Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:44:11.391Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Discourse analysis: implications for language teaching, with particular reference to casual conversation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2008

Roderick Gardner
Roderick Gardner
Affiliation:
Pädagogische Hochschule, Schwäbisch Gmünd, West Germany
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

This paper is a summary of the major findings of discourse analysis, and is concerned in particular with the implications it has for the foreign language teacher. The main focus of the article is on the analysis of conventional discourse, which is less strongly structured by non-linguistic factors than other kinds of discourse. Casual conversation is the most basic language activity, and in an analysis of it one is most likely to find what is inherently characteristic of spoken discourse. Written discourse will be referred to peripherally, though much of what will be said also applies to written discourse.

Type
State-of-the-Art Article
Information
Language Teaching , Volume 17 , Issue 2 , April 1984 , pp. 102 - 117
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Austin, J. L. (1975). (2nd edn). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach, K. & Harnish, R. M. (1979). Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Baumann, R. & Sherzer, J. (eds) (1974). Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. London: CUP.Google Scholar
Berry, M. (1981). Systemic linguistics and discourse analysis: a multi-layered approach to exchange structure. In Coulthard and Montgomery (1981), 120–45.Google Scholar
Bobrow, D. G. & Collins, A. M. (eds) (1975). Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Brazil, D., Coulthard, R. M. & Johns, C. (1980). Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Brown, G. & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. In Goody (1978), 56–289.Google Scholar
Brown, R. & Gilman, A. (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Sebeok (1960), 253 76. Burton, D. (1980). Dialogue and Discourse: A Socio-linguistic Approach to Modern Drama Dialogue and Naturally Occurring Conversation. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Candlin, C. (1976). Communicative Language Teaching and the Debt to Pragmatics. In Rameh (1976), 237 96.Google Scholar
Cicourel, A. (1980). Three models of discourse analysis. Discourse Processes, 3, 2, 101–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, P. (ed.) (1978). Syntax and Semantics, Vol. IX. Pragmatics. New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar
Cole, P. (ed.) (1981). Radical Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cole, P. & Morgan, J. L. (eds) (1975). Syntax and Semantics, Vol. II. Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Coulthard, R. M. (1975). Discourse analysis in English – a short review of the literature. Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstracts, 8, 2, 73–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulthard, R. M. (1977). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Coulthard, R. M. & Brazil, D. (1981). Exchange structure. In Coulthard and Montgomery (1981), 82–106.Google Scholar
Coulthard, R. M. & Montgomery, M. (eds) (1981). Studies in Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Coulthard, R. M., Montgomery, M. & Brazil, D. (1981). Developing a description of spoken discourse. In Coulthard and Montgomery (1981), 1–50.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. (1981). The Nature of advanced Conversation. In Crystal (1981), Directions in Applied Linguistics. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. & Davy, D. (1975). Advanced Conversational English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
de Beaugrande, R. (1980). Text, Discourse and Process. London: Longman.Google Scholar
de Beaugrande, R. & Dressier, W. U. (1981). Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijk, T.van (1977). Text and Context: Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Duncan, S. Jr (1972). Some signals and rules for taking speaking turns in conversations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 2, 283–92.Google Scholar
Duncan, S. Jr (1974). On the structure of speaker–auditor interaction during speaking turns. Language in Society, 3, 2, 161–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, S. Jr & Fiske, D. W. (1977). Face-to-Face Interaction: Research, Methods and Theory. New Jersey: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Edmondson, W. (1981). Spoken Discourse: A Model for Analysis. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Ervin-Tripp, S. & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (1977). Child Discourse. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Faerch, K. & Kasper, G. (1980). Processes and strategies in foreign language learning and communication. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, Utrecht, 5, 1, 47–118.Google Scholar
Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (eds) (1983). Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Freedle, R. O. (ed.) (1977). Discourse Processes:Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. I. Discourse Production and Comprehension. New Jersey: Ablex.Google Scholar
Freedle, R. O. (ed.) (1979). Discourse Processes: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. II. New Directions in Discourse Processing. New Jersey: Ablex.Google Scholar
Gamst, G. (1982). Memory for conversation: toward a grammar of dyadic conversation. Discourse Processes, 5, 1, 33–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, R. J. (forthcoming). The identification and role of topic in spoken interaction. Semiotica.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hail.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, H. (1968). The origins of the term ‘ethnomethodology’. In Turner (1974), 15–18.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, H. (1972). Remarks on ethnomethodology. In Gumperz and Hymes (1972), 301–324.Google Scholar
Givón, T. (ed.) (1979). Syntax and Semantics, Vol. XII. Discourse and Syntax. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1972). Interaction Ritual. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Goody, E. N. (ed.) (1978). Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Cole and Morgan (1975). 41–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimshaw, A. D. (1982). Comprehensive discourse analysis: an instance of professional peer interaction. Language in Society, 11, 1, 15–47.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (ed.) (1982). Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D. (eds) (1964). The ethnography of communication. American Anthropologist, 66, 6, part 2.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D. (eds) (1972). Directions in Socio-linguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J., Jupp, T. C. & Roberts, C. (1979). Crosstalk: a Study of Cross-Cultural Communication. Southall: NCILT.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. & Roberts, C. (1980). Developing awareness skills for interethnic communication in Occasional Papers, no. 12, Seameo Regional Language Center, Singapore.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. & Hansan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Harris, Z. (1952). Discourse analysis. Language, 28, 1, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heritage, J. C. & Watson, D. R. (1979). Formulations as conversational objects. In Psathas (1979), 123–62.Google Scholar
Hurtig, R. (1977). Toward a functional theory of discourse. In Freedle (1977), 89–106.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1964). Introduction: towards ethnographies of communication. In Gumperz & Hymes (1972), 35–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymes, D. (1972). Models of the interaction of language and social life. In Gumperz & Hymes (1972), 35–71.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. (1980). Concluding statement: linguistics and poetics. In Sebeok (1960).Google Scholar
Johnson, K. (1982). Communicative Syllabus Design and Methodology. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Joshi, A. K., Webber, B. L. & Sag, I. A. (eds) (1981). Elements of Discourse Understanding. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Keenan, E. O. (1976). On the universality of conversational postulates. Language in Society, 5, 1,67–80. Keenan, E. O. & Schieffelin, B. B. (1976).Topic as a discourse notion: a study of topic in the conversations of children and adults. In Li (1976), 335–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, E. (1979). Gambits: conversational strategy signals. Journal of Pragmatics, 3, 3–4, 219–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, W. & Fanshel, D. (1977). Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, R. (1973). The logic of politeness; or, minding your p's and q's. Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, 292–305.Google Scholar
Landis, M. H. & Burtt, H. E. (1924). A study of conversations. The Journal of Comparative Psychology, 4, 81–9.Google Scholar
Larsen-Freeman, D. (ed.) (1980). Discourse Analysis in Second Language Research. Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, C. N. (ed.) (1976). Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Long, M. H. (1983). Native speaker/non-native speaker conversation. Applied Linguistics, 4, 2, 126–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, J. (ed.) (1970). New Horizons in Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Maynard, D. W. (1980). Placement of topic changes in conversation. Semiotica, 30, 3–4, 263–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, T. (ed.) (1979). The Development of Conversation and Discourse. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Poyatos, F. (1980). Interactive functions and limitations of verbal and non-verbal behaviors in natural conversation. Semiotica, 30, 3–4, 211–44.Google Scholar
Psathas, G. (ed.) (1979). Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology. New York: Irvington.Google Scholar
Rameh, C. (ed.) (1976). Semantics: Theory and Application. Georgetown University Round Table, Washington D.C.: GUP.Google Scholar
Reisman, K. (1974). Contrapuntal conversations in an Antiguan village. In Bauman and Sherzer (1974), 110–24.Google Scholar
Richards, J. C. (1980). Conversation. TESOL Quaterly, 14, 4, 413–32.Google Scholar
Riley, P. (1977). Discourse networks in classroom interaction: some problems in communicative language teaching. In Mélanges Pédagogiques, Université de Nancy.Google Scholar
Riley, P. (1980). When communication breaks down: levels of coherence in discourse. AppliedLinguistics, 1, 3, 201–16.Google Scholar
Roulet, E. (1980). Interactional markers in dialogue. Applied Linguistics, 1, 3, 224–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacks, H. (1976a). On getting the floor. Pragmatics Microfiche, 1, 8, D11-E5.Google Scholar
Sacks, H. (1976b). Paradoxes, pre-sequences and pronouns. Pragmatics Microfiche, 1, 8, E6-G12.Google Scholar
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language, 50, 4, 696–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schank, R. C. (1977). Rules and topics in conversation. Cognitive Science, 1, 4, 421–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schegloff, E. A. (1972). Notes on conversational practice: formulating place. In Sudnow (1972), 75–119.Google Scholar
Schegloff, E. A. & Sacks, H. (1973). Opening up closings. Semiotica, 8, 4, 289–327.Google Scholar
Schenkein, J. (ed.) (1978). Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. & Richards, J. C. (1980). Speech acts and second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 1, 2, 129–57.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1975). Indirect speech acts. In Cole & Morgan (1975), 59–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1976). A classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5, 1, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Sebeok, T. A. (ed.) (1960). Style in Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT; New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Sinclair, J. M. & Coulthard, R. M. (1975). Towards an Analysis of Discourse. London: OUP.Google Scholar
Sinclair, J. M., Forsyth, I. J., Coulthard, R. M. & Ashby, M. (1972). The English Used by Teachers and Pupils. University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Stubbs, M. (1983). Discourse Analysis – The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sudnow, D. (ed.) (1972). Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Fress Press.Google Scholar
Turner, R. (ed.) (1974). Ethnomethodology. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Ventola, E. (1979). The structure of casual conversation in English. Journal of Pragmatics, 3, 3–4, 267–98.Google Scholar
Werth, P. (ed.) (1981). Conversation and Discourse. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Widdowson, H. G. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Widdowson, H. G. (1979). Approaches to Discourse. In Explorations in Applied Linguistics. London: OUP, 112–40.Google Scholar
Widdowson, H. G. (1981). Procedures for Discourse Processing. Mimeo, London: Institute Education.Google Scholar
Wilkins, D. (1976). Notional Syllabuses. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. & Sperber, D. (1981). On Grice's theory of conversation. In Werth (1981), 155–78.Google Scholar
Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding Natural Lanaguage. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar