Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:05:31.153Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

English for Medical Purposes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2008

John Maher
John Maher
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Edinburgh
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
State-of-the-Art Article
Information
Language Teaching , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , April 1986 , pp. 112 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams-Smith, D. (1979). Cooperative teaching: bridging the gap between E and SP. ELT Documents: Team Teaching in ESP. London: ETIC Publications, The British Council.Google Scholar
Adams-Smith, D. (1979). Review of ‘English for Basic Medical Science’. ESP Newsletter, 12.Google Scholar
Alderson, D. & Ward, V. (1979). English tests for doctors. Walton-on-Thames: Nelson.Google Scholar
Allwright, J. & Allwright, R. (1977). An Approach to the teaching of medical English. In Holden, S. (ed), English for Specific Purposes.Google Scholar
Aoki, Teruaki (1983). Igakkai no Tame no Eikaiwa (English Conversation for the International Medical Congress). Tokyo: Medical View Publishers.Google Scholar
Bal, P. (1981). Dealing with the disadvantaged: communications with non-English-speaking patients. British Medical Journal, 283; 11 08, 368–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkley, D. (1927). Hospital talk. American Speech, 2, 312–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitler, L. & MacDonald, B. (1982). English for the medical professions. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Bolton Speak/Teach English Project (n.d.). Appointment at the Ante-natal Clinic. Mother and Baby Clinic. Bolton: Civic Centre.Google Scholar
Buchan, C. (1980). English for specific purposes: designing and mounting courses (JALT Conference Paper). In Maher, J., JALT Newsletter, 4, 2.Google Scholar
Bush, L. (1981). Spoken English and listening comprehension for medical students. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Bush, L. (1981). Spoken English and listening comprehension for veterinary medicine. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Bush, L. & Shackleton, M. (1981). Spoken English and listening comprehension for dental students. Helsinki: University of Helsinki Language Center.Google Scholar
Calderdale Unit, West Yorkshire Language Link (n.d.). Sakina goes to the ante-natal hospital. Sakina goes into hospital. Bradford: Bolton Royd Centre.Google Scholar
Candlin, C., Bruton, C. J., & Leather, J. H. (1976). Doctors in casualty: applying communicative competence to components of specialist course design. International Review of Applied Linguistics. 3, 3.Google Scholar
Candlin, C. et al. (1977 a) Doctor–Patient communication skills [DOPACS]: 2 vols. Chelmsford: Graves Medical Audio-Visual Library.Google Scholar
Candlin, C. et al. (1977 b). Doctor speech functions in casualty consultations: some quantified characteristics of discourse in a regulated setting. In Nickel, G. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third AILA World Congress. Stuttgart: Hochschulverlag.Google Scholar
Candlin, C. et al. (1981). Designing modular materials for communicative learning; an Example: Doctor–patient communication skills. In Selinker, L., Tarone, E. and Hanzali, V. (eds.), English for Academic and Technical Purposes: Studies in Honor of Louis Trimble.Google Scholar
Candlin, C., Burton, J., & Coleman, H. (1980 a). Dentist–patient communication: a report to the General Dental Council. Lancaster: Institute for English Language Education, University of Lancaster.Google Scholar
Candlin, C., Burton, J. & Coleman, H. (1980 b). Evaluating the communicative proficiency of overseas dentists: annexe to the General Dental Council Report. Lancaster: Institute for English Language Education, University of Lancaster.Google Scholar
Christy, N. P. (1967). The twenty-seventh anniversary and some thoughts on isolation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 27, 1778–83.Google Scholar
Christy, N. P. (1979 a). English is our second language. New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 979–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christy, N. P. (1979 b). Medspeak. New England Journal of Medicine, 301, 508.Google ScholarPubMed
Cicourel, A. (1981). Language and medicine. In Ferguson, C. & Heath, S. (eds.), Lanugage in the USA. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cicourel, A. (1982). Language and the structure of belief in medical communication. In Sigurd, B. & Svartvik, J., Proceedings of AILA 81 Lectures, 11. Studia Linguistica.Google Scholar
Ciecierska, J., Jenika, B. & Tudruj, K. (1982). English for Medicine. Warsaw: Pzwl.Google Scholar
Coleman, H. & Burton, J. (1985). Dentist–patient communication: communicating complaint. In Wolfson, & Judd, (eds.), TESOL and sociolinguistics. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Collan, Y., Lock, S. & Whimster, S. (1974). Medical English for Finnish doctors. British Medical Journal, (1 03).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coudé, C. & Coudé, F-X, (1982). L'Anglais Medical. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Coulthard, M. & Ashby, M. (1975). Talking with the doctor. Journal of Communication, 24, 140–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coventry Community Education Project (n.d.). Talkback Series: The Health Visitor comes to the house (Pack 1); Going to the Clinic (Reader). CCEP, Southfields, South Street, Coventry, CV1 5EJ, UK.Google Scholar
Crichton, M. (1975). Medical obfuscation: Structure and function. New England Journal of Medicine, 293, 1257–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crichton, M. (1976). Medical writing. New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 564.Google Scholar
Croft, K. & Brown, B. (1960). Science readings for students of English as a Second Language. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Currie, W., Sturtridge, G. & Allwright, J. (1974). A technique for teaching medical English. In Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics. Heidelberg: Groos.Google Scholar
de, Matos Dr (1977). Professional English Program, Vol. 1, Biomedical Sciences. São Paulo: Centro de Linguistica Aplicado do Instituto de Idioma.Google Scholar
DeBakey, L. (1965). Instruction in scientific communication. Journal of Medical Education, 40, 928.Google Scholar
DeBakey, L. (1966). Language and the physician. Archives of Surgery, 92, 964–72.Google Scholar
DeBakey, L. (1967). Competent medical exposition: the need and the attainment. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons, 52, 85.Google Scholar
DeBakey, L. (1968). Releasing literary inhibitions in scientific reporting. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 99, 360.Google ScholarPubMed
DeBakey, L. (1970). Every careless word that men utter. 1. The English language. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 49, 837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBakey, L. (1975). Ethics and etiquette in biomedical communication. Perspectives in Biological Medicine, 18, 522–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeBakey, L. (1976). The Scientific Journal: Editorial policies and practices – guidelines for editors, reviewers and authors. St Louis: Mosby.Google Scholar
Diab, T. & Crocker, T. (1985). Profile: Jordan. EMP Newsletter, 2, 1, 3–6.Google Scholar
Dubois, B-L. (1980). Genre and structure of biomedical speeches. Forum Linguisticum 5, 2, 140–69.Google Scholar
Dubois, B-L. (1981 a). And the last slide, please – regulatory language function at biomedical meetings. World Language English, 1, 4.Google Scholar
Dubois, B-L. (1981 b). The construction of noun phrases in biomedical journal articles. In Hoedt, et al. (eds.), Pragmatics and LSP. Copenhagen: Copenhagen School of Economics.Google Scholar
Dubois, B-L. (1985). Poster sessions at biomedical meetings: design and presentation. ESP Journal, 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebizuka, H. and Kaneda, Y., with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1978). Igaku Eigo no Yomikata (Reading Medical English). Tokyo: Asahi Press.Google Scholar
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (1975). A summary of comments and observations made by participants of the medical orientation section of the ECFMG Orientation Conference. Philadelphia: ECFMG Conference.Google Scholar
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (1976). Introducing the USA to foreign medical graduates: guidelines and resources Philadelphia: ECFMG.Google Scholar
