Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T11:38:01.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Metalanguaging and discourse markers in bilingual conversation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2009

Yael Maschler
Affiliation:
Department of Communication, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel

Abstract

This study examines the functions of the bilingual discourse strategy of language alternation in the process of marking boundaries of continuous discourse. The focus is on switched discourse markers – employed, it is argued, to metalanguage the frame of the discourse. The corpus is comprised of audio recordings of over 20 hours of Hebrew-English bilingual conversation. The strategy of language alternation at discourse markers is illustrated, and the switched discourse markers are classified according to Becker's approach to context (1988b) as a source of constraints on text. This classification is then related to the phenomenon of clustering of discourse markers at discourse unit boundaries in both bilingual and monolingual discourse. Finally, cross-linguistic differences in discourse markers are related to a theory of metalanguage. (Discourse analysis, bilingual discourse, discourse markers, languaging, metalanguage, Hebrew/English comparative discourse)

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Al-Batal, Mahmoud M. A. (1985). The cohesive role of connectives in a modern expository Arabic text. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Ameka, Felix (1992). Interjections: The universal yet neglected part of speech. Journal of Pragmatics 18: 101–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, Gregory (1972). A theory of play and fantasy. In Steps to an ecology of mind, 177–93. New York: Ballantine. [Essay first published in 1956].Google Scholar
Becker, Alton L. (1979). Text-building, epistemology, and esthetics in Javanese shadow theater. In Becker, A. L. & Yengoyan, Aram (eds.), The imagination of reality, 211–43. Norwood, NJ:Ablex.Google Scholar
Becker, Alton L. (1982). Beyond translation: Esthetics and language description. In Byrnes, Heidi (ed.), Contemporary perceptions of language: Interdisciplinary dimensions (GURT 1982), 124–38. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Alton L. (1984). The linguistics of particularity: Interpreting superordination in a Javanese text. Berkeley Linguistics Society 10: 425–36.Google Scholar
Becker, Alton L. (1985). Correspondences: An essay on iconicity and philology, MS.Google Scholar
Becker, Alton L. (1988a). Attunement: An essay on philology and logophilia. In Kroskrity, Paul V. (ed.), On the ethnography of communication: The legacy ofSapir (Essays in honor of Harry Hoijer, 1984), 109–46. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Becker, Alton L. (1988b). Language in particular: A lecture. In Tannen, Deborah (ed.), Linguistics in context: Lectures from the 1985 LSA/TESOL and NEH Institutes, 1735. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Becker, Alton L. (1991). A short essay on languaging. In Steier, Frederick (ed.), Research and reflexivity, 226–34. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Berk-Seligson, Susan (1986). Linguistic constraints on intrasentential code-switching: A study of Spanish/Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society 15: 313–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, Kenneth (1964). Literature as equipment for living. In Hyman, Stanley Edgar & Karmiller, Barbara (eds.), Kenneth Burke: Perspectives by incongruity, 100109. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. [Essay first published in 1937].Google Scholar
Chafe, Wallace (1982). Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. In Tannen, Deborah (ed.), Spoken and written language: Exploring orality and literacy, 3553. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Chafe, Wallace (1985). Linguistic differences produced by differences between speaking and writing. In Olson, David R. et al. (eds.), Literacy, language and learning, 105–23. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chafe, Wallace (1987). Cognitive constraints on information flow. In Tomlin, Russell S. (ed.), Coherence and grounding in discourse, 2151. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chafe, Wallace (1993). Discourse, consciousness, and time: The flow and displacement of consciousness experience in speaking and writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ducrot, Oswald (1980). Analyse de texte et linguistique de l'énonciation. In Ducrot, O. (ed.), Les mots du discours, 756. Paris: Minuit.Google Scholar
Even-Shoshan, Avraham (1986). Hamilon hexadash [The new dictionary\. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A.; Cooper, Robert L.; & Conrad, Andrew W. (1977). The spread of English. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Fraser, Bruce (1990). An approach to discourse markers. Journal of Pragmatics 14: 383–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Givón, Talmy (1983). Introduction. In Givón, T. (ed.), Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross language study (Typological studies in language, 3), 541. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Erving (1974). Frame analysis. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. (1982). Discourse particles: An analysis of the role of “y'know”, “I mean”, “well”, and “actually” in conversation. Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Gumperz, John J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heritage, John (1984). A change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement. In Atkinson, J. Maxwell & Heritage, John (eds.), Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis, 299345. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul (1988). Emergent grammar and the a-priori grammar postulate. In Tannen, Deborah (ed.), Linguistics in context, 117–34. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Katriel, Tamar (1986). Talking straight: “Dugri” speech in Israeli “sabra” culture. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kulick, Don, & Stroud, Christopher (1990). Code-switching in Gapun: Social and linguistic aspects of language use in a language shifting community. In Verhaar, John (ed.), Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin (Studies in Language, Companion series, 20), 205–34. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William (1972). The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In Language in the inner city, 354–96. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, Robin (1971). If's, and' and but's about conjunction. In Fillmore, Charles J. & Langendoen, D. Terence (eds.), Studies in linguistic semantics, 115–50. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Maschler, Yael (1991). The language games bilinguals play: Language alternation at language game boundaries. Language and Communication 11: 263–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maschler, Yael (1993). Iconicity in discourse: The story of Echo. Poetics Today 14: 653–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maschler, Yael (1994a). “Appreciation, ha'araxa 'o ha'aratsa [valuing or admiration]?”: Negotiating contrast in bilingual disagreement talk. Text 14: 207–38.Google Scholar
Maschler, Yael(1994b). Competing motivations for ironic contrast: A case study from Hebrew-English bilingual discourse. Proceedings of the Second Annual Symposium about Language and Society, Austin, Texas, Texas Linguistic Forum, 34.Google Scholar
Merritt, Marilyn (1984). On the use of “okay” in service encounters. In Baugh, John & Sherzer, Joel (eds.), Language in use, 139–47. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley; Li, Wei; & Moffatt, Susan (1991). Discourse patterns and fieldwork strategies in urban settings: Some methodological problems for researchers in bilingual communities. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 12: 287300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oishi, Toshio (1985). A description of Japanese final particles in context. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Olshtain, Elite, & Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1989). Happy Hebrish: Mixing and switching in American Israeli family interaction. In Gass, Susan et al. (eds.), Variation in second language acquisition, 5983. Clevedon (England): Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Östman, Jan-Ola (1981). You know: A discourse-functional approach. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelletier, Francis J. (1977). Or. Theoretical Linguistics 4: 6174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfaff, Carol W. (1979). Constraints on language mixing. Language 55: 291318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, Shana (1978). Syntactic structure and social function of code-switching. Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueňos, Working Papers 2: 132.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana (1980). “Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English y termino en espaňol”: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18: 581618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Roland (1980). Semantics and pragmatics of sentence connectives in natural language. In Kiefer, Ferenc & Searle, John (eds.), Pragmatics and speech act theory, 87122. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul (1981). Hermeneutics and the human sciences. Ed. & trans, by Thompson, John B.. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schely-Newman, Esther (1991). Self and community in historical narratives: Tunisian immigrants in an Israeli Moshav. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, Deborah (1980). Meta-talk: Organizational and evaluative brackets in discourse. In Zimmerman, Don H. & West, Candace (eds.), Language and social interaction (Sociological Inquiry, 50), 199236.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, Deborah (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schourup, Lawrence (1985). Common discourse particles in English conversation: like, well, y'know. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Scollon, Ron (1982). The rhythmic integration of ordinary talk. In Tannen, Deborah (ed.), Analyzing discourse: Text and talk (GURT 1981), 335–49. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Stroud, Christopher (1992). The problem of intention and meaning in code-switching. Text 12: 127–55.Google Scholar
Svartvik, Jan (1980). Well in conversation. In Greenbaum, Sidney et al. (eds.), Studies in English linguistics for Randolph Quirk, 167–77. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Szatrowski, Polly E. (1988). A discourse analysis of Japanese invitations. Berkeley Linguistics Society 13: 270–84.Google Scholar
Tannen, Deborah (1984). Conversational style: Analyzing talk among friends. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Tannen, Deborah (1989). Talking voices: Repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tao, Hongyin, & Thompson, Sandra A. (1991). English backchannels in Mandarin conversations: A case study of superstratum pragmatic “interference.” Journal of Pragmatics 16: 209–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dijk, Teun A., (1977). Connectives in text grammar and text logic. In van Dijk, T. A. & Petofi, J. (eds.), Grammars and descriptions, 1163. Berlin: de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Glaserfeld, Ernst (1974). Because and the concept of causation. Semiotica 12: 129–44.Google Scholar
Warner, Richard G. (1985). Discourse connectives in English. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Weill, Tamar; Fiorko, Levi'a; & Farstey, Hava (1983). Ivrit: Havana vehaba'a [Hebrew: Comprehension and expression]. Jerusalem: Akademon.Google Scholar
West, Candace, & Garcia, Angela (1988). Conversational shift work: A study of topical transitions between women and men. Social Problems 35: 551–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1958). Philosophical investigations. Trans, by Anscombe, G. E. M.. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar