Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T12:10:03.519Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The modernization of the Japanese system of communication1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

J. V. Neustupný
Affiliation:
Department of Japanese, Monash University

Abstract

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, the author wishes to suggest an evolutionary typology of languages (early modern, modern, contemporary, etc.) and to specify the position of present day Japanese on this evolutionary scale. Secondly, it suggests a way to integrate the concept of linguistic modernization with a theory of language problems, and shows that for modernization at least two types of processes, macro-modernization and micro-modernization, must be distinguished. The former concerns such tasks as the establishment of a modern national language and as far as Japan is concerned this process has been completed. The latter process concerns problems such as the individual's use of language. It still awaits its completion. (Sociolinguistic typology, language evolution, linguistic modernization, Japan.)

Type
Articles: Problems of choice in language change
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, J. B. (1957). Culture and conflict in an Egyptian village. AmA 59. 225–35.Google Scholar
(An extract reprinted in Hymes, D. (ed.) (1964). Language in culture and society. New York: Harper & Row. 272–3.)Google Scholar
Amano, , Yasushi, & Ukita, , ShŌichi, . (1961). Kokugo, kokuji mondai shŌshi. Tokyo: Ritsumeisha.Google Scholar
Brown, R. W. & Gilman, A. (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Sebeok, T. (ed.), Style in language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 253–76.Google Scholar
(Reprinted in Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1968). 252–75.)Google Scholar
Caudill, W. & Weinstein, H. (1970). Maternal care and infant behavior in Japanese and American urban middle-class families. In Hill, R. and König, R. (eds), Families in East and West. The Hague: Mouton. 3971.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. A. (1959). Diglossia. Word 15. 325–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(Reprinted in Hymes, D. (ed.) (1964). Language in culture and society. New York: Harper & Row. 429–39.)Google Scholar
Fisher, J. L. (1964). Words for self and others in some Japanese families. In Gumperz, J. and Homes, D. (eds), The ethnography of communication (AmA 66. Pt 2). 115–26.Google Scholar
Fisher, J. L.. (1970). Linguistic socialization: Japan and the United States. In Hill, R. and König, R. (eds), Families in East and West. The Hague: Mouton. 107–19.Google Scholar
Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1968). Readings in the sociology of language. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1971). The impact of nationalism on language planning. In Rubin, J. and Jernudd, B. H. (eds), Can language be planned? Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. 320.Google Scholar
Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1973). Language modernization and planning in comparison with other types of national modernization and planning. LinS 2. 2343.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1956). The nature of deference and demeanor. American Anthropologist 58. 437502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(Reprinted in Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual. New York: Anchor Books. 795.)Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1961). Encounters. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1962). Types of linguistic communities. AnL 4. 2840.Google Scholar
(Reprinted in Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1968). 460–72.)Google Scholar
Havránek, B. (1963). Studie o spisovnám jazyce. Prague: Academia.Google Scholar
Hayashi, Sh. (1966). Gengo kŌdŌ no taipu. In Buntairon nyūmon. Tokyo: SanseidŌ. 252–76.Google Scholar
Hinata, Sh. (ms.). Some problems of networks in contemporary Japanese communication. (M.A. thesis, Monash University.)Google Scholar
Hirai, M. (1948). Kokugo kokuji mondai no rekishi. Tokyo: ShŌshinsha.Google Scholar
Hoffer, B. (1970). Phonological reduction rules as an evaluation criterion in sociolinguistic analysis. Paper read at Joint Japanese–American Conference on Sociolinguistics, University of Hawaii, 24–28 08, 1970.Google Scholar
Final substantive report. 1419.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. H. (1961). On typology of cognitive styles in language. AnL 3 (1). 2254.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. H.. (1972 a). On communcative competence. In Pride, J. B. and Holmes, J. (eds), Sociolinguistics. Middlesex: Penguin Books. 269–93.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. H.. (1972 b). Foreword. In Swadesh, M., The origin and diversification of language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. vx.Google Scholar
Ishiguro, Y. (1963). Kokugo seisaku no eikyŌ. In KŌza Gendaigo 1. Tokyo: Meiji shoin. 308–27.Google Scholar
Jernudd, B. H. & Das, Gupta J. (1971). Towards a theory of language planning. In Rubin, J. and Jernudd, B. H. (eds), Can language be planned? Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. 195215.Google Scholar
Kindaichi, H. (1964). Hanashikotoba no keigoteki hyŌgen. Gengo seikatsu 149. 1623.Google Scholar
Kokugo, shingikai. (1950). Kokugo mondai yŌryŌ. Kogugo nenkan, ShŌwa 29 nen. 388–94.Google Scholar
Konrad, N. I. (1952). O natsional'nom yazyke v Kitae i Yaponii. In Uchenye zapiski Instituta vostokovedeniya 4. 529.Google Scholar
Miyajima, T. (1967). Gendai goi no keisei. In Kotoba no kenkyū 3 (Kokuritsu kokugo kenkyūjo ronshū 3). Tokyo: Shūei shuppan. 150.Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (1965). First steps towards the conception of ‘Oriental languages’. A contribution to the sociology of language. Archiv orientálnè 33. 8392.Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (1968 a). Some general aspects of ‘language’ problems and ‘language’ policy in developing societies. In Fishman, J. A., Ferguson, C. A. and Gupta, J. Das (eds), Language problems of developing nations. New York: Wiley. 285–94.Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (1968 b). Politeness patterns in the system of communication. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Vol. III. 412–19.Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (1970). Basic types of treatment of language problems. In Linguistic Communications I. 7798.Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (1971). Toward a model of linguistic distance. To appear in A. A. Hill Festschrift. (Preprinted in Linguistic Communications 5 (1971). 115–32.)Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (1972). Remarks on Japanese honorifics. Linguistic Communications 7 (Papers in Japanese Linguistics 1). 78117.Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (Forthcoming). Keigo wa Nihongo dake no mono dewa nai. In Hayashi, Sh. and Minami, F. (eds), Keigo kŌza 8 (Sekai no keigo). Tokyo: Meiji shoin.Google Scholar
Nishio, M. (1955). Korekara no gengo seikatsu. In Kotoba to seikatsu. Tokyo: Mainichi Shinbunsha.Google Scholar
(Reprinted in Nishio, M. (1961). Gengo seikatsu no tankyū. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten. 274–90.)Google Scholar
Neustupný, J. V. (1957). Nihonjin no kotoba. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Ogasawara, R. (1970). Features of the language behavior of the Japanese people with particular reference to their cultural patterns. Paper read at Joint Japanese–American Conference on Sociolinguistics, University of Hawaii, 24–28 08, 1970.Google Scholar
Final substantive report. 5864.Google Scholar
Passin, H. (1963). Writer and journalist in the transitional society. In Pye, L. W. (ed.), Communication and political development. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 8297.Google Scholar
(Reprinted in Fishman, J. A., Ferguson, C. A. and Gupta, J. Das (eds) (1968). Language problems of developing nations. New York: Wiley. 443–57.)Google Scholar
Shibata, T. (1965). Kokuji ronsŌ no tairitsuten. In Shibata, T., Kotoba no shakaigaku. Tokyo: NHK. 195212.Google Scholar
Shibata T. (Forthcoming). Place names and individual differences in the lexicon. Shively, D. H. (ed) (1971). Tradition and modernization in Japanese culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Swadesh, M. (1972). The origin and diversification of language. Joel, Sherzer (ed.). London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T. (1963). Kotoha no kachi to kachi ishiki. In KŌza gendaigo 1. Tokyo: Meiji shoin. 251–72.Google Scholar
Tanaka, A. (1965). Kindaigo seiritsu katei ni mirareru iwayuru bunsekiteki keikŌ ni tsuite. In Kindaigo kenkyū kai hen, Kindaigo kenkyū 1. Tokyo: Musashino shoin. 1525.Google Scholar
Yamagiwa, H. (1965). Language as an expression of Japanese culture. In Hall, J. W. and Beardsley, R. K. (eds), Twelve doors to Japan. New York: McGraw-Hill. 186221.Google Scholar