Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:54:28.518Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Subordinated Autonomy and the Political Inclusion of Women in Indigenous Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 June 2020

Matthew R. Cleary*
Affiliation:
Matthew R. Cleary is an associate professor of political science and chair of the International Relations Program at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University.

Abstract

This article explores the tension between multicultural legal reforms and the liberal state-building project in present-day Mexico. Specifically, it traces the process by which the Mexican state challenged and eventually forced changes to customary restrictions on women in public life in some indigenous communities in the southern state of Oaxaca. The study argues that the act of formalizing autonomy for indigenous communities, in the context of Mexico’s homogenizing neoliberal state, had the unanticipated effect of exposing exclusionary practices to state scrutiny, which eventually forced those communities to recognize women’s political rights. Thus the effort to protect indigenous practices facilitated the territorial and juridical expansion of the Mexican state into formerly autonomous areas of the countryside.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© University of Miami 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Conflict of Interest: I, Matthew R. Cleary, declare none.

References

Anaya Muñoz, Alejandro. 2006. Autonomía indígena, gobernabilidad y legitimidad en México: la legalización de usos y costumbres electorales en Oaxaca. Mexico City: Universidad Iberoamericana/Plaza y Valdes S.A. de C.V.Google Scholar
Baldez, Lisa. 2004. Elected Bodies: The Gender Quota Law for Legislative Candidates in Mexico. Legislative Studies Quarterly 29, 2: 231–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, Caroline. 2006. Judicial Performance and the Rule of Law in the Mexican States. Latin American Politics and Society 48, 3: 3361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, Caroline. 2017. Left Parties and Violence Against Women Legislation in Mexico. Social Politics 24, 4: 511–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, Allyson. 2012. Bottom-Up Challenges to National Democracy: Mexico’s (Legal) Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves. Comparative Politics 44, 3: 253–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, Allyson. 2016. How “Participatory Governance” Strengthens Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Electoral Authoritarian Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Politics in Latin America 8, 2: 3770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, Allyson. 2017. Configuring Authority over Electoral Manipulation in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Mexico. Democratization 24, 3: 521–43.Google Scholar
Blackwell, Maylei. 2012. The Practice of Autonomy in the Age of Neoliberalism: Strategies from Indigenous Women’s Organizing in Mexico. Journal of Latin American Studies 44: 703–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burguete, Cal y Mayor, Araceli. 2013. Constitutional Multiculturalism in Chiapas: Hollow Reforms that Nullify Autonomy Rights. In Eisenstadt et al. 2013. 4063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santiago, Castillo, Víctor. 2018. Asumen cargo 23 mujeres como presidentas municipales de Oaxaca. El Sol de México, January 21. https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/republica/sociedad/asumen-cargo-23-mujeres-como-presidentas-municipales-de-oaxaca-685839.htmlGoogle Scholar
Centellas, Miguel. 2013. Bolivia’s New Multicultural Constitution: The 2009 Constitution in Historical and Comparative Perspective. In Eisenstadt et al. 2013. 88110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curiel, Charlynne. 2014. Participación política femenina en la mixteca de Oaxaca: de usos y costumbres, organizaciones sociales y partidos políticos. In La feminización del campo mexicano en el siglo XXI: localismos, transnacionalismos, y protagonismos, ed. Ivonne Vizcarra Bordi. Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés. 357–79.Google Scholar
Danielson, Michael S., and Todd, A. Eisenstadt. 2009. Walking Together, but in Which Direction? Gender Discrimination and Multicultural Practices in Oaxaca, Mexico. Politics & Gender 5: 153–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danielson, Michael S., Todd, A. Eisenstadt, and Yelle, Jennifer. 2013. Ethnic Identity,Informal Institutions, and the Failure to Elect Women in Indigenous Southern Mexico. Journal of Politics in Latin America 5, 3: 333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polanco, Díaz, Héctor. 1997. Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: The Quest for Self-Determination. Trans. Rayas, Lucía. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Eaton, Kent. 2020. Latin American Politics and the Subnational Comparative Method: Vertical and Horizontal Challenges. This issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, Todd A. 2007. Usos y Costumbres and Postelectoral Conflicts in Oaxaca, Mexico, 1995–2004: An Empirical and Normative Assessment. Latin American Research Review 42, 1: 5277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, Todd A. 2011. Politics, Identity, and Mexico’s Indigenous Rights Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, Todd A. 2013. Introduction: Reconciling Liberal Pluralism and Group Rights: A Comparative Perspective on Oaxaca, Mexico’s Experiment in Multiculturalism. In Eisenstadt et al. 2013. 317.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Todd A., and Ríos, Viridiana. 2014. Multicultural Institutions, Distributional Politics, and Postelectoral Mobilization in Indigenous Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society 56, 2: 7092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, Todd A., Michael, S. Danielson, Moisés Jaime Bailón Corres, and Carlos Sorroza Polo. 2013. Latin America’s Multicultural Movements: The Struggle Between Communitarianism, Autonomy, and Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estrada-Tanck, Dorothy. 2018. Gender Parity, Legal Pluralism, and Human Rights of Indigenous Women: An Outlook from Mexico. InGender Parity and Multicultural Feminism: Towards a New Synthesis, ed. Rubio-Marín, Ruth and Kymlicka, Will. New York: Oxford University Press. 199237.Google Scholar
Fearon, James. 1991. Counterfactuals and Hypothesis Testing in Political Science. World Politics 43, 2: 169–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, Les W. 1996. State, Anti-State, and Indigenous Entities: Reflections Upon a Páez Resguardo and the New Colombian Constitution. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 1, 2: 98119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkel, Jodi. 2005. Judicial Reform as Insurance Policy: Mexico in the 1990s. Latin American Politics and Society 46, 4: 87113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freidenberg, Flavia, and Raymundo Alva Huitrón. 2017. ¡Las reglas importan! Impulsando la representacion política de las mujeres desde las leyes electorales en perspective multinivel. In La representación política de las mujeres en México, ed. Freidenburg. Mexico City: INE. 1–43.Google Scholar
Harbers, Imke, and Steele, Abbey. 2020. Introduction: Subnational Variation Across States: A Typology and Research Agenda. This issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández-Díaz, Jorge, and Víctor Leonel Juan Martínez. 2011. De la lucha por las autonomías a la disputa entre las autonomías: el municipio y la comunidad en Oaxaca. In La encrucijada del México rural: contrastes regionales en un mundo desigual, vol. 2, ed. Martha Judith Sánchez Gómez. Veracruz: Juan Pablos Editor. 23–49.Google Scholar
Hiskey, Jonathan T., and Gary, L. Goodman. 2011. The Participation Paradox of Indigenous Autonomy in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society 53, 2: 6186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Laurel Weldon, S.. 2012. The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence Against Women in Global Perspective, 1975–2005. American Political Science Review 106, 3: 548–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2003. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, Christian, W. Haerpfer, Moreno, Alejandro, et al., eds. 2018. World Values Survey: All Rounds—Country-Pooled Datafile Version. Madrid: JD Systems Institute. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWVL.jspGoogle Scholar
Instituto Estatal Electoral y de Participación Ciudadana de Oaxaca (IEEPCO). 2016. Guía de actuación para funcionarios y funcionarias electorales en materia de género en elecciones por sistemas normativos internos. Oaxaca City: IEEPCO.Google Scholar
Instituto Estatal Electoral y de Participación Ciudadana de Oaxaca (IEEPCO). 2018. Acuerdo IEEPCO-CG-SNI-85/2018. http://www.ieepco.org.mx/archivos/acuerdos/2018/IEEPCOCGSNI852018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Instituto Nacional Para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal (INAFED). Enciclopedia de los municipios y delegaciones de México. Oaxaca index. http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/ enciclopedia/EMM20oaxaca/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Martínez, Juan, Leonel, Victor. 2014. La ciudadanía prestada. Multiculturalidad, género y migración en municipios de Oaxaca. In La feminización del campo mexicano en el siglo XXI: localismos, transnacionalismos, y protagonismos, ed. Ivonne Vizcarra Bordi. Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés. 331–56.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Robert, O. Keohane, and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2007. Candidate Gender Quotas: A Framework for Analysis. European Journal of Political Research 46: 367–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattiace, Shannan. 2013. Multicultural Reforms for Mexico’s “Tranquil” Indians in Yucatán. In Eisenstadt et al. 2013. 217–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCammon, Holly J., et al. 2001. How Movements Win: Gendered Opportunity Structures and U.S. Women’s Suffrage Movements. American Sociological Review 66: 4970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noticias (Oaxaca). 2007. Elección de usos y costumbres, responsabilidad de autoridad municipal: IEE. December 10, 8A.Google Scholar
Paredes, Maritza, and Došek, Tomáš. 2020. The Subnational Indigenous Quota in Peru: The Paradoxes of Political Representation. This issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piscopo, Jennifer M. 2015. States as Gender Equality Activists: The Evolution of Quota Laws in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 57, 3: 2749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Recondo, David. 2001. Usos y costumbres, procesos electorales, y autonomía indígena en Oaxaca. In Costumbres, leyes, y movimiento indio en Oaxaca y Chiapas, ed. Lourdes de León Pasquel. Mexico City: CIESAS/Miguel Angel Porrua. 91–113.Google Scholar
Recondo, David. 2007. La política del gatopardo: multiculturalismo y democracia en Oaxaca. Mexico City: CIESAS/CEMC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montes, Regino, Adelfo. 1996. Los derechos indígenas, en serio. La Jornada (Mexico City), October 22.Google Scholar
Ríos-Figueroa, Julio. 2007. Fragmentation of Power and the Emergence of an Effective Judiciary in Mexico, 1994–2002. Latin American Politics and Society 49, 1: 3157.Google Scholar
Rousseau, Stéphanie, and Ewig, Christina. 2017. Latin America’s Left-Turn and the Political Empowerment of Indigenous Women. Social Politics 24, 4: 425–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueda-Saiz, Pablo. 2017. Indigenous Autonomy in Colombia: State-building Processes and Multiculturalism. Global Constitutionalism 6, 2: 265–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serna de la, Garza, María, José. 2009. The Concept of Jurisprudencia in Mexican Law. Mexican Law Review 1, 2: 131–45.Google Scholar
Sezgin, Yuksel. 2013. Human Rights Under State-Enforced Religious Family Laws in Israel, Egypt and India. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierra, María Teresa. 2013. Indigenous Women Fight for Justice: Gender Rights and Legal Pluralism in Mexico. InGender Justice and Legal Pluralities: Latin American and African Perspectives, ed. Sieder, Rachel and John Andrew McNeish. New York: Routledge. 5681.Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard. 2001. Politics After Neoliberalism: Reregulation in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnleitner, Willibald, and Todd, A. Eisenstadt. 2013. Conclusion: Balancing Tensions Between Communitarian and Individual Rights and the Challenges They Present for Multicultural States. In Eisenstadt et al. 2013. 246–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speed, Shannon, and Jane, F. Collier. 2000. Limiting Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico: The State Government’s Use of Human Rights. Human Rights Quarterly 22: 877905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staton, Jeffrey K. 2010. Judicial Power and Strategic Communication in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tockman, Jason, and Cameron, John. 2014. Indigenous Autonomy and the Contradictions of Plurinationalism in Bolivia. Latin American Politics and Society 56, 3: 4669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tribunal Electoral del Estado de Oaxaca. 2016. Expediente JDCI/42/2016. http://www. teoax.org/files/Resoluciones/2016/JDCI-42-2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (TEPJF). 2007. Moisés Ramírez Santiago y otros vs. Instituto Estatal Electoral de Oaxaca y otra. Expediente SUP-JDC-2542/ 2007. December 28.Google Scholar
Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (TEPJF). 2009. Gaceta Jurisprudencia y Tesis en Material Electoral. Año 2, número 3. Mexico City: TEPJF.Google Scholar
Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (TEPJF). 2014. Guía de actuación para juzgadores en materia de derecho electoral indígena. Mexico City: TEPJF.Google Scholar
Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (TEPJF). 2015. Gaceta Jurisprudencia y Tesis en Material Electoral. Año 8, número 16. Mexico City: TEPJF.Google Scholar
Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (TEPJF). 2016. Gaceta Jurisprudencia y Tesis en Material Electoral. Año 9, número 18. Mexico City: TEPJF.Google Scholar
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2000. A Political Analysis of Legal Pluralism in Bolivia and Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies 32: 207–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2006. Multiculturalism Against Neoliberalism in Latin America. In Multiculturalism and the Welfare State, ed. Banting, Keith and Kymlicka, Will. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 27296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García, Vázquez, Verónica, and Carolina Muñoz Rodríguez. 2013. Género, etnia y participación política en San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla, Oaxaca. Una primera aproximación. Región y Sociedad 57: 137–63.Google Scholar
Velásquez, Luis Ignacio. 2016. En 59 municipios, mujeres votaron por la primera vez en Oaxaca. Noticias: voz y imagen de Oaxaca. October 4. https://www.nvinoticias.com/ nota/34036/cada-vez-mas-pueblos-eligen-mujeresGoogle Scholar
World Bank. n.d. Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments (%)— Mexico. Dataset. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.GEN.PARL.ZS?locations=MX. Accessed April 13, 2020.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar