Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T18:18:50.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diversity Specialists: Coastal Resource Management and Historical Contingency in the Osmore Desert of Southern Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Gregory Zaro
Gregory Zaro*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and the Climate Change Institute, 5773 S. Stevens Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5773 (Gregory.Zaro@umit.maine.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Prehispanic socioeconomic organization along the Andean coast is often understood with the “horizontality” model. In this scenario, coastal communities engaged in specialized economic activities and exchanged for products of other specialized communities. Throughout the lower reaches of the Osmore drainage on the south coast of Peru, settlement distribution and both residential and mortuary assemblages of Late Intermediate period Chiribaya partially reflect this pattern. However, investigations at the site of Wawakiki do not support a strict pattern of specialization, demonstrating that some communities along the intervalley coast emphasized a diversified production strategy. This practice appears late in the Chiribaya cultural sequence established for the Ilo valley, and it appears to have constituted part of a socioeconomic response to increasing hardships between about A.D. 1200-1400. Late Chiribaya populations responded to the combined effects of demographic growth and diminishing agricultural potential by (1) expanding into the relatively unpopulated intervalley coast, and (2) placing greater emphasis on diversified community level production along the coast. These results indicate that the variation observed in socio-economic organization should be interpreted within a more historically contingent and dynamic framework than that offered by a general model alone.

Resumen

Resumen

La organización socio-económica de la época prehispánica en la costa andina generalmente se entiende dentro del modelo horizontalidad. Según este argumento, las comunidades costeras participaron en actividades económicas especializadas e intercambiaron productos con otras también especializadas. Este patrón se evidencia en la distribución de las comunidades del cuenca costero del Osmore, sur del Perú, al igual que en los contextos domésticos y mortuorios de Chiribaya del período Intermedio Tardío. Sin embargo, investigaciones en el sitio Wawakiki demuestran que algunas comunidades en la costa entre los valles Ilo y Tambo practicaron una estrategia de producción diversificada. Esta aparece muy tarde en la secuencia cultural de Chiribaya del valle de Ilo, y habría constituido parte de una reacción socio-económica a las mayores dificultades experimentadas hacia 1200-1400 d.C. por las poblaciones del valle principal. Las poblaciones respondieron a los efectos combinados de crecimiento demográfico y la disminución del potencial agrícola (1) esparciéndose a los intervalles poco poblados, y (2) diversificando la producción al nivel de las comunidades costeras. Estos resultados indican que la variación en la organización económica se debe entender dentro de un contexto más dinámico e históricamente contingente del que ofrece el modelo de horizontalidad.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , June 2007 , pp. 161 - 179
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbott, Mark B., Brenner, Mark, and Kelts, Kerry R. 1997 A 3500 14C yr. High-Resolution record of Water Level Changes in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru. Quaternary Research 47:169–180.Google Scholar
Alamo, Víctor, and Valdivieso, Violeta 1987 Lista Sistemática de Moluscos Marinos del Perú. Instituto del Mar del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Aldenderfer, Mark S. 1998 Montane Foragers: Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Arakaki Makishi, Mónica 1999 Flora Vascular de la Cuenca del Río Ilo, Moquegua, Perú. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima.Google Scholar
Baker, Paul A., Seltzer, Geoffrey O., Fritz, Sherilyn C., Dunbar, Robert B., Grove, Matthew J., Tapia, Pedro M., Cross, Scott L., Rowe, Harold D., and Broda, James P. 2001 The History of South American Tropical Precipitation for the Past 25,000 Years. Science 291: 640–643.Google Scholar
Bawden, Garth 1989a Settlement Survey and Ecological Dynamics on the Peruvian South Coast. Andean Past 2:39–67.Google Scholar
Bawden, Garth 1989b Pre-Incaic Cultural Ecology of the Ilo Region. In Ecology, Settlement and History in the Osmore Drainage, Perú, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 183–206. B.A.R. International Series, Vol. 1. Oxford. Google Scholar
Bellido, E., and Guevara, C. 1963 Geología de los Cuadrángulos de Punta de Bombón v Clemesí. Publicaciones del Ministerio de Fomento, Vol. 2, No. 5. Comisión Carta Geológica Nacional, Lima.Google Scholar
Binford, Michael W., Kolata, Alan L., Brenner, Mark, Janusek, John W., Seddon, Matthew T., Abbott, Mark, and Curtis, Jason H. 1997 Climate Variation and the Rise and Fall of an Andean Civilization. Quaternary Research 47:235–248.Google Scholar
Bolaños, Aldo 1987 Carrizal: Nueva Fase Temprana en el Valle de Ilo. Gaceta Arqueológica Andina 14:18–22.Google Scholar
Boytner, Ran 1998 Textiles from the Lower Osmore Valley, Southern Peru: A Cultural Interpretation. Andean Past 5:325–56.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E. 1995 Tombs for the Living…or…for the Dead: the Osmore Ancestors. In Tombs for the Living: Andean Mortuary Practices, edited by Tom D. Dillehay, pp. 229–280. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., Tomczak, Paula D., Cerna, Maria Cecilia Lozada, and Rakita, Gordon F. M. 2005 Chiribaya Political Economy: a Bioarchaeological Perspective. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Gordon Rakita, Jane E. Buikstra, Lane A. Beck, and Sloan R. Williams, pp. 66–80. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Google Scholar
Clement, Christopher Ohm, and Moseley, Michael E. 1991 The Spring-Fed Irrigation System of Carrizal, Perú: A Case Study of the Hypothesis of Agrarian Collapse. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:425–443.Google Scholar
Cummings, Linda Scott 2004 Pollen Analysis of Field Sediments from Wawakiki, South Coast, Peru. Technical Report 03-68 on file with Paleo Research Institute, Golden, CO.Google Scholar
Denevan, William M. 2001 Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dillon, Michael O. 2006 Andean Botanical Information System. Electronic document, http://www.sacha.org/, accessed January 20, 2006.Google Scholar
Doolittle, William E. 1984 Agricultural Change as an Incremental Process. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74:124–137.Google Scholar
Feldman, Robert A. 1984 Field notes on file with Programa Contisuyo, Moquegua, Peru.Google Scholar
Frezier, Amadeo 1982[1713] Relatión del Viaje por el Mar del Sur. Biblioteca Ayacucho, Ayacucho.Google Scholar
García, Manuel 1988 Excavaciones de Dos Viviendas Chiribaya en El Yaral, Valle de Moquegua. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Histórico-Arqueológicas, Universidad Católica Santa María, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Ghersi Barrera, Humberto 1956 Informe sobre las Excavaciones en Chiribaya. Revista del Museo Nacional 25:89–119.Google Scholar
Jessup, David A. 1990 Desarrollos Generales en el Intermedio Tardío en el Valle de Ilo, Perú. Field Report on file at Programa Contisuyo, Moquegua.Google Scholar
Kearney, Thomas H., and Peebles, Robert H. 1960 Arizona Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Keefer, David K., Moseley, Michael E., and deFrance, Susan D. 2003 A 38,000-Year Record of Floods and Debris Flows in the Ilo Region of Southern Peru and Its Relation to El Niño Events and Great Earthquakes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194:41–77.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., Aufderheide, Arthur E., and Buikstra, Jane E. 2007 Seasonality and Paleodiet in the Chiribaya Polity of Southern Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:451–462.Google Scholar
Lozada, María Cecilia 1998 The Señorío of Chiribaya: A Bio-Archaeological Study in the Osmore Drainage of Southern Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Lozada, María Cecilia, and Buikstra, Jane E. 2002 El Señorío de Chiribaya en la Costa Sur del Perú. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Lozada, María Cecilia, and Buikstra, Jane E. 2005 Pescadores and Labradores among the Señorío of Chiribaya in Southern Peru. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard Martin Reycraft, pp. 206–225. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuda, Shozo, Shimada, Izumi, and Morris, Craig (editors) 1985 Andean Ecology and Civilization: an Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
McCormac, F. Gerry, Reimer, Paula J., Hogg, Alan G., Higham, Thomas G. F., Baillie, Mike G. L., Palmer, Jonathan, and Stuiver, Minze 2002 Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale for the Southern Hemisphere: A.D. 1850–950. Radiocarbon 44:641–651.Google Scholar
Moseley, Michael E. 1975 The Maritime Foundations of an Andean Civilization. Cumming Publishing Company, London.Google Scholar
Moseley, Michael E. 1997 Climate, Culture, and Punctuated Change: New Data, New Challenges. The Review of Archaeology 18:19–27.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1972 El ‘Control Vertical’ de un Máximo de Pisos Ecológicos en la Economía de las Sociedades Andinas. In Visita de la Provincia de León de Huánuco en 1562, pp. 427–476. Documentos por la Historia y Etnología de Huánuco y la Sel va Central 2. Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huánuco.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1985a El Archipiélago Vertical Revisited. In Andean Ecology and Civilization, edited by Shozo Masuda, Isumi Shimada, and Craig Morris, pp. 3–14. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1985b The Limits and Limitations of the ‘Vertical archipelago’ in the Andes. In Andean Ecology and Civilization, edited by Shozo Masuda, Isumi Shimada, and Craig Morris, pp. 15–20. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. Google Scholar
ONERN (Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales) 1976 lnventario, Evaluación y Uso Racional de los Recursos Naturales de la Costa: Cuencas de los Ríos Moquegua, Locumba, Soma y Caplina. Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales, Lima.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 1993 A Model of Multiethnicity: State Collapse, Competition, and Social Complexity from Tiwanaku to Chiribaya in the Osmore Valley, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 1994 Inventario Arqueológico del Valle Osmore Costero: Informe del Campo y Informe Final. Manuscript on file with Programa Contisuyo, Moquegua.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 2005 Distant Colonies and Explosive Collapse: The Two Stages of the Tiwanaku Diaspora in the Osmore Drainage. Latin American Antiquity 16:45–80.Google Scholar
Reycraft, Richard Martin 1998 The Terminal Chiribaya Project: The Archaeology of Human Response to Natural Disaster in South Coastal Perú. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Reycraft, Richard Martin 2000 Long-Term Human Response to El Niño in South Coastal Perú, Circa a.d. 1400. In Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, edited by Garth Bawden and Richard Martin Reycraft, pp. 99–120. Anthropological Papers No. 7. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Google Scholar
Rice, Don S. 1989 The Osmore Drainage, Peru: The Ecological Setting. In Ecology, Settlement and History in the Osmore Drainage, Perú, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 17–34. B. A.R. International Series. Vol. 1, Oxford. Google Scholar
Rice, Don S. 1993 Late Intermediate Period Domestic Architecture and Residential Organization at La Yaral. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complimentarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 66–82. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rostworowski de Díaz Canseco, María 1977 Etnía y Sociedad. Costa Peruana Prehispánica. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Díaz Canseco, María 1981 Recursos Naturales Renovables y Pesca, Sighs XVI y XVII. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Díaz Canseco, María 1989 Costa Peruana Prehispánica. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Díaz Canseco, María 1993 La Antigua Región de Colesuyu. Ensayos de Historia Andina, pp. 219–229. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. Lima.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Díaz Canseco, María 1998 Las Islas del Litoral Peruano. Mitos y Recursos Naturales. Ensayos de Historia Andina II, pp. 77–123. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Rostworowski de Díaz Canseco, María, 1999 Historia del Tahuantinsuyu. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Sandweiss, Daniel H. 1992 The Archaeology of Chincha Fishermen: Specialization and Status in Inka Peru. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 29:1–162. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Satterlee, Dennis 1993 Impact of a Fourteenth Century El Niño on an Indigenous Population Near Ilo, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Satterlee, Dennis R., Moseley, Michael E., Keefer, David K., and Tapia A., Jorge E. 2000 The Miraflores El Niño Disaster: Convergent Catastrophes and Prehistoric Agrarian Change in Southern Peru. Andean Past 6:95–116.Google Scholar
Shimada, Izumi 1982 Horizontal Archipelago and Coast-Highland Interaction in North Peru: Archaeological Models. Senri Ethnological Studies 10:137–210.Google Scholar
Shimada, Melody, and Shimada, Izumi 1985 Prehistoric Llama Breeding and Herding on the North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity 50:3–26.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Jeffery Price, T. 1994 Aztec Period Agricultural Terraces in Morelos, Mexico: Evidence for Household-Level Agricultural Intensification. Journal of Field Archaeology 21:169–179.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1989a An Archaeological Evaluation of an Ethnohistorical Model in Moquegua. In Ecology, Settlement and History in the Osmore Drainage, Perú, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 303–320. B.A.R. International Series, Vol. 2, Oxford. Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1989b Household Archaeology: Testing Models of Zonal Complementarity in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 91:7–24.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1992 Ancient Andean Political Economy. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, and Reimer, Paula J. 1993 Extended 14C Database and Revised CALIB Radiocarbon Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35:215–230.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2000 Prehistoric Genetic and Culture Change: A Bioarchaeological Search for Pre-Inka Altiplano Colonies in the Coastal Valleys of Moquegua, Perú, and Azapa, Chile. Latin American Antiquity 11:43–70.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2005 Non-Metric Cranial Trait Variation and Prehistoric Biocultural Change in the Azapa Valley, Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123:130–145.Google Scholar
Tello, Juan Carlos 1987 Pocoma: ¿Cerámica de la Fase Carrizal? Gaceta Arqueológico Andina 15:21–25.Google Scholar
Thompson, Lonnie G., Davis, Mary E., and Moseley-Thompson, Ellen 1994 Glacial Records of Global Climate: A1500- Year Tropical Ice Core Record of Climate. Human Ecology 22:83–95.Google Scholar
Thompson, Lonnie G., Moseley-Thompson, Ellen, Bolzan, John F., and Koci, Bruce R. 1985 A 1500-Year Record of Tropical Precipitation in Ice Cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Science 229:971–973.Google Scholar
Thouret, Jean-Claude, Davila, Jasmine, and Eissen, Jean-Philippe 1999 Largest Explosive Eruption in Historical Times in the Andes at Huaynaputina Volcano, A.D. 1600, Southern Peru. Geology 27:435–438.Google Scholar
Tomczak, Paula D. 2003 Prehistoric Diet and Socioeconomic Relationships within the Osmore Valley of Southern Peru. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22:262–278.Google Scholar
Umire Alvarez, Adán 1994 Inventario Arqueológico de la Costa Norte de Ilo. Field report submitted to the Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima.Google Scholar
Umire Alvarez, Adán 1996 Inventario Arqueológico de la Costa Norte de Ilo, Segunda Temporada 1995–1996. Field report submitted to the Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima.Google Scholar
Umire, Adán, and Miranda, Ana 2001 Chiribaya de Ilo. Eskann, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 1996 Rethinking the Vertical Archipelago. American Anthropologist 98:338–352.Google Scholar
Vásquez de Espinosa, Antonio 1987[1618] Moquegua en el Siglo XVII. In Pequeña Antología de Moquegua, edited by Ismail Pinto Vargas, pp. 27–28. Ausonia, Lima. Google Scholar
Wallert, Arie, and Boytner, Ran 1996 Dyes from the Tumilaca and Chiribaya Cultures, South Coast of Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science 23:853–861.Google Scholar
Yacovleff, E., and Herrera, F. L. 1935 El Mundo Vegetal de los Antiguos Peruanos. Imprenta del Museo Nacional, Lima.Google Scholar
Zaro, Gregory 2005a Human Ecology and Ancient Agrarian Land Use at Wawakiki Spring, South Coast Peru, A.D. 1000–2000. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Zaro, Gregory 2005b Desiccated Lands: Agricultural Technology and Landscape Evolution along the Far South Coast of Peru, A.D. 1000–2000. Paper presented at the 2nd Southern Deserts Conference, Human-Environment Interactions in Southern Hemisphere Deserts: Past, Present, and Future,” Arica.Google Scholar
Zaro, Gregory, and Alvarez, Adán Umire 2005 Late Chiribaya Agriculture and Risk Management along the Arid Andean Coast of Southern Peru, A.D. 1200–1400. Geoarchaeology: an International Journal 20:717–737.Google Scholar