scholar
Saad, L., Cunha, C.M., Colpo, K.D. and Valdés, Á. (2014) It's not what it looks like: molecular data fails to substantiate morphological differences in two sea hares (Mollusca, Heterobranchia, Aplysiidae) from southern Brazil. Helgoland Marine Research 68, 523–530.Google Scholar
Seo, E., Ohishi, K., Maruyama, T., Imaizumi-Ohashi, Y., Murakami, M. and Seo, Y. (2014) Testing the constant-volume hypothesis by magnetic resonance imaging of Mytilus galloprovincialis heart. Journal of Experimental Biology 217, 964–973.Google Scholar
Silva, J.P. (2001) Aplysia from Portugal. In: Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/5645.Google Scholar
Simone, L.R.L. (2011) Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca) based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42, 161–323.Google Scholar
Souza, M.M. and Scemes, E. (2000) Volume changes in cardiac ventricles from Aplysia brasiliana upon exposure to hyposmotic shock. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A – Molecular and Integrative Physiology 127, 99–111.Google Scholar
Souza, M.M., Stucchi-Zucchi, A., Cassola, A.C. and Scemes, E. (2002) Electrophysiology of cardiac myocytes of Aplysia brasiliana. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A – Molecular and Integrative Physiology 133, 161–168.Google Scholar
Sowerby, G.B. II (1870) Descriptions of forty-eight new species of shells. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1870, 249–259.Google Scholar
Thompson, T.E. (1976) Biology of opisthobranch molluscs I. London: Ray Society, 206 pp.Google Scholar
Thompson, T.E. and Bebbington, A. (1969) Structure and function of the reproductive organs of three species of Aplysia (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Malacologia 7, 347–380.Google Scholar
Thompson, T.E. and Brown, G.H. (1984) Biology of opisthobranch Molluscs. London: Ray Society, vol. 2, 229 pp.Google Scholar
Vonnemann, V., Schrödl, M., Klussmann-Kolb, A. and Wägele, H. (2005) Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) by means of 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences. Journal of Molluscan Studies 71, 113–125.Google Scholar
Wägele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Verbeek, E. and Schrödl, M. (2014) Flashback and foreshadowing – a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 14, 133–149.Google Scholar
Williams, G.C. and Gosliner, T.M. (1973) A new species of Anaspidean Opisthobranch from the Gulf of California. Veliger 16, 216–232.Google Scholar
Winkler, L.R. (1955) A new species of Aplysia on the southern California coast. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 54, 5–7.Google Scholar
Wirz, K. (1952) Remarques sur l'evolution du syste`me nerveux des Opisthobranches. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale 88, 162–177.Google Scholar
Zhang, D.Y. (2009) Re: Bursatella leachii subspecies. In Sea slug forum. Available from http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/22564.Google Scholar
Zuccardi, R. (1890) Ricerche anatomiche sull'apparato digerente delle Aplysiae del Golfo di Napoli. Bollettino della Società dei naturalisti in Napoli ser. 1, 4, 5–14.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Cunha and Simone supplementary material

Cunha and Simone supplementary material 1

Download Cunha and Simone supplementary material(File)
File 6.8 MB