Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:33:03.198Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Paleodemographic Simulations at Xcambó, Yucatan: Early and Late Classic Population Dynamics in the Northern Maya Territories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2020

Allan Ortega-Muñoz ,
Vera Tiesler ,
Thelma Sierra-Sosa  and
Andrea Cucina Open the ORCID record for Andrea Cucina [Opens in a new window]
Allan Ortega-Muñoz
Affiliation:
Centro INAH Quintana Roo, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Av. Insurgentes no. 974, Col. Forjadores, 77025, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
Vera Tiesler
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 1.00 Carretera Mérida-Tizimín, tramo Cholul, Mérida, 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Thelma Sierra-Sosa
Affiliation:
Centro INAH Yucatán, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, km 6.5, Antigua Carretera a Progreso s/n, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Andrea Cucina*
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 1.00 Carretera Mérida-Tizimín, tramo Cholul, Mérida, 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
*
(acucina@yahoo.com, corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Paleodemographic simulations are rare in the Maya region, because generally the skeletal collections do not represent well the ancient living population, are poorly preserved, and lead to flawed age-at-death estimations. The skeletal collection of Xcambó, however, is suitable for paleodemographic analysis and is large enough to enable comparison of paleodemographic trends between the Early (AD 250–550) and Late Classic (AD 550–750) periods. Three demographic simulations were generated; two relied on growth rates calculated from the site's previous archaeodemographic data, and a third simulation was based on a stationary scenario by applying Weiss's (1973) and Séguy and Buchet's (2013) models. All simulations indicate that Xcambó’s Late Classic population was growing faster than its Early Classic peers, with higher rates of survivorship and more severe mortality rates. We argue that the differences are more likely due to shifts in lifestyle and wealth than to environmental changes, as is confirmed by other bioarchaeological and skeletal indicators.

Las simulaciones paleodemográficas de poblaciones mayas se encuentran constreñidas por el deterioro de las muestras esqueléticas, su reducida representatividad de la población en vida, y, sobre todo, por las fallas de las técnicas de estimación de la edad a la muerte. Las colecciones osteológicas del sitio de Xcambó de los periodos Clásico Temprano (250-550 dC) y Clásico Tardío (550-750 dC) se encuentran bien preservadas, con individuos de todos los grupos de edades, permitiendo realizar diferentes técnicas para la estimación de la edad a la muerte. En el presente trabajo se elaboran tres simulaciones demográficas que se fundan en diferentes escenarios de tasas de crecimiento. Dos simulaciones aplican las estimaciones paleodemográficas de crecimiento previamente planteadas por Ortega-Muñoz y colaboradores (2018), en tanto que la tercera opera con el supuesto de estacionariedad y aplica dos distintas elaboraciones de tablas de vida (Weiss 1973; Séguy and Buchet 2013). Los resultados muestran poblaciones en crecimiento en todas las elaboraciones y ambas metodologías, distinguiendo la Clásica tardía de la Clásica temprana por sus tasas de sobrevivencia y de mortalidad aumentadas. Planteamos que los factores detrás de las diferencias en los patrones de mortalidad de la población identifican mejoras en las condiciones de vida y una mayor riqueza, más que cambios ambientales en Xcambó. Nuestras inferencias encuentran apoyo en resultados alternos, obtenidos en estudios nutricionales y de salud en la población esquelética de Xcambó.

Keywords

paleodemographylife tablesmortality and fertilityancient MayaClassic periodnorthern Maya LowlandsMexicopaleodemografíatablas de vidamortalidad y fecundidadantiguos MayasPeriodo ClásicoTierras bajas maya del norteMéxico
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , December 2020 , pp. 683 - 701
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Aguirre, Alejandro 1999 El efecto del descenso de la fecundidad en la estructura por edad de la población. In La población de México al final del siglo XX, edited by Bringas, Hernández, Hiram, Héctor, and Menkes, Catherine, pp. 25–44. SOMEDE, CRIM/UNAM, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Alesan, Alícia, Malgosa, Assumpción, and Simó, Carles 1999 Looking into the Demography of an Iron Age Population in the Western Mediterranean, I: Mortality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110:285–301.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, E. Wyllys, V, and Fash, Barbara W. 1992 Continuity and Change in a Royal Maya Residential Complex at Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:63–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre 2002 Paleoanthropological Traces of a Neolithic Demographic Transition. Current Anthropology 43:637–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, and Masset, Claude 1982 Farewell to Paleodemography. Journal of Human Evolution 11:321–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, and Masset, Claude 1985 Paleodemography: Resurrection or Ghost? Journal of Human Evolution 14:107–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, and Masset, Claude 1996 Paleodemography: Expectancy and False Hope. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99:571–583.Google ScholarPubMed
Boldsen, Jesper L., and Paine, Richard R. 1995 Defining Extreme Longevity from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages: Estimates Based on Skeletal Data. In Exceptional Longevity from Prehistory to Present, edited by Jeune, Bernard and Vaupel, James W., pp. 26–36. Odense University Press, Odense, Denmark.Google Scholar
Bourgeois-Pichat, Jean 1951 La mesure de la mortalité infantile: II Le causes de deces. Population 6:459–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronfman, Mario 1990 Mortalidad infantil y crisis en México. Estudios Sociológicos 8(23):335–351.Google Scholar
Brothwell, Don R. 1987 The Problem of the Interpretation of Child Mortality in Earlier Populations. Antropologia Portuguesa 4–5:135–143.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., and Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1994 Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Research Series No. 44. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Camposortega-Cruz, Sergio 1997 Cambios en la mortalidad: Cien años de mortalidad en México. DemoS: Carta Demográfica Sobre México 10:11–13.Google Scholar
Champion, Tony, and Hugo, Graeme 2004 Introduction: Moving beyond the Urban–Rural Dichotomy. In New Forms of Urbanization: Beyond the Urban–Rural Dichotomy, edited by Champion, Tony and Hugo, Graeme, pp. 3–24. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK.Google Scholar
Civera-Cerecedo, Magali 1998 Los entierros del sitio arqueológico de Tulum: Ensayo osteobiográfico. In Tiempo, población y sociedad: Homenaje al Maestro Arturo Romano Pacheco, edited by Jaén, María Teresa, López-Alonso, Sergio, Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, and Hernández-Espinoza, Patricia O., pp. 265–281. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Civera-Cerecedo, Magali, and Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes 1998 Paleodemografía: Sus alcances y limitaciones. In Perfiles demográficos de poblaciones antiguas de México, edited by Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes and de León, José Gómez, pp. 15–25. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mark N. 1989 Health and the Rise of Civilization. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mark N., O'Connor, Kathleen A., Danforth, Marie E., Jacob, Keith P., and Armstrong, Carl 1997 Archaeology and Osteology of the Tipu Site. In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp. 78–88. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea 2011 Maya Subadult Mortality and Individual Physiological Frailty: An Analysis of Infant Stress by Means of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia. Childhood in the Past 4:105–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucina, Andrea 2015 Population Dynamics during the Classic and Postclassic Period Maya in the Northern Maya Lowlands: The Analysis of Dental Morphological Traits. In Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of Population Movement among the Prehispanic Maya, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 71–83. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Perera, Cristina, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, and Tiesler, Vera 2011 Carious Lesions and Maize Consumption among the Prehispanic Mayas: An Analysis of a Coastal Community in Northern Yucatán. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 154:560–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, and Tiesler, Vera 2021 The Bioarchaeology of Maya Population Mobility, Trade, and Settlement Growth during the Classic Maya Period: A View from the Yucatecan Coastal Port of Xcambó. In Mobility and Migration in Ancient Mesoamerican Cities, edited by Charlotte Arnauld, M., Pereira, Gregory, and Beekman, Christopher. University Press of Colorado, Louisville, in press.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Tiesler, Vera, and Sierra-Sosa, Thelma 2003 Sex Differences in Oral Pathologies at the Late Classic Maya Site of Xcambó, Yucatán. Dental Anthropology 16:45–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Tiesler, Vera, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, and Neff, Hector 2011 Trace-Element Evidence for Foreigners at a Maya Port in Northern Yucatan. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 38:1878–1885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberstein, Isaac W. 1989 Demographic Research on Infant Mortality. Sociological Forum 4:409–422.Google Scholar
Eshed, Vered, Avi Gopher, Timothy B. Gage, and Israel Hershkovitz, 2004 Has the Transition to Agriculture Reshaped the Demographic Structure of Prehistoric Populations? New Evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124:315–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fash, William L. 1982 Deducing Social Organization from Classic Maya Settlement Patterns: A Case Study from the Copan Valley. In Civilization in the Ancient Americas: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by Leventhal, Richard M. and Kolata, Alan, pp. 261–288. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Gage, Timothy B. 1988 Mathematical Hazard Models of Mortality: An Alternative to Model Life Tables. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 76:429–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gage, Timothy B. 1990 Variation and Classification of Human Age Patterns of Mortality: Analysis Using Competing Hazards Models. Human Biology 62:589–617.Google ScholarPubMed
Gage, Timothy B. 1993 The Decline of Mortality in England and Wales 1861 to 1964: Decomposition by Cause of Death and Component of Mortality. Population Studies 47:47–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez de León, José 1988 Análisis multivariado de la mortalidad infantil en México: Un ejemplo del uso de modelos log-lineales para estimar modelos de riesgos proporcionales. In La mortalidad en México: Niveles, tendencias y determinantes, edited by Bronfman, Mario and de León, José Gómez, pp. 333–367. El Colegio de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gómez de León, José 1998 Análisis paleodemográfico de poblaciones antiguas de México: Algunas estimaciones y comentarios metodológicos. In Perfiles demográficos de poblaciones antiguas de México, edited by Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes and de León, José Gómez, pp. 155–170. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gortmaker, Steven L., and Wise, Paul H. 1997 The First Injustice: Socioeconomic Disparities, Health Services Technology, and Infant Mortality. Annual Review of Sociology 23:147–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gurri, Francisco D., and Ortega-Muñoz, Allan 2015 Impact of Commercial Farming on Household Reproductive Strategies in Calakmul, Campeche, México. American Journal of Human Biology 27:758–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haviland, William A. 1972 Family Size, Prehistoric Population Estimates, and the Ancient Maya. American Antiquity 37:135–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández-Espinoza, Patricia O., and Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes 2007 El escenario demográfico de Jaina prehispánica durante el Clásico. In La población prehispánica de Jaina: Estudio osteobiográfico de 106 esqueletos, edited by Hernández-Espinoza, Patricia O. and Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, pp. 33–76. INAH-ENAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Hernández-Espinoza, Patricia O., and Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes 2015 Maya Paleodemographics: What Do We Know? American Journal of Human Biology 27:747–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppa, Robert D., and Vaupel, James W. 2002 The Rostock Manifesto for Paleodemography: The Way from Stage to Age. In Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples, edited by Hoppa, Robert D. and Vaupel, James W., pp. 1–8. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, Ryan S., and Horowitz, Sheryl 1986 Estimating Mortality in Skeletal Populations: Influence of the Growth Rate on the Interpretation of Levels and Trends during the Transition to Agriculture. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 71:233–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juárez, Fátima 1992 Intervención de las instituciones en la reducción de la fecundidad y la mortalidad infantil. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 7(2–3):377–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konigsberg, W. Lyle, and Frankenberg, Susan R. 1992 Estimation of Age Structure in Anthropological Demography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89:235–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krejci, Estella, and Patrick Culbert, T. 1995 Preclassic and Classic Burials and Caches in the Maya Lowlands. In The Emergence of Lowland Maya Civilization: The Transition from the Preclassic to the Early Classic, edited by Grube, Nikolai, pp. 103–116. Acta Mesoamericana No. 8. Verlag Antone Saurwein, Möckmühl, Germany.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B. 1980 Lactation, Ovulation, Infanticide, and Women's Work: A Study of Hunter-Gatherer Population Regulation. In Biosocial Mechanisms of Population Regulation, edited by Cohen, Mark N., Malpass, Roy S., and Klein, Harold G., pp. 321–348. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, C. Owen, Meindl, Richard S., Mensforth, Robert P., and Barton, Thomas J. 1985 Multifactorial Determination of Skeletal Age-at-Death: A New Method with Blind Tests of Its Accuracy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68:1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maggiano, Isabel S., Schultz, Michael, Kierdof, Horst, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, Maggiano, Corey M., and Tiesler, Vera 2008 Cross-Sectional Analysis of Long Bones, Occupational Activities, and Long Distances Trades of the Classic Maya from Xcambó: Archaeological and Osteological Evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136:470–477.Google Scholar
Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, and Hernández-Espinoza, Patricia O. 2013 Los mayas del Clásico Tardío y Terminal: Una propuesta acerca de la dinámica demográfica de algunos grupos mayas prehispánicos: Jaina, Palenque y Copán. Estudios de Cultura Maya 42(2):53–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, Hernández-Espinoza, Patricia O., and González-Licón, Ernesto 2006 La población maya costera de Chac Mool: Análisis biocultural y dinámica demográfica en el Clásico Terminal y Posclásico. INAH-ENAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, and Sosa-Márquez, María Viridiana 2016 Mortalidad de niños y sífilis congénita en la Ciudad de México en 1915. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 31(91):177–206.Google Scholar
Meindl, Richard S., and Russell, Katherine F. 1998 Recent Advances in Method and Theory in Paleodemography. Annual Review of Anthropology 27:375–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Méndez-Collí, Christian, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, Tiesler, Vera, and Cucina, Andrea 2009 Linear Enamel Hypoplasia at Xcambó, Yucatán, during the Maya Classic Period: An Evaluation of Coastal Marshland Impact on Ancient Human Populations. HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology 60:343–358.Google ScholarPubMed
Meslé, France, Vallin, Jacques, and Andreyev, Zoe 2002 Mortality in Europe: The Divergence between East and West. Population 57:157–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mojarro, Octavio, and Núñez, Leopoldo 1988 Mortalidad infantil en México: Tendencias y factores determinantes. Salud Pública de México 30:329–345.Google Scholar
Monterrubio-Goméz, Maria Isabel, and González-Morales, Arturo 1995 La mortalidad infantil, 1980–2000. DemoS: Carta demográfica sobre México 8:13–14.Google Scholar
Moore, James A., Swedlund, Alan C., and Armelagos, George J. 1975 The Use of Life Tables in Paleodemography. In Population Studies in Archaeology and Biological Anthropology: A Symposium, edited by Swedlund, Alan C., pp. 57–70. Memoirs 30. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Morelos, José B. 1996 Estado de México: Análisis de algunos determinantes de la mortalidad infantil en el ambito municipal, 1990. Estudios Sociológicos 14:417–434.Google Scholar
Oliver, Lilia V. 1992 La mortalidad, 1800–1850. In Demografía y urbanismo: Lecturas históricas de Guadalajara III, edited by Muriá, José María and Olveda, Jaime, pp. 101–140. INAH, Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico.Google Scholar
Ortega-Muñoz, Allan 2004 La paleodemografía: Un instrumento para simular el comportamiento demográfico del pasado? Análisis comparativo con la demografía histórica en la Ciudad de México del siglo XIX. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 19(1):181–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega-Muñoz, Allan 2007 Los mayas prehispánicos de El Meco: La vida, la muerte y la salud en la costa oriental de la península de Yucatán. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Ortega-Muñoz, Allan 2012 Una frontera en movimiento: Migración, fecundidad e identidad en el sur de Quintana Roo y norte de Honduras Británica (Belice), 1900–1935. INAH/El Colegio de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Ortega-Muñoz, Allan 2015 The Use of Theoretical and Methodological Bases in Population Movements' Studies: Paleo and Archaeo Demographic Approaches. In Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of Population Movement among the Prehispanic Maya, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 59–69. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega-Muñoz, Allan, Andrea Cucina, Vera Tiesler, and Sierra-Sosa, Thelma 2018 Population and Demographic Shifts along the Coast of Yucatan from the Early to Late Classic: A View from Xcambo, México. Latin American Antiquity 29:591–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pressat, Roland 1967 El análisis demográfico: Métodos, resultados, aplicaciones. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sattenspiel, Lisa, and Harpending, Henry 1983 Stable Population and Skeletal Age. American Antiquity 48:489–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saul, Frank P. 1972 The Human Skeletal Remains of Altar de Sacrificios: An Osteobiographic Analysis. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 63, no. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Dirk G., and Brown, Kenneth H. 1994 Nutritional Status as a Predictor of Child Survival: Summarizing the Association and Quantifying Its Global Impact. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 72:569–579.Google ScholarPubMed
Séguy, Isabelle, and Buchet, Luc 2013 Handbook of Palaeodemography. Springer International, Cham, Switzerland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierra-Sosa, Thelma 2004 La arqueología de Xcambó, Yucatán: Centro administrativo salinero y puerto comercial de importancia regional durante el Clásico. PhD dissertation, Estudios Mesoamericanos, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, Cucina, Andrea, Douglas Price, T., Burton, James H., and Tiesler, Vera 2014 Maya Coastal Production, Exchange, Life Style, and Population Mobility: A View from the Port of Xcambo, Yucatan, México. Ancient Mesoamerica 25:221–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storey, Rebecca 1992 The Children of Copan: Issues in Paleopathology and Paleodemography. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:161–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storey, Rebecca 1997 Individual Frailty, Children of Privilege, and Stress in Late Classic Copán. In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp. 116–126. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Suzuki, Shintaro, Andrea Cucina, Vera Tiesler, and Sierra-Sosa, Thelma 2009 Morir en Xcambo: Evaluación de la mortalidad en un sitio costero maya del Clásico a partir del análisis histomorfológico. In XXII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2008, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Barbara, and Mejía, Hector, pp. 853–864. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 1999 Rasgos bioculturales entre los antiguos mayas: Aspectos arqueológicos y sociales. PhD dissertation, Facultad de Filosofías y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2005 Prácticas bioculturales y organización social en los sitios de Copán, Honduras y Xcambó, Yucatán. Estudios de Antropología Biológica 12:635–659.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2014 The Bioarchaeology of Artificial Cranial Modifications: New Approaches to Head Shaping and Its Meanings in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and Beyond. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2015 Shifts in Artificial Head Forms, Population Movements, and Ethnicity among the Postclassic Maya. In Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of Population Movement among the Prehispanic Maya, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 143–154. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, Cucina, Andrea, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, Falla, Marlene, and Meindl, Richard S. 2005 Comercio, dinámicas biosociales y estructura poblacional del asentamiento costero de Xcambo, Yucatán. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 13:365–372.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, Cucina, Andrea, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, and Meindl, Richard S. 2004 Ancient Maya Population Structure and Social Dynamics: A Palaeodemographic Approach to the Classic Coastal Site of Xcambó, Yucatán. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123(S38):194–195.Google Scholar
Tomkins, Andrew 2000 Malnutrition, Morbidity, and Mortality in Children and Their Mothers. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59:135–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tourtellot, Gair, Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Carmean, Kelli 1992 Will the Real Elites Please Stand Up? An Archaeological Assessment of Maya Elite Behavior in the Terminal Classic Period. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, edited by Chase, Diane and Chase, Arlen, pp. 80–98. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Ubelaker, Douglas 1978 Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Vallin, Jaques 1991 Mortality in Europe from 1720 to 1914: Long-Term Trends Changes and Patterns by Age and Sex. In The Decline of Mortality in Europe, edited by Schofield, Roger, Reher, David, and Bideau, Alain, pp. 38–67. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Velasco, M. L., and del Pilar, María 1992 La epidemia de cólera de 1833 y la mortalidad en la Ciudad de México. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 7(1):95–137.Google Scholar
Wanner, Isabel, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, Alt, Kurt, and Tiesler, Vera 2007 Lifestyle, Occupation, and Whole Bone Morphology from the Pre-Hispanic Maya Coastal Population from Xcambó, Yucatán, México. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17:253–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, Susan Cotts, and de Walle, Etienne Van 1990 Nutrición, mortalidad y tamaño de la población: el tribunal de ultima instancia de Malthus. In El hambre en la historia: El impacto de los cambios en la producción de alimentos y los modelos de consumo sobre la sociedad, edited by Rotberg, Robert I. and Rabb, Theodore K., pp. 7–30. Siglo XXI de España, Madrid.Google Scholar
Weiss, Kenneth M. 1973 Demographic Models for Anthropology. Memoirs 27. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Welsh, W. Bruce M. 1988 An Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials. BAR International Series 409. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittington, Stephen L. 1991 Detection of Significant Demographic Differences between Subpopulations of Prehispanic Maya from Copan, Honduras, by Survival Analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 85:167–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, James W., Milner, George R., Harpending, Henry C., and Weiss, Kenneth M. 1992 The Osteological Paradox: Problems of Inferring Prehistoric Health from Skeletal Samples. Current Anthropology 33:343–370.Google Scholar
Woods, Robert 2007 Ancient and Early Modern Mortality: Experience and Understanding. Economic History Review 60:373–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Lori E., and White, Christine D. 1996 Human Biology in the Classic Maya Collapse: Evidence from Paleopathology and Paleodiet. Journal of World Prehistory 10:147–198.Google Scholar
Wunsch, Guillaume 1992 Técnicas para el análisis de datos demográficos deficientes. El Colegio de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar