Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:44:04.885Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Alternate Paths to Power? Women's Political Representation in Nicaragua

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Abstract

Political alternate positions (otherwise known as substitutes) can have important effects on women's abilities to enter politics. Using the case of Nicaragua, this study assesses whether these alternate positions are being used to increase women's political representation or as a tool to undermine women's advancement into positions of power. By examining patterns of women's representation as candidates in the 1996, 2001, and 2006 elections for the National Assembly and as elected officeholders (as both alternates for those assembly members and titleholders), the article analyzes how various political parties are utilizing these alternate positions. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, this study finds no evidence that these alternate positions are used to undermine women's political progress.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alianza Feminista Centroamericana (AFC). 2010. Democracia en Centroamérica: más mujeres en el poder, más hombres asumiendo las tareas domésticas. http://www.colectivafeminista.com. Accessed March 20, 2010.Google Scholar
Archenti, Nélida, and María, Inés Tula.2008. Algunas cuestiones iniciales sobre las leyes de cuotas. In Mujeres y política en América Latina: sistemas electorales y cuotas de género, ed. Archenti, and Tula, . Buenos Aires : Editorial Heliasta. 929.Google Scholar
Asamblea Nacional. 2009. Reporte de acreditaciones recibidas entre enero y septiembre 2009. Managua : Oficina de Asuntos Administrativos.Google Scholar
Baldez, Lisa. 2004. Elected Bodies: the Gender Quota Law for Legislative Candidates in Mexico. Legislative Studies Quarterly 2: 239–58.Google Scholar
Baldez, Lisa. 2007. Primaries vs. Quotas: Gender and Candidate Nominations in Mexico, 2003. Latin American Politics and Society 49, 3 (Fall), 6996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bareiro, Line, et al. 2004. Sistemas electorales y representación femenina en América Latina. Santiago : Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL).Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen. 1989. Sneaking Women into Office: Alternative Access to Parliaments in France and Italy. Women & Politics 9, 3: 115.Google Scholar
Booth, John A., and Richard, Patricia Bayer. 1997. The Nicaraguan Elections of October 1996. Electoral Studies 16, 3: 386–93.Google Scholar
Bruhn, Kathleen. 2003. Whores and Lesbians: Political Activism, Party Strategies, and Gender Quotas in Mexico. Electoral Studies 22, 1: 101–19.Google Scholar
Burrell, Barbara. 1992. Women Candidates in Open-Seat Primaries for the U.S. House, 1968–1990. Legislative Studies Quarterly 17, 4: 493508.Google Scholar
Burrell, Barbara. 1998. Campaign Finance: Women's Experience in the Modern Era. In Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future, ed. Thomas, Sue and Wilcox, Clyde. New York : Oxford University Press. 2640.Google Scholar
Carroll, Susan, ed. 2001. The Impact of Women in Public Office. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Caul, Miki. 2001. Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: a Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Politics 63, 4: 1214–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE). 1996. Listado definitivo de candidatos. Managua.Google Scholar
Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE). 1997. Proclamación de electos 1996. La Gaceta 1, 142.Google Scholar
Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE). 2001a. Listado definitivo de candidatos. La Gaceta 155, 4502–19.Google Scholar
Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE). 2001b. Proclamación de electos. La Gaceta 223, 6468–76.Google Scholar
Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE). 2006a. Lista definitiva de candidatos. La Gaceta 122, 5681–98.Google Scholar
Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE). 2006b. Proclamación de electos en las elecciones nacionales. La Gaceta 228.Google Scholar
Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE). 2007. Catálogo de partidos políticos de Nicaragua, tomo II. Managua : Consejo Supremo Electoral.Google Scholar
Darcy, R., Welch, Susan, and Clark, Janet. 1994. Women, Elections, and Representation. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Esgueva Gómez, Antonio. 1994. Constituciones de Nicaragua. http://www.asamblea.gob.ni/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=228&Itemid=156. Accessed October 23, 2009.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard L., and Lawless, Jennifer L.. 2004. Entering the Arena? Gender and the Decision to Run for Office. American Journal of Political Science 48, 2: 262–80.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard L., and Oxley, Zoe M.. 2003. Gender Stereotyping in State Executive Elections: Candidate Selection and Success. Journal of Politics 65, 3: 833–50.Google Scholar
Franceschet, Susan. 2005. Women and Politics in Chile. Boulder : Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Guzmán, Luis Humberto, and Scholtbach, Alvaro Pinto. 2008. Democracia y partidos en Nicaragua. The Hague : Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy.Google Scholar
Heath, Roseanna Michelle, Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M.. 2005. Women on the Sidelines: Women's Representation on Committees in Latin American Legislatures. American Journal of Political Science 49, 2: 420–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda. 2009. Whatever the Party Asks of Me: Candidate Selection and Women's Political Representation in Chile's Udi. Politics and Gender. 5, 3: 377407.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda. 2012. Selecting Women, Electing Women: Women's Political Representation and Candidate Selection in Latin America. Philadelphia : Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda, and Franceschet, Susan. 2011. Separate but Not Equal: the Effects of Municipal Electoral Change on Female Representation in Chile. Political Research Quarterly. DOI: 10.11771065912911427449.Google Scholar
Huerta García, Magdalena, and Meurs, Eric Magar. 2006. Mujeres legisladoras en México: avances, obstáculos, consecuencias y propuestas. Mexico City : Instituto Nacional de la Mujer.Google Scholar
Imai, Kosuke, King, Gary, and Lau, Olivia. Zelig: Everyone's Statistical Software, 2006. http://GKing.harvard.edu/zelig. Accessed February 1, 2009.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 2010a. Parline Database on National Parliaments: Nicaragua. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2235_A.htm. Accessed March 30, 2010.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 2010b. Parline Database: Search Results by Electoral System. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/mod-electoral.asp. Accessed March 14, 2010.Google Scholar
Kampwirth, Karen. 2010. Populism and the Feminist Challenge in Nicaragua: The Return of Daniel Ortega. In Gender and Populism in Latin America: Passionate Politics, ed. Kampwirth, . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press. 162–79.Google Scholar
Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2006. Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe. Columbus : Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Lauría, C., and Simon, J. 2009. La guerra de Daniel Ortega contra los medios. July 1. Committee to Protect Journalists. http://cpj.org/es/2009/07/la-guerra-de-daniel-ortega-contra-los-medios.php. Accessed April 11, 2010.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer Leigh. 2003. Women and Elections: Do They Run? Do They Win? Does It Matter? Ph.D. diss., Stanford University.Google Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni, and Hills, Jill, eds. 1981. The Politics of the Second Electorate: Women and Public Participation. Boston : Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Luciak, Ilja A. 1998. Gender Equality and Electoral Politics on the Left: a Comparison of El Salvador and Nicaragua. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 40, 1: 3966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luciak, Ilja A. 2001. After the Revolution: Gender and Democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Montenegro, S., Yllescas, M., and Orozco, P.. 2003. Feminismo y globalización: apuntes para un análisis político desde el movimiento. Managua : Comité Nacional Feminista.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, Scott, and Nacif, Benito. 2002. Legislative Politics in Latin America. New York : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Niven, David. 1998. Party Elites and Women Candidates: the Shape of Bias. Women and Politics 19, 2: 5780.Google Scholar
Niven, David. 2006. Throwing Your Hat out of the Ring: Negative Recruitment and the Gender Imbalance in State Legislative Candidacy. Politics and Gender 2 (December): 473–89.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Lovenduski, Joni. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. New York : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
El Nuevo Diario (Managua). 2007. Secretismo y autoritarismo guían la gestión de Ortega. April 15. http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2007/04/15/politica/46253. Accessed April 11, 2010.Google Scholar
Reynolds, A. 1999. Women in the Legislature and Executive: Knocking at the World's Highest Glass Ceiling. World Politics 51, 4: 547–72.Google Scholar
Saint-Germain, Michelle A., and Metoyer, Cynthia Chávez. 2008. Women Legislators in Central America: Politics, Democracy, and Policy. Austin : University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2006. Do Parties Know that “Women Win”? Party Leader Beliefs about Women's Electoral Chances. Politics and Gender 2, 4: 431–50.Google Scholar
Santiuste Cué, S. 2001. Nicaragua. In Partidos políticos de América Latina: Centroamérica, México y República Dominicana, ed. Sáez, Manuel Alcántara and Freidenberg, Flavia. Salamanca : Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 479526.Google Scholar
Seltzer, Richard, Newman, Jody, and Leighton, Melissa Voorhees. 1997. Sex as a Political Variable: Women as Candidates and Voters in U.S. Elections. Boulder : Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Téllez, D. M. 2009. La exclusión política de jóvenes, mujeres y pueblos indígenas: propuestas para la reforma política en Nicaragua. Managua : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Tremblay, Manon, and Pelletier, Réjean. 2001. More Women Constituency Party Presidents: a Strategy for Increasing the Number of Women Candidates in Canada? Party Politics 7, 2: 157–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics (UIS). 2009. Database. http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev_en.php?ID=2867_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC. Accessed June 2010.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2009. Human Development Report 2009. Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_ENComplete.pdf. Accessed October 18, 2009.Google Scholar
Váldes, Teresa, Muñoz, Ana María, and Donoso, Alina. 2005. 1995–2003: Have Women Progressed? Latin American Index of Fulfilled Commitment. Santiago : FLACSO/United Nations Development Fund for Women. Accessed November 28, 2009.Google Scholar
Vijil Gurdián, Ana. 2010. The Effect of the Suplente System in Women's Legislative Representation: The Nicaraguan Case. Unpublished mss. Arizona State University.Google Scholar