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Sponges in an extreme environment: suberitids from the quasi-marine Satonda Island crater lake (Sumbawa, Indonesia)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2009

Andrzej Pisera ,
Klaus Rützler ,
Józef Kaz'mierczak  and
Stephan Kempe
Andrzej Pisera*
Affiliation:
Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00818, Warszawa, Poland
Klaus Rützler
Affiliation:
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560-0163, USA
Józef Kaz'mierczak
Affiliation:
Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00818, Warszawa, Poland
Stephan Kempe
Affiliation:
Institute for Applied Geosciences, TU-Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 9, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: A. Pisera, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00818, Warszawa, Poland email: apis@twarda.pan.pl
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Abstract

Sponges are rare in extreme environments, and very little is known about their adaptations to such settings. Evidence from two species in a marine-derived midwater stratified crater lake on Satonda Island (Sumbawa, Indonesia) suggests their production of gemmules (resting bodies), a rare trait in marine sponges but common in freshwater forms, may be a survival mechanism in the lake's harsh environment. With its epilimnion hydrochemistry—characterized by changing alkalinity, salinity, and O2 levels over the region's wet and dry seasons—the lake sustains only a few marine macroscopic organisms, among them the suberitid sponges Protosuberites lacustris comb. nov. and Suberites sp. (Hadromerida: Suberitida). Both species belong to the same group as sponges reported from other marine-derived lakes with strongly varying and extreme environmental (especially chemical) parameters. The morphological characters, taxonomic position, ecological adaptations, environmental conditions, and biota associated with the sponges in this ecologically unique site are presented here.

Keywords

suberitid spongesextreme environmentgemmulesSatonda IslandIndonesia
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 90 , Issue 1 , February 2010 , pp. 203 - 212
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2009

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