Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:34:59.211Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Linguistic analysis of dialect “correction” and its interaction with cognitive salience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Malcah Yaeger-Dror
Malcah Yaeger-Dror
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article considers language variation within one “ethnic” group: Israelis of Middle Eastern origins. Earlier studies (Yaeger-Dror, 1988, 1991) found that singers from the dominant “koiné” -speaking social group (Blanc, 1968) use [r] in pop songs and [R] in casual interviews. This can be defined as a register distinction. On the other hand, singers from a MidEastern ethnolinguistic background, whose underlying dialect includes [r], use [R] even in songs. Given that singers whose vernacular consonant invetory does not even include [r], and who should find it easire to use it categorically, have such a difficult time maintaing [r] consistently (and appropriately) in the song register? One of the recorded variants for these singers “merges” the [r] and [R] into coarticulated [rR]. Why does this previously unattested sound arise, and what does it tell us about the linguistic and sociolinguistic situation? Data from various registers are analyzed in order to discover the answers to these questions. This analysis is concerned with the quantifiable evidence of systematic patterns in the use of these three pronunciations for [r] and uses this evidence to demonstrate that subconscious sociolinguistic pressures on members of the minority community influence them to assimilate to the dominant social group while still retaining ethnolinguistic proof of a narrower ethnic identity. For example, the use of [rR] is found to be correlated with a wish to affiliate with both an [R]-using group and an [r]-using group, showing that sociolinguistic techniques can reveal social psychological ethinc affiliation. Like Trudgill's (1986) discussions of dialects in contact, the present theoretical discussion takes advantage of proposals advanced by Giles, to explain why the data reveal both convergence (toward the dominant out-group) and divergence (toward the in-group) (Giles & Coupland, 1991). Sociolinguistic methods permit a quantitative analysis of the strength of these conflicting tendencies, both of which are subsumed under the technical term “accommodation.” Methods are proposed to determine if choice of the

[R] or [rR] variant is conscious or not, and variable rule analysis reveals that for most of the singers the less cognitive salience, the greater the degree of convergence to the Koiné norm [R]. The linguistic factors that are correlated with the relative degree of salience can be used in future studies when the relationship between convergence toward another dialect or language and relative cognitive salience is also at issue.

Type
Research Article
Information
Language Variation and Change , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , July 1993 , pp. 189 - 224
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abd-el-Jawad, Hassan R. (1986). The emergence of an urban dialect in the Jordanian urban centers. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 61:53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abd-el-Jawad, Hassan R. (1987). Cross-dialectal variation in Arabic: Competing prestigious forms. Language in Society 16:359–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakir, Murtadha. (1986). Sex differences in the approximation to Standard Arabic: A case study. Anthropological Linguistics 28:3–9.Google Scholar
Baugh, J. (1992). Hypocorrection: Mistakes in production of vernacular African American English as a second dialect. Language and Communication 12:317–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckman, M. (1986). Stress and non-stress accent. Hawthorne, NY: de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Allan. (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society 13:145–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Allan. (1985). One rule of news English: Geographical, social and historical spread. Te Reo 28:95–117.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. (1990). Audience and referee design in New Zealand media language. In Bell, A. & Holmes, J. (eds.), New Zealand ways of speaking English. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. 165–195.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. (1991a). Audience accommodation in the mass media. In Giles, H., Coupland, J., & Coupland, N. (eds.), Contexts of accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 69–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Allan. (1991b). Language in the news media. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. (1992). Hit and miss: Referee design in the dialects of New Zealand television advertisements. Language and Communication 12:327–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer. (1982). The emergence of ethnicity: Cultural groups and social conflict in Israel. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer. (1989). Acculturation and assimilation in comparative perspective. In Kaplan, Y. & Stern, M. (eds.), Acculturation and assimilation. Jerusalem: Shazar Institute. 9–28.Google Scholar