Eizo, , Toguri, (1963). Eibun Karuta no Kakikata (How to Write Case History Notes in English). Tokyo: Bunkodo.Google Scholar
English Language Services Inc. (1984). Medicine (Practical Medicine). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
English Language Services Inc. (1984). Medicine (Practical Surgery). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fanning, P. (1977). Review of ‘English for Medical Students’ (Brasnett). ESPEMA Bulletin, 9.Google Scholar
Firth, J. R. (1959). The treatment of language in general linguistics. The Medical Press, 242, 146–7.Google Scholar
Reprinted in Palmer, (ed), (1968), Selected papers of J. R. Firth, 206–9. Indiana.Google Scholar
Fishbein, M. (5th Edition). Medical writing: the technique and art. Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas.Google Scholar
Fisher, S. (1982). The decision-making context: how doctors and patients communicate. In Pietro, R. di (ed.), Linguistics and the professions. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Foucault, M.; (1980). The birth of the clinic: an archeology of medical perception (trans. Sheridan, A. M.). London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Fox, C. H. & Meijer, F. (1980). Teaching medical English to foreign-language doctors. Medical Education, 14, 316–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garfinkel, H. (1967). ‘Good’ organisational reasons for ‘bad’ clinic records. In Garfinkel, H., Studies in ethnomethodology, 186–208. New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Gerr, S. (1944). Scientific and technical Japanese. New York: Publisher unknown.Google Scholar
Hadzi-Jovanic, D. (1976). Certain rhetorical aspects of medical discourse. In Nickel, G. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Applied Linguistics. Stuttgart: Hochschulverlag.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. (1975). Nurese-patient communication: a manual for public health practitioners. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Harada, T. and Tamura, T. (1960). Igaku Ishi Yakugaku Eigo Ronbun Saho (How to write pharmacological papers in English for medical doctors). Tokyo: Kyodo Isho.Google Scholar
Hawkins, C. (1964). Speaking at medical meetings. The Lancet, 1 02, 261–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedge, P. (1980). A functional approach to the analysis of English language needs in an occupational setting: English for Swedish pharmacists. In Chambers, & McDonough, J. (eds.), Occasional Papers, No. 22, 127–60. Colchester: Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex.Google Scholar
Hewitt, R. M. (1938). Better medical writing: some typical errors and how to avoid them. Journal of Urology, 40, 454–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honeyfield, J. (1976). Review of Maclean, 1975. RELC Journal, 7, 1.Google Scholar
Horey, P. (1984). Profile Kauu in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. EMP Newsletter, 1, 2.Google Scholar
Horvatovic, R. (1966). Engelski zu Medicinare Farmaceute i Stomatologie. Belgrade: Zavod za Izdavanje Udzbenika, Socialistike Republike.Google Scholar
Hukill, P. B. (1961). The spoken language of medicine: argot, slang, cant. American Speech, 36, 145–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingelfinger, F. J. (1974). On medical writing. New England Journal of Medicine, 292, 19.Google Scholar
Ingelfinger, F. J. (1976). ‘Obfuscation’in medical writing. New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 546–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iriuchijima, J. (1979). Igaku Eigo Bunreishu (Medical English style). Tokyo: Chugai Igakusha.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. (1980). Doctor talk. In Michaels, & Ricks, (eds.), The state of the language 396–9. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. & Murray, J. (1985). Do doctors really mean what they say? In Enright, D. J. (ed.), Fair of speech: the uses of euphemism, 151–8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kammerer, K. & Lane, N. (1975). Writer's guide to medical journals. Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. (1978). Igaku Eigo Kanyo Hyogen Shu (Glossary of medical English expressions). Tokyo: Bunkodo.Google Scholar
Kolin, P. C. (1973). The language of nursing, American Speech, 48, 193–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kourilova, M. (1984). Anglictina pre Studentov Lekarskych Facult. Bratislava: Vysoloskolske Skripta, Univerzita Komenskeho.Google Scholar
Kraft, A. K. (1976). Oral presentations at surgical meetings. Journal of Surgical Research, 20, 376.Google Scholar
Labov, W. & Fanshel, D. (1977). Therapeutic discourse. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lachowicz, D. J. (1971). Using medical English, Vol. 1. Medical English Project, American Medical Association: Department of Languagaes, University of Saigon, Saigon.Google Scholar
Lakoff, R. (1980) When talk is not cheap. In Michaels, & Ricks, (eds.), The state of the language 440–8. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. D. (1975). ‘Adjectives in descriptive anatomy, MA/ELT Thesis, Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Lewkowicz, J. & Pett, J. (1980). Report on a project designed at developing language skills of medical equipment technical students. Occasional Papers, 2, 01. Faculty of Education, Ain Shaims University of Cairo.Google Scholar
Lewycka, M., Mares, P., & Whitaker, N. (1980). The HELP (Harehills English Language Project) Maternity Language Course. Leeds, UK: Printed Resources Unit for Continuing Education, Leeds City Council, Department of Education.Google Scholar
Lock, S., Whimster, F. & Collan, Y. (1975). A Medical Course for Doctors. Runeberginkatu 47A SF-00260 Helsinki 26: The Finnish Medical Society DUODECIM.Google Scholar
Lynch, , Michael, (1978). ‘Art and Artifact in laboratory science: a study of shop work and shop talk in a research laboratory’. PhD Thesis, University of California, Irvine.Google Scholar
Mackin, R. & Weinberger, A. (1962). El Ingles para Medicos y Estudiantes de Medicina. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Maclean, J. (1975). English for Basic Medical Science. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maher, J. C. (1981 a). The scientific manuscript: overview and guidelines for the ESP/ST instructor. Cross Currents, 8, 2.Google Scholar
Maher, J. C. (1981 b), Concepts and Scientific Usage in English. Bulletin of Shimane Medical University, 3.Google Scholar
Maher, J. C. (1984). Review of Strevens' Teaching English as an International Language. Applied Linguistics, 5, 1.Google Scholar
Maher, J. C. (1985). The role of English in medicine and medical education in Japan'. PhD Thesis, Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.Google Scholar
Maher, J. C. (1985 b). Language and medicine bibliography: a linguistic and pedagogical bibliography for English in the medical sciences. Edinburgh: Department of Linguistics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.Google Scholar
Maher, J. C. (1986). The development of English as an international language of medicine. Applied Linguistics, 7, 2.Google Scholar
Maslova, A. M. & Veynshteyn, Z. I. (1974). Posobie po Angliyskomu yazyku dlya Meditsinskikh. Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1976). Sociological ambivalence and other essays. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Methold, K. & Methold, C. (1975). Practice in Medical English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Milton Keynes Voluntary Language Scheme (n.d.).The new baby: Books 1–10. (Gulshan Sadiq from pregnancy through to the ante-natal clinic). NKVLS, The Queensway Centre, Queensway, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, MK2 2MBG.Google Scholar
Mizoguchi, U. (1976). Raifu Saiensu no Eigo Ronbun (Writing papers in medical English for the life sciences). Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar
Moulds, A., Bouchier-Hayes, T. & Young, K. (1982). A guide to PLAB. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Munby, J. (1978). Communicative syllabus design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Murison-Bowie, S. (1967). ‘Aspects of the relevance of “register” to the teaching of English to students with specialist intersts”. MSc Thesis, Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Edinburgh Scotland.Google Scholar
Neal, P. (1962). Better communication for better health. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Newmark, P. (1977). A layman's approach to medical translation. Incorporated Linguist, 15, Spring, 41–7.Google Scholar
Newmark, P. (1979). A layman's view of medical translation. British Medical Journal, 2, 1405–7.Google Scholar
O'Brien, T., Jameson, J. & Kirwin, D. (1979). Nucleus: Medicine. London: Longman.Google Scholar
O'Connor, M. & Woodford, F. P. (1975). Writing scientific papers in English. Amsterdam: Associated Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar
Okuda, , Kunio, . (1969). Handbook of Medical English. Tokyo: Igaku Shoin.Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. (1978). English for Doctors and Nurses. London: Evans.Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. (1979). English practice tape material for overseas doctors preparing for the PLAB examination. Pastest Service (PO Box 81, Hemel Hempatead UK).Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. (1980). A Manual of English for the Overseas Doctor. London: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Pettenari, C. (1983). The function of grammatical alternation in 14 surgical reports. Applied Linguistics, 4, 1, Spring.Google Scholar
Powers, D. & Stanfield, C. (1985). Testing the oral proficiency of foreign nursing graduates. ESP Journal, 4, 21–35.Google Scholar
Prince, E. (1979). Hedging in physicians' discourse. Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America, Annual Meeting, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Prince, E., Frader, J., & Bosk, C. (1982). On hedging in physician–physician discourse. In Pietro, R. di (ed), Linguistics and the professions. New Jersey: Ablex.Google Scholar
Purvis, K. (1978). Read and note: English study skills for science and medicine. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Read, M. (1966). Cornell Health Team: Document No. 45 (Navaho Field Studies). New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rhenicer, Z. et al. (1965). Engelski za Medicinskeskole: English for nurses, Parts 1–3, (Neizmijenjeno lzdanje). British Council Library, London.Google Scholar
Richey, J. (1980). Medical language: a survival vocabulary. Hayward, California: Janus.Google Scholar
Roberts, F. (1966). Good medical English for medical writers. London: Heinemann Medical Books.Google Scholar
Roberts, F. (1971). Medical terms – their origin and construction. London: Heinemann Medical Books.Google Scholar
Roberts, F., Ishikawa, E. & Harada, W. (1977). Good English: Smaato na Igaku Eigo no Kakikata. Tokyo: Hirokawa Shoten.Google Scholar
Roland, C. G. (1970–1973). Thoughts on medical writing. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 49–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sager, J. D., Dungworth, D. & McDonald, P. (n.d.). English special languages, Wiesbaden: Brandstetter.Google Scholar
Salager, F. (1983). The lexis of fundamental medical English: a classificatory framework and rhetorical function. Reading in a Foreign Language, 1, 1, 03.Google Scholar
Salager, F. (1984). The English of medical literature research project. English for Specific Purposes, 06, 87.Google Scholar
Sandler, P. L. (1983). Medically speaking. London: BBC Publications.Google Scholar
Schutz, N. & Derwing, B. (1981). The problem of needs assessment in ESP: some theoretical and practical considerations. In Mackay, R. & Palmer, J. D. (eds.), Languages for Specific Purposes. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Seccombe, D. J. (1960). ‘Styles of English encountered within the register of obstetrics and gynaecology related to the linguistic problems of the overseas student’ Diploma (AL) Thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.Google Scholar
Seedhom, B. B., Smeathers, J. E. & Thompson, D. T. (1985) Devising a course for overseas visitors who don't speak English well. British Medical Journal, 391, 21 09, 802–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selinker, L. (1979). On the use of informants in discourse analysis and language for specialized purposes. IRAL, 17, 3.Google Scholar
Shao, X. (1978) Yixue Zhuanye Ying Yu Yu Fa (English grammar for medical students). Beijing: People's Republic of China.Google Scholar
Shao, X. (1981 a). Yingyu Shukan Yuedu Yu Fanyi Jiaocheng (How to read and translate English medical books and journals). Beijing: Peoples' Republic of China.Google Scholar
Shao, X. (1981 b). Yixue Xuexi 1 (Learn medical English Book One). Beijing: People's Republic of China.Google Scholar
Shao, X. (1982). Yingyu Ting Yong Wen (Practical English writing). Beijing: People's Republic of China.Google Scholar
Shao, X. (1983). Yingyu 1 (English textbook for medical students in China, Book One), Beijing: People's Republic of China.Google Scholar
Sjao, X. (1984). Yi Xue Yingyu Jie Ti Du Ben (Basic English course for medical students). Beijing: People's Republic of China.Google Scholar
Sheerin, S. (1981) Some difficulties, real and imagined, in conducting medical case conferences in the teaching of doctor/doctor language. Lexden Papers 2. Oxford: Lexden Centre.Google Scholar
Sheerin, S. (1982), Teaching doctors to speak English. EFL Gazette, 26, 01.Google Scholar
Shephard, D. (1979). How to evaluate papers given at medical meetings: use of the SPEAKER Index. British Medical Journal, 1 12, 1403–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shuy, R. W. (1974). Problems in communication in a cross-cultural medical interview. Working Papers in Sociolinguistics, 19, 12, Austin, Texas: Southwestern Educational Development Laboratory.Google Scholar
Shuy, R. W. (1976). The medical interview: problems in communication. Primary Care, 3, 365–86.Google Scholar
Shuy, R. W. (1979). Three types of interference to an effective exchange of information in the medical interview. Paper presented to the Society for Computer Medicine, Atlanta, 11.Google Scholar
Smith, D. J. S. (1980). Overseas doctors in the National Health Service. London: Heinemann Educational Books, for the Policy Studies Institute.Google Scholar
Stanchina, C. H. (1976). English or medical science? Mélanges Pédagogiques, CRAPEL.Google Scholar
Strevens, P. (1971). Alternatives to daffodils. In CILT Reports and Papers, 7, 7–11.Google Scholar
Strevens, P. (1980). Teaching English as an International Language, Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Suprapto, S. (1982). Linguistics and the professions. Linguistic Reporter, 03, 2–5.Google Scholar
Swales, J. (1976). Latinate names and article usage in biology. ESPEMA Bulletin, 6, Winter.Google Scholar
Swales, J. & Fanning, P. (1980). English in the medical laboratory. Walton-on-Thames: Nelson.Google Scholar
Takashima, T., Brown, F. Jr, & Theuer, C. (1975). Igaku no Eikaiwa no Raisensu (English Conversation Licence for Physicians). Tokyo: Bunkodo.Google Scholar
Tomoyoshi, T. (1962). Textbook of Medical English. Kyoto: Nankodo Press.Google Scholar
Trenkner, P. (1978). Maritimes Englisch (Maritime Medical Service). Lehrmittel für das Lehrgebeit ‘Martimes Englisch’. Nautical Engineering College, 2530 Warnemunde, GDR.Google Scholar
Tylkina, S. A. (1974). Posobie po Angliyskomu Yazyku dlya Meditinskikh i Farmetsenticheskikh Chilisch. Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1957). Medical documentation and translation. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
van, Naerssen M. (1981). ESL in medicine: a matter of life or death. TESOL Quarterly, 12, 2, 06.Google Scholar
van, Naerssen M. & Frelick, A. (1984). Professional cultural orientation in ESP. Language Learning and Communication, Summer.Google Scholar
van, Naerssen M. (1985). Medical records: one variation of physicians' language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language: the Health Professions, 51, 43–73.Google Scholar
Vincent, S. (1982). Language labour pains. EFL Gazette, 26, 01.Google Scholar
Wakely, D. (1823). Note the the reader. The Lancet, 1, 1.Google Scholar
Weinreich, F., Vincent, S., Morris, K., & Collander-Brown, P. (1982). First find your students. EFL Gazette, 26, 01.Google Scholar
Widdowson, H. (1979). Explorations in applied linguistics. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. (1961). The writing of medical papers. Philadelphia: Saunders.Google Scholar
Wingard, P. (1978). Review of Purvis' Read and Note. ESPEMA Bulletin, Winter.Google Scholar
Wingard, P. (1982). Some verb forms and functions in six medical texts. In Selinker, L., Tarone, E. & Hanzeli, V. (eds.), English for Academic and Technical Purposes: studies in honor of Louis Trimble. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Yeliseyera, A. G. & Yershova, I. A. (1963). English words and how to use them: health and medical services. Moscow: Higher School State Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zollinger, R., Pace., W. & Kienzele, G. (1961). Medical talks and papers. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar