Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:51:20.731Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Caciquismo and Coronelismo: Contextual Dimensions of Patron Brokerage in Mexico and Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2022

Luis Roniger
Luis Roniger*
Affiliation:
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The Latin American middlemen known as caciques in Mexico and coronéis in Brazil are one of the most widespread sociopolitical features of Mexico and Brazil in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The pervasive institutional arrangements established by such political entrepreneurs at local and regional levels, within the framework of the most “center-dominant” polities of Latin America, are well documented in the literature. In this case, pervasiveness does not imply mere continuity. As changes in structure, meanings, and significance have occurred with the passing of time, the phenomena termed caciquismo and coronelismo have undergone social and semantic transformation. It would therefore be useful to begin by reviewing these historical metamorphoses.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , 1987 , pp. 71 - 99
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

*

Preliminary presentations of this material have been made at the Center for Latin American Studies of the University of California, Berkeley, and in my recent courses on modern Latin American societies at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Thanks are due to colleagues who have commented on earlier versions, especially Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, Beatriz Siebzhener, Erik Cohen, Larissa Lomnitz, Stanley Brandes, the late Dov Weintraub, Curt Arnson, Fred Bronner, Iván Jaksić, Edson de Oliveira Nunes, and Linda Lewin. The Rothschild Foundation's generous postdoctoral fellowship allowed me to complete the manuscript. I am also grateful to the Harry Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, whose Director of Publications, Norma Schneider, edited an earlier version of the manuscript.

References

Aguiar, N., ED. 1979 The Structure of Brazilian Development. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Alegria, R. E. 1952 “Origin and Diffusion of the Term ‘Cacique’.” In Selected Papers of the XXIX International Congress of Americanists, edited by Tax, S., 313–16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Allum, P. A. 1973 Politics and Society in Postwar Naples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bailon Corres, M. J. 1982 “Tehuantepec: monografía de un municipio del Istmo Oaxaqueño.” Oaxaca, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociológicas.Google Scholar
Barbosa De Souza, A. F. 1972 “O Coronelismo no Médio São Francisco.” In machado neto 1972, 60–91.Google Scholar
Barroso Pontes, A. 1970 Mundo dos Coronéis. Rio de Janeiro: n.p.Google Scholar
Bartra, R., Boege, E., Calvo, P., Gutierrez, J., Martinez Vazquez, V. R., and Pare, L. 1976 Caciquismo y poder político en el México rural. Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno.Google Scholar
Boege, E., ED. 1979 Desarrollo del capitalismo y transformación de la estructura de poder en la región de Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública e Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (SEP-INAH).Google Scholar
Boege, E., and Calvo, P. 1976 “Estructura política y clases sociales en una comunidad del Valle del Mezquital.” In BARTRA ET AL. 1976, 131–47.Google Scholar
Brown, R., and Gilman, A. 1972 “The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity.” In Language and Social Context, edited by Giglioli, P. P., 252–82. Harmondsworth, Engl.: Penguin.Google Scholar
Burns, E. Bradford 1979 “Culture in Conflict: The Implication of Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Latin America.” In Elites, Masses, and Modernization in Latin America, 1850–1930, by Burns, E. Bradford and Skidmore, T. E., 11–77. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Calvo, P., and Bartra, R. 1976 “Estructura de poder, clases dominantes y lucha ideológica en el México rural.” In Bartra, ET AL. 1976, 88–130.Google Scholar
Camargo, A. Alcantara De 1979 “Authoritarianism and Populism: Bipolarity in the Brazilian Political System.” In Aguiar 1979, 99–125.Google Scholar
Cammack, P. 1979 “O ‘Coronelismo’ e o ‘Compromiso Coronelista’: Uma Crítica.” Cadernos do Departamento de Ciência Política (Belo Horizonte) 5: 1–20.Google Scholar
Campello De Souza, M. Do C. 1976 Estado e Partidos Políticos no Brasil (1930–1964). São Paulo: Alfa-Omega.Google Scholar
Carone, E. 1971 “Coronelismo: Definição Histórica e Bibliografia.” Revista de Administração de Empresas (Rio de Janeiro) 3: 85–92.Google Scholar
Carone, E. 1978 A República Velha, Vol. 1, Instituções e Classes Sociais. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: DIFEL.Google Scholar
Carrasco, P., Broda Et Al., J. 1976 Estratificación social en la Mesoamérica prehispánica. Mexico City: SEP-INAH.Google Scholar
Cartaxo Rolim, F. S. 1979 Política nos Currais. Pessoa: Acauá.Google Scholar
Carvalho, J. Murilo De 1966 “Barbacena: A Família, a Política e uma Hipótese.” Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos 20: 125–93.Google Scholar
Castello Branco Ferreira Costa, L. 1979 Arraial e Coronel: Dois Estudos de Historia Social. São Paulo: Cultrix.Google Scholar
Cintra, A. C. 1979 “Traditional Brazilian Politics: An Interpretation of Relations between Center and Periphery.” In aguiar 1979, 127–66. Originally published in Portuguese in Cadernos do Departamento de Ciência Política (Belo Horizonte) 1 (1974):59–112.Google Scholar
Conniff, M. L. 1982 Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Diaz Diaz, F. 1972 Caudillos y caciques. Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Históricos, Colegio de México.Google Scholar
Diaz Montes, F. 1982 Institución municipal y quehacer político: el caso de Unión Hidalgo, Oaxaca. Oaxaca, Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L. 1980 “Patron-Client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22, no. 1: 42–77.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L. 1981 “The Study of Patron-Client Relations and Recent Developments in Sociological Theory.” In eisenstadt and lemarchand 1981, 271–95.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L. 1984 Patrons, Clients, and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. eisenstadt, s. n., and r. lemarchand, eds.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L. 1981 Political Clientelism, Patronage, and Development. London: Sage Publications. enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana 1958 S.v. “caciques.” Madrid: Espasa Calpe.Google Scholar
Faco, R. 1965 Cangaçeiros e Fanáticos. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.Google Scholar
Ferraz De Sa, M. A. 1974 Dos Velhos aos Novos Coronéis: Um Estudo das Redefinições do Coronelismo. Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.Google Scholar
Fitzgibbon, R. H., and Fernandez, J. A. 1981 Latin America: Political Culture and Development. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Forman, S., and Riegelpunt, J. F. 1979 “The Political Economy of Patron-Clientship: Brazil and Portugal Compared.” In Margolis, and Carter, 1979, 379–400.Google Scholar
FRIEDRICH, P. 1968 “The Legitimacy of a Cacique.” In Local-Level Politics, edited by Swartz, M., 243–71. Chicago: Aldine Press.Google Scholar
Friedrich, P. 1977 Agrarian Revolt in a Mexican Village. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedrich, P. 1981 Agrarian Leadership and Violence in Mexico. Occasional Publications, no. 2. Chicago: Center for Latin American Studies, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Gamer, R E. 1976 The Developing Nations: A Comparative Perspective. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Gandara Mendoza, L., and Martinez Saldaña, T. 1976 Política y sociedad en México: el caso de los Altos de Jalisco. Mexico City: SEP-INAH.Google Scholar
Gibson, C. 1960 “The Aztec Aristocracy.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 2: 169–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, S. 1972 “Charwomen, Cesspools, and Road Building: An Examination of Patronage, Clientage, and Political Power in Southwestern Minas Gerais.” In strickon andGoogle Scholar
, GREENFIELD 1972, 71–100. 1977 “Patronage, Politics, and the Articulation of Local Community and National Society in Pre-1968 Brazil.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 19, no. 2: 139–72.Google Scholar
, GREENFIELD 1972, 71–100. 1979 “Patron-Client Exchanges in Southeastern Minas Gerais.” In margolis and carter 1979, 362–78Google Scholar
Halperin Donghi, T. 1965 “El surgimiento de los caudillos en el marco de la sociedad rioplatense postre-volucionaria.” Estudios de Historia Social 1, no. 1: 121–49.Google Scholar
Hurzeler, R. P. 1975 Unto Those That Have: Debt in a Northeast Brazilian Peasant Community. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms.Google Scholar
Jaguaribe, H. 1950 “Política de clientela e política ideológica.” Digesto Económico 68: 41–62.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. J. 1958 Political Change in Latin America. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Joseph, G. M. 1980 “The Fragile Revolution: Cacique Politics and Revolutionary Process in Yucatán.” LARR 15, no. 1: 39–64.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, R. 1977 “Mexico and Latin American Authoritarianism.” In reyna and weinert 1977, 193–232.Google Scholar
Kelley, J. C. 1974 “Political Structure and Conflict in a Mexican Ejido.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.Google Scholar
Kern, R. 1973 The Caciques, Oligarchical Politics, and the System of Caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic World. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Lafontaine, J. S. 1975 “Unstructured Social Relations.” West African Journal of Sociology and Political Science 1, no. 1: 51–81.Google Scholar
Lambert, J. 1967 Latin America: Social Structures and Political Institutions. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laviada, I. 1978 Los caciques de la Sierra. Mexico City: Jus.Google Scholar
Leal, V. N. 1978 Coronelismo, Enxada e Voto. São Paulo: Alfa Omega (first published 1949).Google Scholar
Leal Rosa, D. 1972 “Coronelismo na Chapada Diamantina: Um Estudo do Poder Local.” In machado neto 1972, 21–59.Google Scholar
Leal Rosa, D. 1973 “O Mandonismo Local na Chapada Diamantina.” M.A. thesis, Universidade Federal da Bahia.Google Scholar
Lerner, V. 1980 “Los fundamentos socioeconómicos del cacicazgo en el México postrevolucionario: el caso de Saturnino Cedillo.” Historia Mexicana 29, no. 3: 375–446.Google Scholar
Levin, L. 1979 “The Oligarchical Limitations of Social Banditry in Brazil: The Case of the ‘Good’ Thief Antônio Silvino.” Past and Present 82: 116–46.Google Scholar
Lins, W. 1960 O Médio São Francisco. Salvador, Bahia: Progreso.Google Scholar
Lins De Albuquerque, U. 1976 Um Sertanejo e o Sertão: Memórias. Second edition. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio.Google Scholar
Lomnitz, L. 1982 “Horizontal and Vertical Relations and the Social Structure of Urban Mexico.” LARR 17, no. 2: 51–74.Google Scholar
Lopes Rodrigues, I. C. 1978 A Revolta de Princesa: Uma Contribução ao Estudo do Mandonismo Local, Paraíba, 1930. Paraíba: Secretaria de Educação e Cultura de Estado e a União Editora.Google Scholar
Loret De Mola, C. 1979 Los caciques. Mexico City: Grijalbo.Google Scholar
Love, J. L. 1980 São Paulo in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mcdonough, P. 1981 Power and Ideology in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Machado Neto, Z., ED. 1972 O Coronelismo na Bahia. Cadernos de Pesquisa, no. 3. Salvador: Universidade Federal da Bahia.Google Scholar
Margolis, M. L., and Carter, W. E., EDS. 1979 Brazil: Anthropological Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Martinez Vazquez, V. R. 1976 “Despojo y manipulación campesina: historia y estructura de dos cacicazgos del Valle del Mezquital.” In bartra et al. 1976, 148–93.Google Scholar
Meyer, L. 1977 “Historical Roots of the Authoritarian State in Mexico.” In reyna and weinert 1977, 3–22.Google Scholar
Moore, C. H. 1977 “Clientelist Ideology and Political Change: Fictitious Networks in Egypt and Tunisia.” In Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies, edited by Gellner, E. and Waterbury, J., 255–74. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Nason, M. R. 1973 “The Literary Evidence.” In kern 1973, 27–41, 56–64, and 99–118.Google Scholar
Nery, E. L. V. 1972 “Coronelismo no São Francisco durante a Primeira República: Barra, Um Caso Exemplar.” In machado neto 1972, 92–96.Google Scholar
Oliveira Nunes, E. De 1984 “Clientelism and Bureaucratic Insulation: Uneven State Building and the Taming of Modernity in Contemporary Brazil.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Pang, E.-S. 1973 “Coronelismo in Northeast Brazil.” In kern 1973, 65–88 and 171–78.Google Scholar
Pang, E.-S. 1979 Coronelismo e Oligarquias, 1889–1934. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.Google Scholar
Pare, L. 1976 “Caciquismo y estructura de poder en la Sierra Norte de Puebla.” In bartra et al. 1976, 31–61.Google Scholar
Pereira De Queiroz, M. I. 1969 O Mandonismo Local na Vida Política do Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Pereira De Queiroz, M. I. 1977 Os Cangaceiros. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. n.d. “O Coronelismo numa Interpretação Sociológica.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Purcell, S. K. 1981 “Mexico: Clientelism, Corporation, and Political Stability.” In Eisenstadt, and Lemarchand, 1981, 191–216.Google Scholar
REYES HEROLES, J. 1975 Discursos políticos. Mexico City: Comisión Nacional Editorial.Google Scholar
Reyna, J. L., and Weinert, R. S. 1977 Authoritarianism in Mexico. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.Google Scholar
Romanucci-Ross, L. 1973 Conflict, Violence, and Morality in a Mexican Village. Palo Alto: National Press Books.Google Scholar
Roniger, L. 1981 “Clientelism and Patron-Client Relations: A Bibliography.” In Eisenstadt, and Lemarchand, 1981, 295–330.Google Scholar
RONIGER, L. 1985 “Institutionalized Inequalities, Clientelism, and the Structure of Trust in Latin America.” In Comparative Social Dynamics: Essays in Honor of S. N. Eisenstadt, edited by Cohen, E., Lissak, M., and Almagor, U., 148–63. Boulder, Colo., and London: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Roniger, L. 1986 The Study of Caciquismo: Patterns of Patron-Brokerage in Oaxaca. Occasional Papers in Latin American Studies, no. 13. Berkeley: Berkeley-Stanford Joint Center for Latin American Studies.Google Scholar
Rothstein, F. 1979 “The Class Basis of Patron-Client Relations.” Latin American Perspectives 6, no. 2: 25–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royales Gonzales, M. 1979 Los intermediarios agrícolas y la economía campesina. Mexico City: SEP-INAH.Google Scholar
Sabini, J., and Silver, M. 1982 Moralities of Everyday Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartzman, S. 1976 “Da Responsabilidade Pública dos Governantes: Paradoxos e Perspectivas.” Dados 12: 5–21.Google Scholar
Scott, R. E. 1959 Mexican Government in Transition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Shaker Fauzieid, A. 1975 “Pelo Espaço do Cangaceiro Jurubeba.” M.A. thesis. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Shefter, S. 1977 Patronage and Its Opponents. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Center for International Studies.Google Scholar
Shirley, R. W. 1972 “Patronage and Cooperation: São Paulo State.” In strickon and Greenfield 1972, 139–57.Google Scholar
Silva, C. J. De 1975 Marchas e Contramarchas do Mandonismo Local: Caeté, Um Estudo de Caso. Belo Horizonte: Edições da Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos.Google Scholar
Silva Alves, I. M. Da n.d. “Aviamento: Uma Análise da Patronagem e Formas de Sustentação numa Area Amazônica.” Boletim do Museu de Pará Emilio Goldem, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Silverman, S. 1981 “Rituals of Inequality: Stratification and Symbol in Central Italy.” In Social Inequality, edited by Berreman, G. D., 163–81. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Singlemann, P. 1981 Structures of Domination and Peasant Movements in Latin America. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Siverts, H. 1965 “The ‘Cacique’ of K'ankujk: A Study of Leadership and Social Change in Highland Chiapas, Mexico.” Estudios de Cultura Maya 5: 339–60.Google Scholar
Skidmore, T. 1967 Politics in Brazil (1930–1964). London, Oxford, and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Soiffer, S. M., and Howe, G. N. 1982 “Patrons, Clients, and the Articulation of Modes of Production: An Examination of the Penetration of Capitalism into Peripheral Agriculture in Northeast Brazil.” Journal of Peasant Studies 9, no. 2: 177–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickon, A., and Greenfield, S., EDS. 1975 Structure and Process in Latin America: Patronage and Power Systems. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Suarez, L. 1969 México antiguo en el siglo XX. Mexico City: Grijalbo.Google Scholar
Tannenbaum, F. 1933 Peace by Revolution: Mexico after 1910. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ugalde, A. 1973 “Contemporary Mexico from Hacienda to PRI: Political Leadership in a Zapotec Village.” In kern 1973, 119–34.Google Scholar
Uricoechea, F. 1978 O Minotauro Imperial: A Burocratização do Estado Patrimonial Brasileiro no Século XIX. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: DIFEL.Google Scholar
Vilaça, M. V., and Cavalcanti De Albuquerque, R. 1978 Coronel, Coronéis. Brasília: Editora da Universidade de Brasília.Google Scholar
Von Lazar, A. 1971 Latin American Politics: A Primer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Wirth, J. D. 1977 Minas Gerais and the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. wolf, E., and e. Hansen 1967 “Caudillo Politics: A Structural Analysis.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 9, no. 2: 168–79.Google Scholar
Wlodarski, R. J. 1979 Caciquismo and Peasant Patronage Networks. Katunob Occasional Publications in Mesoamerican Anthropology.Google Scholar