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, & Sharot, Stephen. (1991). Ethnicity, religion and class in Israeli society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benski, Tova. (1988). Acculturation and musical taste patterns. In Deutsch, A. & Tulea, G. (eds.), Social and cultural integration in Israel. Ramat Gan: Sociological Institute. 35–64.Google Scholar
Benski, Tova. (1989). Ethnicity and the shaping of musical taste patterns in an Israeli urban community. Social Forces 67:731–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benski, Tova, Braun, J., & Sharvit, U. (1986). Towards a study of the Israeli urban musical culture: The case of kiriat Ono. Asian Music 17:168–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentolila, Yakov. (1983). The sociophonology of Hebrew as spoken in a rural settlement of Moroccan Jews in the Negev. Doctoral dissertation, Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Blanc, Haim. (1968). The Israeli koiné as an emergent national standard. In Fishman, J., Ferguson, C., & Das Gupta, J. (eds.), Language problems of developing nations. New York: Wiley. 237–257.Google Scholar
Bock, Katherine. (1982). Toward a cognitive psychology of language. Psychological Review 89:1–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, Katherine. (1986). Meaning sound and syntax: Lexical priming in sentence production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 12:575–586.Google Scholar
Bock, Katherine. (1987). An effect of the accessibilty of word forms on sentence structures. Journal of Memory and Language 26:119–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, Z., & Small, L. (1984). Detecting and correcting mispronunciations: A note on methodology. Journal of Phonetics 12:279–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britain, David. (1992). Linguistic change in intonation: The use of high rising terminals in New Zealand English. Language Varition and Change 4:77–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Gillian. (1983). Prosodic structure and the given/new distinction. In Cutler, A. & Ladd, R. (eds.), Prosody: Models and measurements. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 67–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Gillian, & Yule, George. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnel, G. (1970). Le français radiophonique à Montreal. Master's thesis, University of Montreal.Google Scholar
Carlson, L. (1984). Focus and dialogue games. In Vaina, L. & Hintikka, J. (eds.), Cognitive constraints on communication. Dordrecht: Reidel. 295–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J., & Trudgil, P. (1980). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, H., & Haviland, S. (1977). Comprehensions and the given-new contract. In Freedle, R. (ed.), Discourse production and comprehension. New York: Academic. 1–40.Google Scholar
Cole, R. (1976). Factors affecting the detection of mispronunciations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 60:M9(A).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, W., & Danley, M. (1981). Segmental and temporal aspects of utterance-final lengthening. Phonetica 38:106–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, W., Tye-Murray, N., & Nelson, L. (1987). Detection of missing words in spoken text. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 16:233–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coupland, Nikolas. (1984). Accommodation at work. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46:49–70.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. (1985). “Hark, hark, the lark”: Social motivations for phonological style-shifting. Language and Communication 5:153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culter, A. (1983). Spearkers' conceptions of the function of prosody. In Cutler, A. & Ladd, R. (1983). 79–92.Google Scholar
Culter, A. (1987). Speaking for listening. In Allport, D. A., MacKay, D., Prinz, W., & Scheerer, E. (eds.), Language perception and production. London: Academic.Google Scholar
Cutler, A., & Clifton, C. (1984). The use of prosodic information in word recognition. In Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, D. (eds.), Attention and performance, X. Control of language processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Davis, Lawrence. (1983). The elicitation of contextual styles in language. Journal of English Linguistics 16:18–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Lawrence. (1984). The pharyngeals in Hebrew: Linguistic change in apparent time. Folia Linguistica Historica 5:25–32.Google Scholar
Dell, G. (1984). Representation of serial order in speech: Evidence from the repeated phoneme effect in speech errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 10:222–233.Google ScholarPubMed
Dell, G. (1988). The retrieval of phonological forms in production. Journal of Memory and Language 27:124–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denning, Keith. (1989). A sound change in Vernacular Black English. Language Variation and Change 1:145–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eady, S., Cooper, W., Klouda, G., Mueller, G., & Lotts, D. (1986). Acoustical characteristics of sentential focus: Narrow vs. broad and single vs. dual focus environments. Language and Speech 29:233–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fasold, R. (1984). The sociolinguistics of society, I. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fellman, J. (1974). The academy of the Hebrew language: Its history, structure, and function. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1:95–103.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. (1959a). The Arabic Koiné. Language 35:616–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, C. (1959b). Diglossia. Word 15:325–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fillmore, C. (1977). The case for case reopened. In Cole, P. & Sadock, J. (eds.), Syntax and semantics, 8. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Finegan, E., & Biber, D. (1993). Parallel patterns in social dialect and register variation: Towards an integrated theory. In Biber, D. & Finegan, E. (eds.), Perspectives on register: Situating register variation within sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 315–347.Google Scholar
Forster, K. (1976). Accessing the mental lexicon. In Wales, R. & Walker, E. (eds.), New approaches to language mechanisms. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
Forster, K., & Bednall, E. (1976). Terminating an exhaustive search in lexical access. Memory and Cognition 4:53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, Carol A. (1988). Differential shortening of repeated content words produced in various communicative contexts. Language and speech 31:307–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, Carol, & Housum, J. (1987). Talkers' signaling of “new” and “old” words in speech and listeners' perception and use of the distinction. Journal of Memory & Language 26:489–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genesee, F., & Holobow, N. (1989). Change and stability in intergroup perceptions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 8:17–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, H., & Coupland, N. (1991). Language: Contexts and consequences. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. (1978). Amplitude shift. In Schenkein, J. (ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational inetraction. New York: Academic. 199–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J. (1986). Were there Egyptian Koinés? In Fishman, J. et al. (eds.), The Fergusonian impact, I. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 271–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumperz, F., & Tell-Bauberger, L. (1966). Speech pathology in Israel. In Rieber, R. & Brubaker, R. (eds.), Speech pathology. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 512–521.Google Scholar
Guy, Gregory. (1990). Saliency. Ms., Stanford University.Google Scholar
Haeri, Niloofar. (1987). Male/female differences in speech: An alternative interpretation. In Denning, K., Inkelas, S., McNair-Knox, F., & Rickford, J. (eds.), Variation in language. Standford: Standford University Press. 173–182.Google Scholar
Hale, K., Krauss, M., Watahomigie, L., Yamamoto, A., Craig, C., Jeanne, L., & England, N. (1992). Endangered languages. Language 68:1–42.Google Scholar
Halper, Jeff, Seroussi, Edwin, & Kidron, Pam. (1988, 02). Musika Mizraḥit, ethnicity and class culture in Israel. Paper delivered at the Herzog International Forum for the Socio-Musicological Sciences, Tel Aviv.Google Scholar
Hindle, Donald. (1980). Social and situational conditioning of phonetic variation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Hirschberg, L. (1990). Accent and discourse context: Assigning pitch accent in synthetic speech. The given/new distinction and deaccentablity. Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artifical Intelligence, Vol. II.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press. 952–957.Google Scholar
Holmquist, J. (1988). Language loyalty and linguistic variation. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibrahim, A. (1986). Standard and prestige language: A problem in Arabic sociolinguistics. Anthropological Linguistics 28:115–126.Google Scholar
Jefferson, G. (1984). Notes on the systematic deployment of the acknowledgement tokens “yeah” and “mm hm.” Papers in Linguistics 17:197–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jefferson, G. (1989). Notes on a possible metric which provides for a “standard maximum silence” of approximately one second in conversation. In Roger, D. & Bull, P. (eds.), Conversation: An interdisciplinary perspective. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. 166–196.Google Scholar
Joseph, Brian, & Wallace, Rex. (1992). Socially determined variation in ancient Rome. Language Variation and Change 4:105–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempen, G., & Hoenkamp, E. (1987). An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation. Cognitive Science 11:201–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempen, G., & Huijbers, P. (1983). The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming. Cognition 14:185–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidron, Pamela. (1988, 09 16). Queen of casstters. Jerusalem Post Magazine, p. 2.Google Scholar
Kidron, Pamela. (1989, 03 3). Full of Eastern promise. Jerusalem Post Magazine, p. 4.Google Scholar
Klatt, Dennis. (1975). Vowel length is syntactically determined in a connected discourse. Journal of Phonetics 3:129–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, W., & Levelt, W. (eds.). (1981). Crossing the boundaries in linguistics. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroch, Tony. (1978). Toward a theory of social dialect variation. Language in Society 7:17–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, K. (1975). Holding the middle ground: The BBC, the public and the professional broad-caster. Sociology 9:67–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. (1966a). Hypercorrection by the lower middle class as a factor in linguistic change. In Bright, W. (ed.), Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the UCLA Sociolinguistics Conference, 1964. The Hague: Mouton. 84–113.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1966b). The social stratification of English in New York City Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1987). Sources of inherent variablity in the speech process. In Perkell, J. & Klatt, D. (eds.), Invariance and variability in speech processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 402–423.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, P. (1983). A course in phonetics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Leets, L., & Giles, H. (in press). Dimensions of minority language survival-nonsurvival: Intergroup cognitions and communication climates. In Fase, W., Jaspaert, K., & Kroon, S. (eds.), Maintenance and loss of minority languages: A cross-cultural perspective. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Lehiste, I. (1970). Parasegmentals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem. (1978). A survey of studies in sentence perception. In Levelt, W. & Flores d'Arcais, G. (eds.), Studies in the perception of language. New York: Wiley. 1–74.Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem. (1983). Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition 14:41–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levelt, Willem. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem, & Cutler, A. (1983). Prosodic marking in speech repair. Journal of Semantics 2:205–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levelt, Willem, & Flores d'Arcais, G. (eds.), (1978). Studies in the perception of language. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem, & Maassen, B. (1981). Lexical search and order of mention in sentence production. In Klein, W. & Levelt, W. (eds.), Crossing the boundaries in linguistics. Dordrecht: Reidel. 221–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levelt, Willem, & Schriefers, H. (1987). Stages of lexical access. In Kempen, G. (ed.), Natural language generation. Dordrecht: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Liberman, P. (1967). Intonation, perception and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lomax, Alan. (1978). Folk song style and culture. Washington, DC: American Association for Advancement of Science. (Original work published 1968)Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B., & Bates, E. (1978). Sentential devices for conveying givenness and newness. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17:539–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. (1984). Sounds of the world's languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. (1973). Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies. Nature 244:522–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marslen-Wilson, W. (forthcoming). Lexical representation and process. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W., Levy, E., & Tyler, L. (1982). Producing interpretable discourse. In Jarvella, R.J. & Klein, W. (eds.), Speech, place, and action. Chichester: Wiley. 339–378.Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W., & Tyler, L. (1975). Processing structure of sentence perception. Nature 257:784–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marslen-Wilson, W., & Tyler, L. (1982). Central processes in speech understanding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B259:317–332.Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W., Tyler, L., & Seidenberg, M. (1975). Sentence processing and the clause boundary. In Levelt, W. & Flores d'Arcais, G. (eds.), Studies in the perception of language. New York: Wiley. 219–246.Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W., & Welsh, A. (1978). Processing interactions and lexical access during world recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology 10:29–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, A. (1988). Phonological encoding in language production. Doctoral dissertation, Nijmegen University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Milroy, L. (1980). Language and social networks. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, L., & Milory, J. (1992). Social network and social class. Language in Society 21:1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nahir, Moshe. (1978). Normativism and educated speech in Modern Hebrew. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 18:49–67.Google Scholar
Nooteboom, S. G., & Kruyt, J. G. (1987). Accents, focus distribution, and the perceived distribution of given and new information: An experiment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82:1512–1524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poplack, S., & Tagliamonte, S. (1991). African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians. Language Variation and Change 3:301–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prince, Ellen. (1981). Toward a taxonomy of given-new information. In Cole, P. (ed.), Radical pragmatics. New York: Academic. 223–255.Google Scholar
Prince, Ellen. (1987). Sara Gorby, Yiddish folksinger: A case study of dialect shift. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 67:83–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabin, Haim. (1983). The sociology of normativism in Israeli Hebrew. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 41:41–56.Google Scholar
Rand, D., & Sankoff, D. (1991). Documentation for goldvarb. University of Montreal.Google Scholar
Regev, Motti. (1986). The musical soundscape as a contest area: “Oriental music” and Israeli popular music. Media, Culture, & Society 8:343–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickford, John, Ball, Arnetha, Blake, Renée, Jackson, Raina, & Martin, Nomi. (1992). Rappin on the copula coffin: Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African-American Vernacular English. Language Variation and Change 3:103–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickford, John, & McNair-Knox, F. (1993). Addressee- and topic-influenced style shift. In Biber, D. & Finegan, E. (eds.), Perspectives on register. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 235–276.Google Scholar
Sankoff, D. (1988). Problems of representativeness. In Ammon, U., Dittmar, N., & Mattheier, M. (eds.), Handbook of Sociolinguistics, Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter. 899–904.Google Scholar
Schuetze-Coburn, S., Shapley, M., & Weber, E. (1991). Units of intonation in discourse: Comparison of acoustic and auditory analyses. Language and Speech 34:207–234.Google Scholar
Selkrik, E. (1984). Phonology and syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Selting, M. (1985). Levels of style-shifting — Exemplified in the interaction strategies of a moderator in a listener participation programme. Journal of Pragmatics 9:179–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selting, M. (1992). Prosody in conversational questions. Journal of Pragmatics 17:315–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. (1986). The representation of phonological information during speech production planning. Phonology Yearbook 3:117–149.Google Scholar
Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. (1987). The role of word onset consonants in speech production planning. In Keller, E. & Gopnick, M. (eds.), Motor and sensory processing in language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 17–51.Google Scholar
Siegel, J. (1985). Koinés and koinéization. Language in Society 14:357–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, J. (ed.). (1993). International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99. Special issue on koinés and koinéization.Google Scholar
Spolsky, B., & Walters, J. (1985). Jewish styles of workship. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 56:51–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sridhar, S. (1988). Cognition and sentence production: A cross-linguistic study. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terken, J. (1984). The distribution of pitch accents in instructions. Language and Speech 27:269–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thibault, P. (1983). Équivalence et grammaticalisation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Montreal.Google Scholar
Tousiganant, Claude, & Sankoff, David. (1989). New results on Montreal French /r/. In Fasold, R. & Schiffrin, D. (eds.), Language change and variation. Philadelphia: Benjamins. 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. (1972). Sex, covert prestige and liguistic cahnge in the urban British English of Norwich. Language in Society 1:179–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. (1983). Acts of conflicting identity. In Trudgill, P., On dialect. Oxford: Blackwell. 141–160.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. (1986). Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Umeda, Nuriko. (1975). Vowel duration in American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58:434–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wold, A. (1979). Word order, message structure and recall. In Rommetveit, R. & Blakar, R. (eds.), Studies of language, thought, and verbal communication. New York: Academic. 353–360.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Malcah. (1974). Speaking style. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 1:1.Google Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, M. (1988). The influence of changing group vitality on convergence toward a dominant norm. Language and Communication 8:285–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, M. (1991). Hypercorrection of (r) for singers from a minority background. Language and Communication 11:309–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, M. (1992a). Hypercorrection and hyperaccommodation: An introduction. Language and Communication 12:181–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, M. (1992b). Language and Communication 12:3–4. Special issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, M. (in press). Linguistic data solving social psychological questions. Israel Social Science Journal 10.Google Scholar
Zuengler, J. (1991). Accommodation in native-nonnative interactions. In Giles, H., Coupland, J., & Coupland, N., Contexts of accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 223–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar