Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:18:49.648Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Alluvial Stratigraphy and the Search for Preceramic Open-air Sites in Highland Mesoamerica

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Aleksander Borejsza ,
Charles D. Frederick ,
Luis Morett Alatorre  and
Arthur A. Joyce
Aleksander Borejsza
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosf, Av. Industrias 101A, Fracc., Talleres, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C. P. 78494, Mexico (borejsza@gmail.com)
Charles D. Frederick
Affiliation:
Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1098, United States (c.frederick@hughes.net)
Luis Morett Alatorre
Affiliation:
Museo Nacional de Agricultura, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 38.5 carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de México, C. P. 56230, Mexico (l_morett@yahoo.com.mx)
Arthur A. Joyce
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0233, United States (arthur.joyce@colorado.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Preceramic archaeological record of highland Mesoamerica is biased toward rockshelter sites. We advocate more fieldwork in streamside settings, where open-air sites are likely to be found for reasons related both to the systemic context of hunter-gatherer lifeways and to the geoarchaeological context of site burial and preservation. Predicting site location requires attention to the peculiar nature and behavior of incised ephemeral streams (barrancas) and to the complex alluvial stratigraphic sequences that they leave behind. Four case studies—from the Mexican states ofTlaxcala, México, Morelos, and Oaxaca—reconstruct the geometry and age structure of late Quaternary alluvium from exposures in cutbanks, brickyards, and purposefully dug trenches. We identify deeply buried locales with the remains of extinct megafauna, intentionally set fires, and lithic debitage. We distinguish between geographical areas, stream reaches, and time intervals that do or do not hold much promise for further research. The fragmentary nature of the alluvial record and the paucity of sites can be explained by changes in stream behavior wrought by agricultural land use and are conditioned by the intensity and antiquity of agriculture in any given area. Deposits and sites of Paleoindian age may be more commonly preserved than those of Archaic age.

Resumen

Resumen

El registro arqueológico del Precerámico en las tierras altas de Mesoamérica sufre de un sesgo a favor de los abrigos rocosos. En aras de revertirlo, proponemos dirigir may ores esfuerzos a los sitios a cielo abierto en ambientes fluviales que aún no han sido descubiertos. Su presencia y buena conservación se explican tanto por el contexto sistémico en el quefueron ocupados por grupos de cazadores-recolectores, como por el contexto geoarqueológico en el que fueron sepultados. Anticipar su ubicación requiere que prestemos más atención a las peculiaridades geomorfológicas de las barrancas y a las complejas secuencias estratigráficas que producen. Cuatro estudios de caso, en los estados mexicanos de Tlaxcala, México, Morelos y Oaxaca, reconstruyen la geometría y edad de aluviones del Cuaternario tardío con base en cortes expuestos en las paredes de las barrancas, ladrilleras y trincheras que excavamos nosotros. Identificamos algunos lugares con evidencia de megafauna extinta, uso intencional delfuego y talla lítica. Distinguimos entre regiones, tramos del mismo río y periodos que tienen mucho o poco potencial. La escasez y el aislamiento de los depósitos aluviales y sitios de edad precerámica se deben a los cambios hidrológicos provocados por la agricultura y guardan una relación con la intensidad y antiguedad de la misma. Los depósitos que corresponden al periodo Paleoindio parecen ser más comunes que los del Arcaico.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 278 - 299
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Acosta Ochoa, Guillermo 2010 Late-Pleistocene/Early-Holocene Tropical Foragers of Chiapas, Mexico: Recent Studies. Current Research in the Pleistocene 27:1–4.Google Scholar
Aiuvalasit, Michael J., Neely, James A., and Bateman, Mark D. 2010 New Radiometric Dating of Water Management Features at the Prehistoric Purrón Dam Complex, Tehuácan Valley, Puebla, México. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:1207–1213.Google Scholar
Arce, José Luis, Macías, José Luis, and Selem, Lorenzo Vázquez 2003 The 10.5 ka Plinian Eruption of Nevado de Toluca Volcano, México: Stratigraphy and Hazard Implications. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115:230–248.Google Scholar
Arnold, Philip J. III 2009 Settlement and Subsistence among the Early Formative Gulf Olmec. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:397–411.Google Scholar
Bettis, E. Arthur III 1992 Soil Morphologic Properties and Weathering Zone Characteristics as Age Indicators in Holocene Alluvium in the Upper Midwest. In Soils in Archaeology: Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation, edited by V. T. Holliday, pp. 119–144. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Bettis, E. Arthur III, and Mandel, Rolfe D. 2002 The Effects of Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Holocene Erosion and Alluviation on the Archaeological Record of the Central and Eastern Great Plains. Geoarchaeology 17:141–154.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1980 Willow Smoke and Dogs’ Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 45:4–20.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Kowalewski, Stephen A., Feinman, Gary M., and Appel, Jill 1982 Monte Alban’s Hinterland: I. The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca. Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor, Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogaard, Amy 2004 Neolithic Farming in Central Europe. Routledge, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borejsza, Aleksander, and Frederick, Charles D. 2010 Fluvial Response to Holocene Climate Change in Low-Order Streams of Central Mexico. Journal of Quaternary Science 25:762–781.Google Scholar
Borejsza, Aleksander, Frederick, Charles D., and Lesure, Richard G. 2011 Swidden Agriculture in the Tierra Fría? Evidence from Sedimentary Records in Tlaxcala. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:91–106.Google Scholar
Burke, A., Ebert, D., Cardille, J., and Dauth, D. 2008 Paleoethology as a Tool for the Development of Archaeological Models of Land-Use: The Crimean Middle Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:894–904.Google Scholar
Caballero Miranda, Margarita, and Guerrero, Beatriz Ortega (editors) 2011 Escenarios de cambio climático: registros del Cuaternario en América Latina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.Google Scholar
Castro-Govea, Renato, and Siebe, Claus 2007 Late Pleistocene-Holocene Stratigraphy and Radiocarbon Dating of La Malinche Volcano, Central Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 162:20–42.Google Scholar
Cook, Sherburne F. 1949 Soil Erosion and Population in Central Mexico. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Darby, Stephen E., and Simon, Andrews (editors) 1999 Incised River Channels: Processes, Forms, Engineering and Management: Wiley, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
Delcourt, Paul A., and Delcourt, Hazel R. 2004 Prehistoric North Americans and Ecological Change. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dillehay, Tom D., Eling, Herbert H. Jr., and Rossen, Jack 2005 Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:17241–17244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doebley, John 2004 The Genetics of Maize Evolution. Annual Review of Genetics 38:37–59.Google Scholar
Egeland, Charles P., Nicholson, Christopher M., and Gasparian, Boris 2010 Using GIS and Ecological Variables to Identify High Potential Areas for Paleoanthropological Survey: An Example from Northern Armenia. Journal of Ecological Anthropology 14:89–98.Google Scholar
Faugére, Brigitte 2006 Cueva de los Portales: un sitio arcaico del Norte de Michoacán, México. Instituto Nacional de Antropologéa e Historia, México.Google Scholar
Ferring, C. Reid 1992 Alluvial Pedology and Geoarchaeological Research. In Soils in Archaeology, edited by V. T. Holliday, pp. 1–40. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Ferring, C. Reid 2001 Geoarchaeology in Alluvial Landscapes. In Earth Sciences and Archaeology, edited by P. Goldberg, V. T. Holliday and C. R. Ferring, pp. 77–106. Kluwer, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 1973 The Origins of Agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 2:271–310.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., Marcus, Joyce, and Kowalewski, Stephen A. 1981 The Preceramic and Formative of the Valley of Oaxaca. In Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians: 1. Archaeology, edited by J. A. Sabloff, pp. 48–93. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Spores, Ronald 1983 Excavated Sites of the Oaxaca Preceramic. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by K. V. Flannery and J. Marcus, pp. 20–26. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fowler, Melvin L. 1987 Early Water Management at Amalucan, State of Puebla, Mexico. National Geographic Research 3:52–68.Google Scholar
Frederick, Charles D. 1995 Fluvial Response to Late Quaternary Climate Change and Land Use in Central Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Frederick, Charles D. 1996 Landscape Change and Human Settlement in the Southeastern Basin of Mexico. Report submitted to the University of Houston, Clear Lake. Copies available from the author upon request.Google Scholar
Frederick, Charles D. 1999 Geoarchaeological Investigations at Tx-LF-14. In Tlatel de Tequexquináhuac: informe técnico, temporada 1999, edited by L. Morett Alatorre and F. Sánchez Martínez, pp. 34–67. Report on file at the Archivo Técnico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
Frederick, Charles D. 2007 Chinampa Cultivation in the Basin of Mexico: Observations on the Evolution of Form and Function. In Seeking a Richer Harvest: The Archaeology of Subsistence Intensification, Innovation, and Change, edited by Tina L. Thurston and Christopher T. Fisher, pp. 107–124. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
French, Charles, Periman, Richard, Cummings, Linda Scott, Hall, Stephen, Goodman-Elgar, Melissa, and Boreham, Julie 2009 Holocene Alluvial Sequences, Cumulic Soils and Fire Signatures in the Middle Rio Puerco Basin at Guadalupe Ruin, New Mexico. Geoarchaeology 24:638–676.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Markus, and Wagner, Günther A. 2005 The Chronostratigraphy and Geoarchaeological Significance of an Alluvial Geoarchive: Comparative OSL and AMS 14C Dating from Greece. Archaeometry 47:849–860.Google Scholar
García Bárcena, Joaquín 1982 El Precerámico en Aguacatenango, Chiapas, México. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
García Bárcena, Joaquín, and Santamaréa, Diana 1982 La cueva de Santa Marta Ocozocoautla, Chiapas. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
García Payón, José 1979 La zona arqueológica de Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca y los matlanzincas, etnología y arqueología: textos de la segunda parte. Bliblioteca Enciclopídica del Estado de México, México.Google Scholar
Gladfelter, Bruce G. 1985 On the Interpretation of Archaeological Sites in Alluvial Settings. In Archaeological Sediments in Context, edited by J. K. Stein and W. R. Farrand, pp. 41–52. Center for the Study of Early Man, Orono, Maine.Google Scholar
Guevara Sánchez, Arturo 1981 Los talleres líticos de Aguacatenango, Chis. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
Heine, Klaus 1971 Observaciones morfológicas acerca de las barrancas de la región de la Cuenca de Puebla-Tlaxcala. Comunicaciones 4:7–24.Google Scholar
Heine, Klaus, and Schönhals, Ernst 1973 Entstehung und Alter der “toba”-Sedimente in Mexiko. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 23–24:201–215.Google Scholar
Hendrickson, Dean A., and Minckley, Wendell L. 1984 Cienegas: Vanishing Climax Communities of the American Southwest. Desert Plants 6:131–175.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. 2001 Proto-Uto-Aztecan: A Community of Cultivators in Central Mexico? American Anthropologist 103:913–934.Google Scholar
Holliday, Vance T. 1997 Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Kirchhoff, Paul 1943 Mesoamérica: sus límites geográficos, compositión étnica y caracteres culturales. Acta Americana 1:92–107.Google Scholar
Kirkby, Michael 1972 The Physical Environment of the Nochixtlan Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt, Nashville.Google Scholar
Krasilnikov, Pavel, del Carmen Gutiérrez Castorena, María, Ahrens, Robert J., Gaistardo, Carlos Omar Cruz, Sedov, Sergey, and Rebolledo, Elizabeth Solleiro 2013 The Soils of Mexico. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, Wayne 1986 Descriptión preliminar de los estratos de tefra de Tlapacoya I. In Tlapacoya: 35 000 años de historia dellago de Chalco, edited by J. L. Lorenzo and L. Mirambell, pp. 77–100. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
Langbein, Walter B., and Schumm, Stanley A. 1958 Yield of Sediment in Relation to Mean Annual Precipitation. American Geophysical Union Transactions 39:1076–1084.Google Scholar
Laville, Henri, Rigaud, Jean-Philippe, and Sackett, James 1980 Rock Shelters of the Perigord. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lesure, Richard G. 2008 The Neolithic Demographic Transition in Mesoamerica? Larger Implications of the Strategy of Relative Chronology. In The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences, edited by J.-P. Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef, pp. 107–138. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Lesure, Richard G. 2014 Formative Lifeways in Central Tlaxcala: I. Excavations, Contexts, and Chronology. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Lewin, John, and Macklin, Mark G. 2003 Preservation Potential for Late Quaternary River Alluvium. Journal of Quaternary Science 18:107–120.Google Scholar
Lorenzo, José Luis 1958 Un sitio precerámico en Yanhuitlán, Oaxaca. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
Lorenzo, José Luis, and Mirambell, Lorena (editors) 1986 Tlapacoya: 35 000 años de historia del lago de Chalco. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 1996 Archaeological Investigations of Early Village Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley: Analyses and Syntheses. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 2007 Las Capas: Early Irrigation and Sedentism in a Southwestern Floodplain. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
McAuliffe, Joseph R., Sundt, Peter C., Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso Casas, and Viveros, Juan Luis 2001 Pre-Columbian Soil Erosion, Persistent Ecological Changes, and Collapse of a Subsistence Agricultural Economy in the Semi-Arid Tehuacan Valley, Mexico’s “Cradle of Maize.” Journal of Arid Environments 41:41–75.Google Scholar
McClung de Tapia, Emily 2011 Comment on “Backward Bottlenecks” by David L. Webster. Current Anthropology 52:97.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S. 1964 Ancient Mesoamerican Civilization. Science 143:538–545.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S. 1971a The Evolution of Community Patterns in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico and Speculations about the Cultural Process. In Man, Settlement and Urbanism, edited by Peter J. Ucko, Ruth Tringham, and G. W. Dimbleby, pp. 67–93. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S. 1971b Speculation about How and Why Food Production and Village Life Developed in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico. Archaeology 24:307–315.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S. 1981 Tehuacan’s Accomplishments. In Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians: Vol. I. Archaeology, edited by J. A. Sabloff, pp. 31–47. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., and Cook, Ángel García 1975 Excavations in the San Marcos Locality in the Travertine Slopes. In The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley: 5. Excavations and Reconnaissance, edited by Richard S. MacNeish, Melvin L. Fowler, Ángel García Cook, Frederick A. Peterson, Antoinette Nelken-Turner, and James A. Neely, pp. 137–160. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., and Peterson, Frederick A. 1962 The Santa Marta Rock Shelter, Ocozocoautla, Chiapas, Mexico. New World Archaeological Foundation, Provo.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., Peterson, Frederick A., and Neely, James A. 1975 The Archaeological Reconnaissance. In The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley: 5. Excavations and Reconnaissance, edited by Richard S. MacNeish, Melvin L. Fowler, Ángel García Cook, Frederick A. Peterson, Antoinette Nelken-Turner, and James A. Neely, pp. 341–495. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Matthews, John A. 1985 Radiocarbon Dating of Surface and Buried Soils: Principles, Problems and Prospects. In Geomorphology and Soils, edited by K. S. Richards, R. R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, pp. 269–288. Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2009 First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, Sarah E. 1997 Palaeolimnological Records of Climate Change in Mexico–Frustrating Past, Promising Future? Quaternary International 43–44:111–116.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, Sarah, and Davies, Sarah 2007 Deciphering Recent Climate Change in Central Mexican Lake Records. Climatic Change 83:169–186.Google Scholar
Miehlich, Günter 1991 Chronosequences of Volcanic Ash Soils. Verein zur Fbrderung der Bodenkunde, Hamburg.Google Scholar
Mueller, Raymond G., Joyce, Arthur A., and Borejsza, Aleksander 2012 Alluvial Archives of the Nochixtlan Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: Age and Significance for Reconstructions of Environmental Change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 321–322:121–136.Google Scholar
Newton, Anthony J., Metcalfe, Sarah E., Davies, Sarah J., Cook, Gordon, Barker, Philip, and Telford, Richard J. 2005 Late Quaternary Volcanic Record from Lakes of Michoacan, Central Mexico. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:91–104.Google Scholar
Nials, Fred L., Gregory, David A., and Brett Hill, J. 2011 The Stream Reach Concept and the Macro-Scale Study of Riverine Agriculture in Arid and Semiarid Environments. Geoarchaeology 26:724–761.Google Scholar
Niederberger, Christine 1976 Zohapilco: cinco milenios de ocupación humana en un sitio lacustre de la Cuenca de México. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.Google Scholar
Pérez, Ortiz, Arturo, Mario, and Cyphers, Ann 1997 La geomorfología y las evidencias arqueológicas en la región de San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Veracruz. In Poblacion, subsistencia y medio ambiente en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, edited by A. Cyphers, pp. 31–53. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, México.Google Scholar
Parsons, Jeffrey R., Brumfiel, Elizabeth M., Parsons, Mary H., and Wilson, David J. 1982 Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Southern Valley of Mexico: The Chalco-Xochimilco Region. Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Pérez Rodríguez, Verónica, and Anderson, Kirk C. 2013 Terracing in the Mixteca Alta, Mexico: Cycles of Resilience of an Ancient Land-Use Strategy. Human Ecology 41:335–349.Google Scholar
Ranere, Anthony J., Piperno, Dolores R., Hoist, Irene, Dickau, Ruth, and Iriarte, José 2009 The Cultural and Chronological Context of Early Holocene Maize and Squash Domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:5014–5018.Google Scholar
Righter, Kevin, Caffee, Marc, Elguera, José Rosas, and Valencia, Victor 2010 Channel Incision in the Rio Atenguillo, Jalisco, Mexico, Defined by 36C1 Measurements of Bedrock. Geomorphology 120:279–292.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Parsons, Jeffrey R., and Santley, Robert S. 1979 The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sedov, Sergey, García, Socorro Lozano, Rebolledo, Elizabeth Solleiro, de Tapia, Emily McClung, Guerrero, Beatriz Ortega, and Nájera, Susana Sosa 2010 Tepexpan Revisited: A Multiple Proxy of Local Environmental Changes in Relation to Human Occupation from a Paleolake Shore Section in Central Mexico. Geomorphology 122:309–322.Google Scholar
Sedov, Sergey, Rebolledo, Elizabeth Solleiro, Terhorst, Birgit, Solé, Jesús, de Lourdes Flores Delgadillo, María, Werner, Gerd, and Poetsch, Thomas 2009 The Tlaxcala Basin Paleosol Sequence: A Multiscale Proxy of Middle to Late Quaternary Environmental Change in Central Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 26:448–465.Google Scholar
Seele, Enno, and Siebe, Claus 2012 Traditionelles Ziegelhandwerk im Hochland von Mexiko: eine Studie und eine Dokumentation über die Verbreitung, die geographischen Grundlagen und die Strukturen an einigen Fallbeispielen aus den Bundesstaaten Puebla und México. Mediantis, Vechta, Germany.Google Scholar
Siebe, Claus, and Macías, José Luis 2004 Volcanic Hazards in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area from Eruptions at Popocatépetl, Nevado de Toluca, and Jocotitlán Stratovolcanoes and Monogenetic Scoria Cones in the Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Field. Geological Society of America, Boulder.Google Scholar
Smith, C. Earle Jr. 1976 Modern Vegetation and Ancient Plant Remains of the Nochixtlan Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt, Nashville.Google Scholar
Solís Castillo, Berenice, Rebolledo, Elizabeth Solleiro, Sedov, Sergey, and Berkovich, César Salcido 2012 Paleosuelos en secuencias coluvio-aluviales del Pleistoceno-Holoceno en Tlaxcala: registros paleoambientales del poblamiento temprano en el centra de México. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 64:91–108.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1969 Settlement, Farming Technology, and Environment in the Nochixtlán Valley. Science 166:557–569.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1972 An Archaeological Settlement Survey of the Nochixtlan Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt, Nashville.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1975 Settlement and Population Trends in the Basin of Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 2:331–349.Google Scholar
von Nagy, Christopher 1997 The Geoarchaeology of Settlement in the Grijalva Delta. In Olmec to Aztec: Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands, edited by B. L. Stark and P. J. Arnold III, pp. 253–277. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Voorhies, Barbara 2004 Coastal Collectors in the Holocene: The Chantuto People of Southwest Mexico. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Voorhies, Barbara, and Kennett, Douglas 1995 Buried Sites on the Soconusco Coastal Plain, Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 22:65–79.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael R. 1992 Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael R. 2000 Alluvial Stratigraphy and Geoarchaeology in the American Southwest. Geoarchaeology 15:537–557.Google Scholar
Webster, David L. 2011 Backward Bottlenecks: Ancient Teosinte/Maize Selection. Current Anthropology 52:77–104.Google Scholar
Werner, Gerd 1988 Die Böden des Staates Tlaxcala im zentralen Hochland von Mexiko: Untersuchungen über ihre Entwicklung, Verbreitung, Erosion und Nutzung unter dem Einfluβ 3000-jährigen Ackerbaus. Steiner, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar