Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T06:43:35.936Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Differential Migration of Cuban Social Races: A Review and Interpretation of the Problem

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

Benigno E. Aguirre
Benigno E. Aguirre*
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In the aftermath of the 1959 revolutionary triumph there began a massive impelled migration to the United States, paralleled in Cuban history only by the great exodus during the nineteenth-century wars of independence. Close to 500,000 Cubans had migrated to the United States by 1972.

The migration has shifted in size and has occurred intermittently since 1959, a consequence of the turbulent relations between the United States and Cuban governments. From January 1959 to October 1962, regular commercial flights existed between the United States and Cuba. During much of this period, American visas could be obtained in the United States embassy in Havana and in the Santiago de Cuba consulate. However, after diplomatic relations were severed (3 January 1961), the United States government generally waived the visa requirements for Cubans desiring to migrate. During this period, 153,534 Cubans registered with the Miami Cuban Refugee Center arld close to 200,000 had arrived in the United States by the time of the 1962 October missile crisis.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , 1976 , pp. 103 - 124
Copyright
Copyright © 1976 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

*

The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful suggestions and assistance of Professor William Petersen of The Ohio State University. Sole responsibility for the contents of this paper rests with the author.

References

Alienes Y Urosa, JuliÁN. Características fundamentales de la economía Cubana. La Habana: Banco Nacional de Cuba, 1950.Google Scholar
Arrendondo, Alberto. El negro en Cuba. La Habana: Editorial Alta, 1939.Google Scholar
Barkin, David. The Redistribution of Consumption in Cuba. Warner Modular Reprint 263,1973.Google Scholar
Bernel, Emilia. La raza negra en Cuba. Santiago: Prensas de la Universidad de Chile, 1937.Google Scholar
Betancourt, Juan Rene. El negro, ciudadano del futuro. La Habana: Cárdenas y Cia., circa 1955-60.Google Scholar
Betancourt, Juan Rene Doctrina negra: La única teoría certera contra la discriminación racial en Cuba. La Habana: P. Fernández y Cia., 1955.Google Scholar
Blustein, Howard I. Anderson, L. C.; Betters, E. C.; Lane, Deborah Leonard, J. A.; and Townsend, C. Area Handbook for Cuba. Washington, D.C.: The American University, 1971.Google Scholar
Bonachea, R. E., and Valdes, N. P., eds. Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Caraballo, Manuel. “A Socio-Psychological Study of Acculturation/Assimilation: Cubans in New Orleans.” Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, 1970.Google Scholar
Carneado, JosÉ Felipe. “La discriminación racial en Cuba no volverá jamás.” Cuba Socialista (January 1962), pp. 54–67.Google Scholar
CLARK JUAN M. “Selected Types of Cuban Exiles Used as a Sample of the Cuban Population.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society in Washington, D.C., August 1970.Google Scholar
CLARK JUAN M. “The Cuban Escapees,” Latin Americanist 6, no. 1 (1 November 1970).Google Scholar
Cohn, Michael, ed. The Cuban Community of Washington Heights in New York City. New York: The Brooklyn Children's Museum and the National Science Foundation, Occasional Papers in Cultural History, Summer 1967, no. 12.Google Scholar
CUBA, DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE ESTADÍSTICAS. Censo de población, viviendas y electoral. Enero 28 de 1953: Informe general. La Habana: P. Fernández y Cia., 1955.Google Scholar
CUBA, DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DEL CENSO. Census of the Republic of Cuba, 1919. La Habana: Maza, Arroyo y Caso, 1920.Google Scholar
CUBA, DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DEL CENSO. Censo de 1931. La Habana: Carasa y Cia., 1932.Google Scholar
CUBA, DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DEL CENSO. Censo de 1943. La Habana: P. Fernández y Cia., 1945.Google Scholar
Cuba, Ministerio De Relaciones Exteriores. Cuba: Country Free of Segregation. La Habana: Dirección de Información, circa 1965-66.Google Scholar
CUBAN ECONOMIC RESEARCH PROJECT. A Study on Cuba. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Desnoes, Edmundo, ed. El movimiento negro en Estados Unidos. La Habana: Instituto del Libro, 1967.Google Scholar
Egerton, John. Cubans in Miami: A Third Dimension in Racial and Cultural Relations. Nashville: Race Relations Information Center, November 1969.Google Scholar
Facen, R. R., and Brody, R. A. “Cubans in Exile: A Demographic Analysis,” Social Problems, Spring 1964.Google Scholar
Fagen, R. R. Brody, R. A.; and O'LEARY, T. J. Cubans in Exile: Disaffection and the Revolution. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Fernandes, F. The Negro in Brazilian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Free, Lloyd A. Attitudes of the Cuban People towards the Castro Regime in the Late Spring of 1960. Princeton: The Institute for International Social Research, 1960.Google Scholar
Fox, Geoffrey E. “Cuban Workers in Exile,” Society 8, no. 11 (September 1971).Google Scholar
Gibboney, J. D. “Stability and Change in Components of Parental Role among Cuban Refugees.” Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of America, 1961.Google Scholar
Godoy, Gustavo J. “Fernando Ortiz, Las Razas y Los Negros,” Journal of Inter-American Affairs 8, no. 2, pp. 236–44.Google Scholar
Guerra Y SÁNchez, Ramiro. Filosofía de la producción cubana. La Habana: Cultural S.A. 1944.Google Scholar
Guevara, Ernesto. El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba. La Habana: Ediciones R., 1965.Google Scholar
Hansen, Joseph. Che Guevara Speaks. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967.Google Scholar
Horowitz, I. L. Cuban Communism. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1970.Google Scholar
Howard, Charles. “The Afro-Cubans,” Freedomways, no. 3 (1964): 375–82.Google Scholar
Huberman, Leo, and Sweezy, Paul M. Socialismo in Cuba. New York: Modern Readers Paperback, 1969.Google Scholar
Litwak, Eugene. “The Use of Extended Family Groups in the Achievement of Social Goals: Some Policy Implications,” Social Problems 7: 177–86.Google Scholar
Litwak, Eugene. “Occupational Mobility and Extended Family Cohesion,” American Sociological Review 25 (February 1960): 9–21.Google Scholar
Litwak, Eugene. “Geographical Mobility and Extended Family Cohesion,” American Sociological Review 25 (June 1960): 385–94.Google Scholar
Lockwood, Lee. Castro's Cuba, Cuba's Fidel. New York: Random House, 1969.Google Scholar
Macgaffey, W., and Barnett, C. R. Cuba: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture. New Haven: HARF Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Marcos Vegueri, Pascual B. El negro en Cuba. La Habana, 7 December 1955.Google Scholar
MartÍNez Alier, Juan Y Verena. Cuba: Economía y sociedad. Paris: Biblioteca de Cultura Socialista, 1972.Google Scholar
Masferrer, Marianne, and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. “The Gradual Integration of the Black in Cuba: Under the Colony, the Republic, and the Revolution.” In Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America, edited by Toplin, Robert B. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. The Labor Force, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment in Cuba, 1899-1970. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication, 1972.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. “Availability and Reliability of Statistics in Socialist Cuba.” LARR 4, no. 1 (Spring 1969): 53–91.Google Scholar
Mustelier, G. E. La extinción del negro. La Habana: Rambla, Bonza y Cia., 1912.Google Scholar
Nelson, Lowry. Rural Cuba. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1951.Google Scholar
Nicholas, J. D., and Prohias, R. Rent Differentials among Racial and Ethnic Groups in Miami: A Report to the Florida Atlantic University. Boca Raton: Florida International University Joint Center for Environmental and Urban Problems, College of Social Sciences, July 1973.Google Scholar
North, Joseph. “Negro and White in Cuba,” Political Affairs, July 1963, pp. 34–45.Google Scholar
Pitt-Rivers, Julian. “Race in Latin America: The Concept of Raza,” European Journal of Sociology 14 (1973): 3–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prohias, R. J., and Casal, Lourdes. The Cuban Minority in the United States: Preliminary Report on Need Identification and Program Evaluation. Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University, 1973.Google Scholar
Roca, Blas. Los fundamentos del socialismo en Cuba. La Habana: Ediciones Populares, 1960.Google Scholar
Rogg, Eleanor. “The Influence of a Strong Refugee Community on the Economic Adjustment of Its Members,” International Migration Review 4, no. 4 (Winter 1971): 474–81.Google Scholar
Rogg, Eleanor. “The Occupational Adjustment of Cuban Refugees in the West New York, New Jersey Area.” Ph.D. dissertation, Fordham University, 1970.Google Scholar
Rogg, Eleanor. The Assimilation of Cuban Exiles: The Role of Community and Class. New York: Aberdeen Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Seers, Dudley, ed. Cuba: The Economic and Social Revolution. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Stevenson, James M. “Cuban Americans: New Urban Class.” Ph.D. dissertation, Wayne State University, 1973.Google Scholar
Thomas, Hugh. Cuba, or the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.Google Scholar
Thomas, John F., and Huyck, Earl E. “Resettlement of Cuban Refugees in the United States.” A paper prepared for presentation at the Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, Session 71, 31 August 1967.Google Scholar
U.S. BUREAU OF FOREIGN COMMERCE. Investment in Cuba. Washington, D.C., 1946.Google Scholar
Wagley, Charles. The Latin American Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Williamson, David. “Cognitive Complexity and Adaption to Sociocultural Change: The Case of the Cuban Refugees in New Orleans.” Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, 1973.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, Maurice. Revolutionary Politics and the Cuban Working Class. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967.Google Scholar