Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T16:52:11.786Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Procedures for Calculating the Osmotic Coefficient of Artificial Sea Waters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2009

M. Whitfield
M. Whitfield
Affiliation:
The Plymouth Laboratory
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Recent equations for calculating the osmotic coefficient of sea water from the properties of the component single-electrolyte solutions are discussed. Two equations are introduced that together provide accurate predictions of the osmotic coefficient of sea water for ionic strengths up to 4 M (equivalent to a fivefold concentration of standard sea water). Since they take into account the detailed solution composition these equations should be useful for calculating the osmotic coefficients of estuarine waters and of biological salines where procedures based on curve fitting to standard sea-water data may be inapplicable. Extensions of the calculations to cover a wide pressure and temperature range are discussed in some detail.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 53 , Issue 3 , August 1973 , pp. 685 - 693
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bates, R. G., 1964. Determination of pH, 406 pp. London: Interscience.Google Scholar
Brønsted, J. N., 1922. Studies on solubility. IV. Principle of the specific interaction of ions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 44, 877–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, H. L., 1962. Ionic solution theory, 265 pp. London: Interscience.Google Scholar
Gibbard, H. F. & Scatchard, G., 1973. Vapour-liquid equilibria of synthetic sea water solutions from 25°C to 100°C. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, (in the press.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guggenheim, E. A., 1935. The specific thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes. Philosophical Magazine, 19, 588–643.Google Scholar
Guggenheim, E. A., 1936. Specific thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of uni-univa-lent electrolytes. Philosophical Magazine, 22, 322–26.Google Scholar
Guggenheim, E. A. & Turgeon, J. C., 1955. Specific interaction of ions. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 51, 747–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamer, W. J., 1968. Theoretical mean activity coefficients of strong electrolytes in aqueous solution from 0° to 100°C. In National Standard Data Reference Series (NSRDS-NBS24). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office.Google Scholar
Harned, H. S. & Owen, B. B., 1958. The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions. American Chemical Society. Monograph No. 137. New York: Reinhold.Google Scholar
Hills, G. J. & Ovenden, P. J., 1966. Electrochemistry at high pressures. Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, 4, 185–248.Google Scholar
Kielland, J., 1937. Individual activity coefficients of ions in aqueous solutions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 59, 1675–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, T. S., 1959. Chemical equilibrium and the thermodynamics of reactions. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry (Eds Kolthoff, I. M. and Elving, P. J.). Part I, 1, 230–54. New York: Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. N. & Randall, M., 1961. Thermodynamics (revised by Pitzer, K. S. and Brewer, L.), 723 pp. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Leyendekkers, J. V., 1973. The chemical potentials of sea water components. Marine Chemistry, 1, 75–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millero, F. J., 1972. The partial molal volumes of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. In: Water and Aqueous Solutions, ed. Home, R. A., 519–95. New York: Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Parsons, R., 1959. Handbook of electrochemical constants. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Reilly, P. J., Wood, R. H. & Robinson, R. A., 1971. The prediction of osmotic and activity coefficients in mixed electrolyte solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 75, 1305–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, R. A., 1954. The vapour pressure and osmotic equivalence of sea water. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 33, 449–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, R. A. & Stokes, R. H., 1965. Electrolyte Solutions. (2nd revised edition.) London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Robinson, R. A. & Wood, R. H., 1973. Calculations of the osmotic and activity coefficients of sea water at 25°C. Journal of Solution Chemistry, 1, 481–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rush, R. M. & Johnson, J. S., 1966. Osmotic coefficients of synthetic sea water solutions at 25°C. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 11, 590–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scatchard, G., Rush, R. M. & Johnson, J. S., 1970. Osmotic and activity coefficients for binary mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and magnesium chloride in water at 25°C. III. Treatment with ions as components. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 74, 3786–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoughton, R. W., Lietzke, M. H. & White, R. J., 1964. Calculation of vapour pressure of sea water concentrates from activity coefficient parameters of sodium chloride solutions. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 39, 109–12.Google Scholar
Stoughton, R. W. & Lietzke, M. H., 1965. Calculation of some thermodynamic properties of sea salt solutions at elevated temperatures from data on NaCl solutions. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 3, 254–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalley, E., 1966. Effect of pressure on the refractive and dielectric properties of solids and liquids. Advances in High Pressure Research, 1, 168.Google Scholar
Whitfield, M., 1973 a. A comprehensive specific interaction model for sea water. Calculation of the osmotic coefficient. Deep-Sea Research. (In the press.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitfield, M., 1973 b. A chemical model for the major electrolyte component of sea water based on the Brønsted-Guggenheim hypothesis. Marine Chemistry, (in the press.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar