Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:16:35.021Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bill Finegan's Gershwin Arrangements and the American Concept of Hybridity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2008

Abstract

Bill Finegan's arrangements of George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue for the Glenn Miller Orchestra in 1942 and of Concerto in F for the Sauter-Finegan Orchestra in 1952 provide a basis for interpreting Gershwin's compositions. Finegan's treatments suggest that techniques central to popular forms were foundational to Gershwin's style in these pieces. Furthermore, Gershwin's and Finegan's works shed light on the concept of hybridity in the United States, especially as it concerns the label of “symphonic jazz” or “concert jazz” and ideas about race. Hybrid terms such as “symphonic jazz” manage to challenge musical and social categories while simultaneously reinforcing them.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Music 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Bernstein, Leonard. “Why Don't You Run Upstairs and Write a Nice Gershwin Tune?” In The Joy of Music, 5262. New York: Simon and Schuster, [1955] 1959.Google Scholar
Blum, Stephen. “Recognizing Improvisation.” In In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation, ed. Nettl, Bruno with Russell, Melinda, 2745. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Blum, Stephen. “Composition.” In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edn., ed. Sadie, Stanley, 6:186201. London: Macmillan, 2001.Google Scholar
Brackett, David. “(In Search of) Musical Meaning: Genres, Categories and Crossover.” In Popular Music Studies, ed. Hesmondhalgh, David and Negus, Keith, 6583. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Diner, Hasia. In the Almost Promised Land: American Jews and Blacks, 1915–1935. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, [1977] 1995.Google Scholar
Erenberg, Lewis A. 1998. Swingin' the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finegan, Bill arr. “Rhapsody in Blue.” As played by Glenn Miller. Unpublished transcription, recorded 1942.Google Scholar
Finegan, Bill, and Sauter, Eddie. “Sure, We're Dance Ork: Sauter-Finegan,” Down Beat, 22 April 1953, 7.Google Scholar
Flanagan, David, and Kernfeld, Barry. “Bill [William J.] Finegan.” In Grove Music Online, ed. Macy, L., http://www.grovemusic.com (accessed 19 May 2008).Google Scholar
Frank, Gelya. “Jews, Multiculturalism, and Boasian Anthropology.” American Anthropologist 99/4 (December 1997): 731–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gershwin, George. “The Composer in the Machine Age.” In Wyatt and Johnson, The George Gershwin Reader, 119–22.Google Scholar
Gershwin, George. Concerto in F, for Piano and Orchestra, ed. Campbell-Watson, F.. New York: New World Music Corp., [1927] 1942.Google Scholar
Gershwin, George. “Jazz Is the Voice of the American Soul.” In Wyatt and Johnson, The George Gershwin Reader, 91–94.Google Scholar
Gershwin, George. “Our New National Anthem.” In Wyatt and Johnson, The George Gershwin Reader, 89–91.Google Scholar
Gershwin, George. Rhapsody in Blue, for Piano and Orchestra, ed. Campbell-Watson, F.. New York: New World Music Corp., [1924] 1942.Google Scholar
Gershwin, George. Rhapsody in Blue (Gershwin 50th Anniversary Edition). Secaucus, N.J.: Warner Bros, 1987.Google Scholar
Gilroy, Paul. “‘Jewels Brought Back from Bondage’: Black Music and the Politics of Authenticity.” In The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, 72110. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Goode, Mort. Liner notes to The Complete Glenn Miller and his Orchestra: 1938–1942, Bluebird 61015 (13 CDs), 1991.Google Scholar
Hamm, Charles. “A Blues for the Ages.” In A Celebration of American Music: Words and Music in Honor of H. Wiley Hitchcock, ed. Crawford, Richard, Lott, R. Allen, and Oja, Carol J., 346–55. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Hamm, Charles. “Towards a New Reading of Gershwin.” In Putting Popular Music in Its Place, 306–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handy, W. C., ed. Blues: An Anthology. New York: A. & C. Boni, 1926.Google Scholar
Harrison, Max. “Symphonic Jazz.” In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Sadie, Stanley, 24:801–2. London: Macmillan, 2001.Google Scholar
Hentoff, Nat. “Record Reviews: The Sons of Sauter-Finegan.” Down Beat, 21 September 1955, 24–25.Google Scholar
Holt, Fabian. Genre in Popular Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howland, John Louis. “Between the Muses and the Masses: Symphonic Jazz, ‘Glorified’ Entertainment, and the Rise of the American Musical Middlebrow, 1920–1944.” Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 2002.Google Scholar
Howland, John Louis. “Jazz Rhapsodies in Black and White: James P. Johnson's Yamekraw.” American Music 24/4 (Winter 2006): 445509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O., ed. “Mixed Race” Studies: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar
Laber, Bob. “The Wizards of Doodletown: The Sauter-Finegan Legacy.” The Instrumentalist 44/1 (August 1989): 1821, 27.Google Scholar
Lambert, Constant. Music Ho! A Study of Music in Decline. 2nd edn. London: Faber and Faber, 1937.Google Scholar
Lavitt, Pamela Brown. “Vaudeville.” In Jews and American Popular Culture, ed. Buhle, Paul, 2:1535. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Perspectives, 2007.Google Scholar
Lord, Tom. The Jazz Discography. West Vancouver, B.C.: Lord Music Reference, 1993.Google Scholar
Lott, Eric. “Double V, Double-Time: Bebop's Politics of Style.” In Jazz Among the Discourses, ed. Gabbard, Krin, 243–55. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Lowinsky, Edward E. “Musical Genius: Evolution and Origins of a Concept.” In Music in the Culture of the Renaissance and Other Essays, ed. Blackburn, Bonnie J., 1:4066. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Magee, Jeffrey. “Fletcher Henderson, Composer: A Counter-Entry to the International Dictionary of Black Composers.” Black Music Research Journal 19/1 (Spring 1999): 6170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melnick, Jeffrey. A Right to Sing the Blues: African Americans, Jews, and American Popular Song. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Miller, Glenn. Glenn Miller's Method for Orchestral Arranging. New York: Mutual Music Society, 1943.Google Scholar
Mooney, H. F. “Popular Music Since the 1920s: The Significance of Shifting Taste.” American Quarterly 20/1 (Spring 1968): 6785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nooshin, Laudan. “Improvisation as ‘Other’: Creativity, Knowledge and Power—The Case of Iranian Classical Music.” Journal of the Royal Music Association 128 (2003): 242–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oja, Carol J. Making Music Modern: New York in the 1920s. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, Robert. “Sauter-Finegan Group.” New York Times, 29 January 1987.Google Scholar
Peress, Maurice. Dvořák to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and its African American Roots. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peretti, Burton W. “Emerging from America's Underside: The Black Musician from Ragtime to Jazz.” In America's Musical Pulse: Popular Music in Twentieth-Century Society, ed. Bindas, Kenneth J., 6371. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1992.Google Scholar
Pollack, Howard. George Gershwin: His Life and Work. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radano, Ronald. “Hot Fantasies: American Modernism and the Idea of Black Rhythm.” In Radano and Bohlman, Music and the Racial Imagination, 459–80.Google Scholar
Radano, Ronald. Lying Up a Nation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Radano, Ronald, and Bohlman, Philip V., eds. Music and the Racial Imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Ramsey, Guthrie P. Jr. Race Music: Black Cultures from Bebop to Hip-Hop. Berkeley: University of Calfornia Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Ramsey, Guthrie P. Jr. “Secrets, Lies, and Transcriptions: Revisions on Race, Black Music, and Culture” In Western Music and Race, ed. Brown, Julie, 2436. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Rogin, Michael. Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogoff, Leonard. “Is the Jew White? The Racial Place of the Southern Jew.” American Jewish History 85/3 (September 1997): 195230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Tony. Blacks, Whites, and Blues. New York: Stein and Day, 1970.Google Scholar
Sauter, Eddie. Interview by Bill Kirchner, 11 and 13 August 1980. Transcript housed at Jazz Oral Histories Project, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Sauter, Eddie, and Finegan, Bill. “Down with Ad Libbing! With Exceptions, That Is.” Down Beat, 22 October 1952, 14.Google Scholar
Schiff, David. Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidman, Derek. “Jews, Tin Pan Alley, and the Rise of American Popular Music.” In Jews and American Popular Culture, ed. Buhle, Paul, 2:99111. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Perspectives, 2007.Google Scholar
Simon, George. The Big Bands. New York: Schirmer Books, 1981.Google Scholar
Simon, George. “Inside Sauter-Finegan: The Nice Guys.” Metronome 70/7 (July 1954): 17.Google Scholar
Smedley, Audrey. “Race.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, http://search.eb.com/eb/article-234663 (accessed 19 May 2008).Google Scholar
Starr, Larry. “Musings on ‘Nice Gershwin Tunes,’ Form, and Harmony in the Concert Music of Gershwin.” In The Gershwin Style, ed. Schneider, Wayne, 95110. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Thomson, Virgil. “George Gershwin.” In Virgil Thomson, A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984, ed. Kostelanetz, Richard, 149–54. New York: Routledge, [1935] 2002.Google Scholar
Tracy, Jack. “Record Reviews: Concert Jazz.” Down Beat, 30 November 1955, 44.Google Scholar
Van der Merwe, Peter. Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Waterman, Christopher A. “Race Music: Bo Chatmon, ‘Corrine Corrina,’ and the Excluded Middle.” In Radano and Bohlman, Music and the Racial Imagination, 167–205.Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. Keywords. Rev. edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Wilson, John S.Adventurers in Sound: The Doodletown Fifers.” High Fidelity 4/4 (June 1954): 3335, 87–88.Google Scholar
Wilson, John S. “Eddie Sauter, Composer, Is Dead at 66.” New York Times, 25 April 1981.Google Scholar
Wilson, John S. “Jazz Party in Memory of Zoot Sims.” New York Times, 3 December 1986.Google Scholar
Wolff, Carlo. “Cleveland Jazz Orchestra Follows Sauter-Finegan's Rainbow of Jazz.” Cleveland Plain Dealer, 22 January 1999.Google Scholar
Wyatt, Robert, and Johnson, John Andrew, eds. The George Gershwin Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Young, Robert. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. New York: Routledge, 1995.Google Scholar
Zangwill, Israel. The Melting-Pot: Drama in Four Acts. New York: Arno Press, [1909] 1975.Google Scholar

Discography

Kirk, Roland. Domino. Verve Master Edition 543833, [1962] 2000.Google Scholar
Miller, Glenn, and his Orchestra. The Complete Glenn Miller and his Orchestra: 1938–1942. Bluebird 61015 (13 CDs), 1991.Google Scholar
Miller, Glenn, and his Orchestra. Glenn Miller: The Popular Recordings (1938–1942), RCA Bluebird 9785 (3 CDs), 1989.Google Scholar
Morton, Jelly Roll. Kansas City Stomp: The Library of Congress Recordings. Vol. 1. Rounder 1091, [1938] 1993.Google Scholar
Peress, Maurice. The Birth of Rhapsody in Blue: Paul Whiteman's Historic Aeolian Hall Concert of 1924. Reconstructed and Conducted by Maurice Peress with Piano Soloists Ivan Davis and Dick Hyman. Musicmasters MMD 20113X/14T (2 LPs), 1986.Google Scholar
Orchestra, Sauter-Finegan. Concert Jazz. RCA-Victor LPM1051, 1955.Google Scholar
Orchestra, Sauter-Finegan. Inside Sauter-Finegan. RCA-Victor LJM1003, 1954.Google Scholar
Orchestra, Sauter-Finegan. New Directions in Music. RCA-Victor LPM3115, 1953.Google Scholar
Various, Artists. Red Hot + Rhapsody: The Gershwin Groove. Polygram Antilles 557788, 1988.Google Scholar
Whiteman, Paul. Music for Moderns. Vol. 1. Nostalgia Naxos 8.120505, [1927–28] 2000.Google Scholar

Filmography

Crosland, Alan dir. The Jazz Singer. Burbank, Calif.: Warner Home Video (3 DVDs), [1927] 2007.Google Scholar