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From Stewards to Bureaucrats: Architecture and Information Flow at Chan Chan, Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

John R. Topic
John R. Topic*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8
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Abstract

Archaeologists working with complex societies are concerned with the administration of political economies. Beginning with the premise that there are differing forms of administration and that bureaucracy, in the classic formulation of Max Weber, is one of these, I develop a heuristic dichotomy between two types of administrators: stewards (who closely supervise goods and people) and bureaucrats (who process and control information). Bureaucracy is often linked to written records, but in the Central Andes alternative methods of record keeping were developed, such as the quipu or knotted string record. I argue that one alternative record-keeping device was an architectural form, the U-shaped structure. U-shaped structures are closely identified with the administrative architecture of the Chimu kingdom (ca. A.D. 850–1470) on the north coast of Peru. Four independent lines of argument demonstrate the development of bureaucracy from stewardship at Chan Chan, the capital of the Chimu kingdom. Brief comparisons are made between the Chimu administrative pattern and commodity and information flow in the earlier Huari and Tiwanku civilizations, and with the later Inka pattern. These comparisons show how record-keeping technology affects political economy and the strategy of expansion.

Arqueólogos investigando las sociedades complejas tienen interés en la administración de la economía política. Afirmo que hay varias formas de administración pública y que la burocracia, en la formulación clásica de Max Weber, es una de estas formas. Desarrollo una dicotomía heurística entre dos tipos de administradores: mayordomos (quienes vigilan acerca de los productos almacenados) y burócratas (quienes trabajan con información acerca de los productos almacenados). El desarrollo de la burocracia es generalmente asociado con la escritura, pero en los andes centrales otras maneras de registrar y archivar información se desarrollaban. Mi tesis es que una manera alternativa andina utilizaba una forma arquitectónica especial: la estructura en forma de “U.” Estas estructuras ocurren comúnmente en la arquitectura administrativa del reino de Chimú (ca. 850–1470 d.C), costa norte peruana. Presento cuatro pruebas independientes mostrando como la burocracia desarrollaba del mayordomía en Chan Chán, capital del reino Chimú. Hago comparaciones breves entre el patrón administrativo Chimú y lo conocido de los patrones administrativos en las culturas Huari y Tiwanaku, antecesores a los Chimues, y en la cultura Inka que sucedió a los Chimues. Las comparaciones demuestran como la tecnología de registrar y archivar información afecta la economía política y la estrategia de expansión estatal.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , September 2003 , pp. 243 - 274
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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