Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:02:27.723Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Quantitative analyses of decapod crustaceans at a rocky intertidal shore in the Gulf of Oman, Iran: diversity, zonation and monsoonal fluctuations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2018

Saeed Ebrahimnezhad  and
Reza Naderloo
Saeed Ebrahimnezhad
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
Reza Naderloo*
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: R. Naderloo, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran email: rnaderloo@ut.ac.ir
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper provides data on diversity, zonation and seasonal fluctuations of decapod crustaceans at the northern Gulf of Oman coast, based on quantitative and qualitative samplings. A total of 75 species belonging to four infraorders, 27 families and 48 genera were identified. These species include 20 new records for the entire Gulf of Oman and 13 new records for its Iranian coast. The mid-intertidal zone showed a higher mean diversity and abundance than high- and low-intertidal zones. The mean diversity and abundance in the high-intertidal zone showed significant differences with the mid- and low-intertidal zones. The indices of species richness (Margalef), diversity (Shannon) and evenness (Pielou) showed significant differences among the intertidal zones. Most of the identified species (>60%) that had high values in their frequency of occurrence and relative abundance showed an overlapping vertical distribution, and were present in all three or just in two of the three defined zones. Other species were found only in one of the three zones (non-overlapping vertical distribution). The decapod community in the mid-intertidal zone showed a higher dissimilarity with the high-intertidal zone than with the low-intertidal. Both abundance and diversity were found to be lowest and highest during south-west and north-east monsoons, respectively. During south-west monsoon, the abundance of decapods declined dramatically, but species diversity and ecological indices did not show any statistically significant difference among the sampling periods.

Keywords

BiodiversityCrustaceaDecapodaenvironmental factorsmonsoonnorthern Indian Ocean
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 99 , Issue 2 , March 2019 , pp. 445 - 459
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Achituv, Y. and Ziskind, M. (1985) Adaptation of Coenobita scaevola (Forskal) (Crustacea, Anomura) to terrestrial life in desert-bordered shore line. Marine Ecology Progress Series 25, 189–197.Google Scholar
Airoldi, L. (2003) The effects of sedimentation on rocky coast assemblages. In Atkinson, R. and Gibson, R. (eds) Oceanography and marine biology: an annual review. London: CRC Press, pp. 161–236.Google Scholar
Akbari, P., Sadrinasab, M., Chegini, V. and Siadatmousavi, M. (2016) Tidal constituents in the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea: a numerical study. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 45, 1010–1016.Google Scholar
Apel, M. (1994) Effects of the 1991 Gulf War oil spill on the crab fauna of intertidal mudflats in the Western Arabian Gulf. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 166, 40–46.Google Scholar
Ardalan, M., Sari, A., Rezvani-Gilkolaei, S. and Pourkazemi, M. (2010) Phylogeny of Iranian coastal lobsters inferred from mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 62, 331–338.Google Scholar
Arruda Bezerra, L.E., Braga Dias, C., Ximenes Santana, G. and Matthews-Cascon, H. (2006) Spatial distribution of fiddler crabs (genus Uca) in a tropical mangrove of northeast Brazil. Scientia Marina 70, 759–766.Google Scholar
Bakus, G.J. (2007) Quantitative analysis of marine biological communities: field biology and environment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Basson, P.W., Burchard, J. Jr, Hardy, J.T. and Price, A.R. (1977) Biotopes of the western Arabian Gulf; marine life and environments of Saudi Arabia. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia: Aramco Department of Loss Prevention and Environmental Affairs.Google Scholar
Berkenbusch, K. and Rowden, A. (2003) Ecosystem engineering – moving away from ‘just-so’ stories. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 27, 67–73. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24058163.Google Scholar
Blanchette, C., Wieters, E., Broitman, B., Kinlan, B. and Schiel, D. (2009) Trophic structure and diversity in rocky intertidal upwelling ecosystems: a comparison of community patterns across California, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand. Progress in Oceanography 83, 107–116. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.038.Google Scholar
Bosman, A., Hockey, P. and Siegfried, W. (1987) The influence of coastal upwelling on the functional structure of rocky intertidal communities. Oecologia 72, 226–232. doi: 10.1007/Bf00379273.Google Scholar
Boudreau, S.A. and Worm, B. (2012) Ecological role of large benthic decapods in marine ecosystems: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series 469, 195–213. doi: 10.3354/meps09862.Google Scholar
Brierley, A.S. and Kingsford, M.J. (2009) Impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems. Current Biology 19, 602–614. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.046.Google Scholar
Brink, K., Arnone, R., Coble, P., Flagg, C., Jones, B., Kindle, J., Lee, C., Phinney, D., Wood, M. and Yentsch, C. (1998) Monsoons boost biological productivity in Arabian Sea. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 79, 165–169.Google Scholar
Cartes, J.E. and Sardà, F. (1993) Zonation of deep-sea decapod fauna in the Catalan Sea (western Mediterranean). Marine Ecology Progress Series 94, 27–34. doi: 10.3354/Meps094027.Google Scholar
Chapman, A.S., Albrecht, A.S. and Fletcher, R.L. (2002) Differential effects of sediments on survival and growth of Fucus serratus embryos (fucales, phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 38, 894–903. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.t01-1-02025.x.Google Scholar
Chavanich, S. and Wilson, K.A. (2000) Rocky intertidal zonation of gammaridean amphipods in Long Island Sound, Connecticut. Crustaceana 73, 835–846. doi: 10.1163/156854000504840.Google Scholar
Chiffings, A.W. (1995) Arabian Seas. In Bleakley, C., Kelleher, G. and Wells, S. (eds) A global representative system of Marine Protected Areas, Volume 3. Central Indian Ocean, Arabian Seas, East Africa and East Asian Seas. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 39–70.Google Scholar
Clarke, K.R. and Gorley, R.N. (2006) PRIMER v6: user manual/tutorial. Plymouth: Plymouth Marine Laboratory.Google Scholar
Coles, S.L. (2003) Coral species diversity and environmental factors in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman: a comparison to the Indo-Pacific region. Atoll Research Bulletin 507, 1–19.Google Scholar
Connell, J.H. (1961) Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecological Monographs 31, 61–104.Google Scholar
De Grave, S., Pentcheff, D., Ahyong, S.T., Chan, T.-Y., Crandall, K.A. and Dworschak, P.C. (2009) A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 21, 1–109.Google Scholar
Ellis, D.V. (2003) Rocky shore intertidal zonation as a means of monitoring and assessing shoreline biodiversity recovery. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 305–307. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326x(02)00323-5.Google Scholar
Fazeli, N. and Zare, R. (2011) Effect of seasonal monsoons on calanoid copepod in Chabahar Bay-Gulf of Oman. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 4, 1–170.Google Scholar
Fly, E.K., Monaco, C.J., Pincebourde, S. and Tullis, A. (2012) The influence of intertidal location and temperature on the metabolic cost of emersion in Pisaster ochraceus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 422, 20–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2012.04.007.Google Scholar
Foster, K., Foster, G., Al-Cibahy, A.S., Al-Harthi, S., Purkis, S.J. and Riegl, B.M. (2012) Environmental setting and temporal trends in southeastern Gulf coral communities. In Riegl, B. and Purkis, S.J. (eds) Coral reefs of the Gulf. Amsterdam: Springer, pp. 51–70.Google Scholar
Freitag, H. (2005) Longitudinal zonation patterns and determinants in Decapoda (Crustacea) in rivers of Palawan Island, Philippines. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement vol., Monographic studies 151, 243–267.Google Scholar
Grant, J. and McDonald, J. (1979) Desiccation tolerance of Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith) (Decapoda: Xanthidae) and the exploitation of microhabitat. Estuaries 2, 172–177. doi: 10.2307/1351731.Google Scholar
Gregory, L.P., Campbell, M.L., Primo, C. and Hewitt, C.L. (2012) Biotic and abiotic factors affecting the Tasmanian distribution and density of the introduced New Zealand porcelain crab Petrolisthes elongatus. Aquatic Invasions 7, 491–501. doi: 10.3391/ai.2012.7.4.006.Google Scholar
Hamzehei, S., Bidokhi, A., Mortazavi, M.S. and Gheiby, A. (2013) Red tide monitoring in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman using MODIS sensor data. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3, 1100–1107.Google Scholar
Harkantra, S.N. and Parulekar, A.H. (1985) Community structure of sand-dwelling macrofauna of an estuarine beach in Goa, India. Marine Ecology Progress Series 30, 291–294.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, F.J., Silliman, B.R., Bazterrica, M.C. and Bertness, M.D. (2007) Predation on the rocky shores of Patagonia, Argentina. Estuaries and Coasts 30, 886–894.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, S., Hussin, W.M.R.W., Kassim, Z., Joni, Z.M., Zakaria, M.Z. and Hajisamae, S. (2006) Seasonal abundance of benthic communities in coral areas of Karah Island, Terengganu, Malaysia. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 6, 129–136.Google Scholar
Jensen, G.C. and Armstrong, D.A. (1991) Intertidal zonation among congeners: factors regulating distribution of porcelain crabs Petrolisthes spp. (Anomura: Porcellanidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 73, 47–60. doi: 10.3354/Meps073047.Google Scholar
Johns, W.E., Jacobs, G.A., Kindle, J.C., Murray, S.P. and Carron, M. (1999) Arabian marginal seas and gulfs. University of Miami RSMAS Technical Report 2000-01. http://mpo.rsmas.miami.edu/~zantopp/AMSG-report.html.Google Scholar
Jones, D.A. and Clayton, D. (1983) The systematics and ecology of crabs belonging to the genera Cleistostoma De Haan and Paracleistostoma De Man on Kuwait mudflats. Crustaceana 45, 183–199.Google Scholar
Jones, P.L. and Shulman, M.J. (2008) Subtidal-intertidal trophic links: American lobsters [Homarus americanus (Milne-Edwards)] forage in the intertidal zone on nocturnal high tides. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 361, 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.05.004.Google Scholar
Kevrekidis, T. (2005) Population dynamics, reproductive biology and productivity of Streblospio shrubsolii (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in different sediments at low salinities in a Mediterranean lagoon (Monolimni lagoon, Northern Aegean). International Review of Hydrobiology 90, 100–121. doi: 10.1002/iroh.200310713.Google Scholar
Knox, G.A. (2000) The ecology of seashores, 1st edn. London: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Macintosh, D. (1988) The ecology and physiology of decapods of mangrove swamps. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 59, 315–341.Google Scholar
Magurran, A.E. (2004) Measuring biological diversity, 1st edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Margalef, R. (1953) Information theory in ecology. International Journal of General Systems 3, 36–71.Google Scholar
McLachlan, A. and Brown, A.C. (2006) The ecology of sandy shores, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mistri, M., Fano, E.A., Ghion, F. and Rossi, R. (2002) Disturbance and community pattern of polychaetes inhabiting Valle Magnavacca (Valli di Comacchio, Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). Marine Ecology 23, 31–49. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02751.x.Google Scholar
Moradmand, M. and Sari, A. (2007) Littoral hermit crabs (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea) from the Gulf of Oman, Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 3, 25–36.Google Scholar
Naderloo, R., Ebrahimnezhad, S. and Sari, A. (2015) Annotated checklist of the decapod crustaceans of the Gulf of Oman, northwestern Indian Ocean. Zootaxa 4028, 397–412. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4028.3.5.Google Scholar
Naderloo, R. and Türkay, M. (2012) Decapod crustaceans of the littoral and shallow sublittoral Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf: faunistics, biodiversity and zoogeography. Zootaxa 3374, 1–67.Google Scholar
Naderloo, R., Türkay, M. and Sari, A. (2013) Intertidal habitats and decapod (Crustacea) diversity of Qeshm Island, a biodiversity hotspot within the Persian Gulf. Marine Biodiversity 43, 445–462. doi: 10.1007/s12526-013-0174-3.Google Scholar
Nagelkerken, I. (2009) Ecological connectivity among tropical coastal ecosystems. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Negromonte, A.O., Araújo, M.D.S.L.C. and Coelho, P.A. (2012) Decapod crustaceans from a marine tropical mangrove ecosystem on the Southern Western Atlantic, Brazil. Nauplius 20, 247–256.Google Scholar
Neves, F.M. and Bemvenuti, C.E. (2006) The ghost crab Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) as a potential indicator of anthropic impact along the Rio Grande do Sul coast, Brazil. Biological Conservation 133, 431–435. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.041.Google Scholar
Ng, P.K., Guinot, D. and Davie, P.J. (2008) Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. No. 17, 1–286.Google Scholar
Nikouyan, A. and Savari, A. (1999) Distribution and biomass of macrobenthic fauna in the Chabahar Bay (North eastern Sea of Oman). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 1, 23–39.Google Scholar
Nybakken, J.W. and Bertness, M.D. (2004) Marine biology: an ecological approach, 6th edn. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.Google Scholar
Ormond, R.F.G. and Banaimoon, S.A. (1994) Ecology of intertidal macroalgal assemblages on the Hadramout coast of southern Yemen, an area of seasonal upwelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 105, 105–120. doi: 10.3354/Meps105105.Google Scholar
Pacheco, A.S., Thiel, M., Uribe, R.A., Campos, L. and Riascos, J.M. (2013) Effects of sympatric predatory crabs Romaleon polyodon and Cancer plebejus (Decapoda, Brachyura, Cancridae) on sublittoral macrobenthic communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 443, 147–154. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.044.Google Scholar
Perkins, M.J., Ng, T.P., Dudgeon, D., Bonebrake, T.C. and Leung, K.M. (2015) Conserving intertidal habitats: what is the potential of ecological engineering to mitigate impacts of coastal structures? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 167, 504–515.Google Scholar
Pielou, E.C. (1969) An introduction to mathematical ecology. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
Piontkovski, S., Al-Azri, A. and Al-Hashmi, K. (2011) Seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll-a in the Gulf of Oman compared to the open Arabian Sea regions. International Journal of Remote Sensing 32, 7703–7715. doi: 10.1080/01431161.2010.527393.Google Scholar
Piontkovski, S. and Chiffings, T. (2014) Long-term changes of temperature in the Sea of Oman and the western Arabian Sea. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography 8, 53–72.Google Scholar
Piontkovski, S.A., Al-Gheilani, H.M., Jupp, B.P., Al-Azri, A.R. and Al-Hashmi, K.A. (2012) Interannual changes in the Sea of Oman ecosystem. The Open Marine Biology Journal 6, 38–52.Google Scholar
Pohle, G., Iken, K., Clarke, K.R., Trott, T., Konar, B., Cruz-Motta, J.J., Wong, M., Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Mead, A. and Miloslavich, P. (2011) Aspects of benthic decapod diversity and distribution from rocky nearshore habitat at geographically widely dispersed sites. PLoS ONE 6, e18606. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018606.Google Scholar
Pourvali, N., Pour Fatemeh, E., Arash, S. and Hamid, R. (2014) Sea star (Echinodermata) species diversity and distribution in the south-east of Iran (Gulf of Oman). Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 5, 14–20.Google Scholar
Prasad, T., Ikeda, M. and Kumar, S.P. (2001) Seasonal spreading of the Persian Gulf water mass in the Arabian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 106, 17059–17071. doi: 10.1029/2000jc000480.Google Scholar
Rabbaniha, M., Mousavi Golsefid, S. and Owfi, F. (2014) The effect of monsoon on fish larva assemblage changes in Gowatr Bay, North Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13, 427–436.Google Scholar
Raffaelli, D. and Hawkins, S.J. (1999) Intertidal ecology, 2nd edn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Reddin, C.J., Docmac, F., O'Connor, N.E., Bothwell, J.H. and Harrod, C. (2015) Coastal upwelling drives intertidal assemblage structure and trophic ecology. PLoS ONE 10, e0130789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130789.Google Scholar
Reichert, K., Buchholz, F. and Giménez, L. (2008) Community composition of the rocky intertidal at Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). Helgoland Marine Research 62, 357–366. doi: 10.1007/s10152-008-0123-x.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.M. (1993) Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman – results from the Mt Mitchell expedition. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27, 35–59.Google Scholar
Robles, C.D., Desharnais, R.A., Garza, C., Donahue, M.J. and Martinez, C.A. (2009) Complex equilibria in the maintenance of boundaries: experiments with mussel beds. Ecology 90, 985–995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449693.Google Scholar
Saket, A. and Etemad-Shahidi, A. (2012) Wave energy potential along the northern coasts of the Gulf of Oman, Iran. Renewable Energy 40, 90–97. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.09.024.Google Scholar
Schils, T. and Wilson, S.C. (2006) Temperature threshold as a biogeographic barrier in northern Indian Ocean macroalgae 1. Journal of Phycology 42, 749–756.Google Scholar
Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. (1998) The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana–Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Sheppard, C.R.C., Price, A. and Roberts, C. (1992) Marine ecology of the Arabian region: patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sheppard, C.R.C. and Sheppard, A.L.S. (1991) Corals and coral communities of Arabia. In Buttiker, W. and Krupp, F. (eds) Fauna of Saudi Arabia. Basel: Natural History Museum, pp. 3–170.Google Scholar
Shives, J.A. and Dunbar, S.G. (2010) Behavioral responses to burial in the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis: implications for the fossil record. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 388, 33–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.03.008.Google Scholar
Simões, N., Apel, M. and Jones, D.A. (2001) Intertidal habitats and decapod faunal assemblages (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Socotra Island, Republic of Yemen. Hydrobiologia 449, 81–97. doi: 10.1023/A:1017541019388.Google Scholar
Spalding, M.D., Fox, H.E., Allen, G.R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z.A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B.S., Jorge, M.A., Lombana, A. and Lourie, S.A. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57, 573–583. doi: 10.1641/B570707.Google Scholar
Stephenson, T.A. and Stephenson, A. (1972) Life between tidemarks on rocky shores. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd.Google Scholar
Taheri, M. and Foshtomi, M.Y. (2009) Community structure and biodiversity of intertidal sandy beach polychaetes in Chabahar Bay, Oman Gulf, Iran, related to the monsoon period. Marine Biodiversity Records 2, e137. http://jpg.inio.ac.ir/article-1-3-en.html.Google Scholar
Tapia, F.J., DiBacco, C., Jarrett, J. and Pineda, J. (2010) Vertical distribution of barnacle larvae at a fixed nearshore station in southern California: stage-specific and diel patterns. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 86, 265–270. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.003.Google Scholar
Thompson, R., Crowe, T. and Hawkins, S. (2002) Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years. Environmental Conservation 29, 168–191. doi: 10.1017/S0376892902000115.Google Scholar
Tsang, L.M., Achituv, Y., Chu, K.H. and Chan, B.K.K. (2012) Zoogeography of intertidal communities in the west Indian Ocean as determined by ocean circulation systems: patterns from the Tetraclita barnacles. PLoS ONE 7, e45120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045120.Google Scholar
Turra, A. and Denadai, M.R. (2001) Desiccation tolerance of four sympatric tropical intertidal hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 34, 227–238.Google Scholar
Underwood, A. and Jernakoff, P. (1981) Effects of interactions between algae and grazing gastropods on the structure of a low-shore intertidal algal community. Oecologia 48, 221–233.Google Scholar
Underwood, A.J. (1984) The vertical distribution and seasonal abundance of intertidal microalgae on a rocky shore in New South Wales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 78, 199–220. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(84)90159-X.Google Scholar
Vinagre, C., Leal, I., Mendonça, V., Madeira, D., Narciso, L., Diniz, M.S. and Flores, A.A. (2015) Vulnerability to climate warming and acclimation capacity of tropical and temperate coastal organisms. Ecological Indicators 62, 317–327. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X15006421.Google Scholar
Wang, P., Clemens, S., Beaufort, L., Braconnot, P., Ganssen, G., Jian, Z., Kershaw, P. and Sarnthein, M. (2005) Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: state of the art and outstanding issues. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 595–629. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.002.Google Scholar
Wei, C.-L., Rowe, G.T., Al-Ansi, M., Al-Maslamani, I., Soliman, Y., El-Din, N.N., Al-Ansari, I.S., Al-Shaikh, I., Quigg, A. and Nunnally, C. (2016) Macrobenthos in the central Arabian Gulf: a reflection of climate extremes and variability. Hydrobiologia 770, 53–72. doi: 10.1007/s10750-015-2568-7.Google Scholar
Whitlatch, R.B. (1981) Animal-sediment relationships in intertidal marine benthic habitats: some determinants of deposit-feeding species diversity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 53, 31–45.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ebrahimnezhad and Naderloo et al. supplementary material 1

Supplementary Figure

Download Ebrahimnezhad and Naderloo et al. supplementary material 1(File)
File 5.4 MB