Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T07:21:56.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Environmental Protection Issue Networks in Amazonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

Maria Guadalupe Rodrigues*
Affiliation:
College of the Holy Cross
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This article focuses on environmental protection issue networks (EPINs), defined here as networks among domestic and international environmentally concerned actors that seek to protect local environments. EPINs may be important agents in efforts to promote environmentally sustainable development in Latin America, but their effectiveness has varied considerably. The article presents a model for assessing the effectiveness of EPINs based on their strategic capacity, the environmental visibility of the issues with which they deal, and the nature of their opposition targets. The model was inspired by hypotheses generated in comparing three EPINs established to address environmental and social problems created by development projects financed by the World Bank in Brazilian Amazonia between 1981 and 2000.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2000 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

I am grateful to Betty Zisk, Jonathan Fox, David Mayers, David Brown, and D. Scott Palmer for their comments and encouragement. Any errors or omissions are my responsibility.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANDERSON, ANTHONY 1990Smokestacks in the Rain Forest: Industrial Development and Deforestation in the Amazon Basin.” World Development 18, no. 9 (Sept.):11911205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BINSWANGER, HANS 1989 Brazilian Policies That Encourage Deforestation in the Amazon. Environmental Department Working Paper no. 16. Washington, D.C: World Bank.Google Scholar
BOISSEVAIN, JEREMY 1974 Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators, and Coalitions. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
BUNKER, STEPHEN G. 1985 Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
CARNEIRO, MARCELO 1995Relações de trabalho, propriedade da terra e poluição urbana nas atividades de carvoejamento para a produção de ferro gusa em Açailândia.” In Carajás: Desenvolvimento ou destruição? Edited by F. Conceição. Belém, Pará: CPT Seminário Consulta.Google Scholar
FEARNSIDE, PHILIP 1989 “Como frear o desmatamento.” Tempo e Presença, nos. 244–45 (Aug.–Sept.):711.Google Scholar
FERRAZ, IARA, and LADEIRA, MARIA E. 1991Os povos indígenas da Amazônia oriental e o Programa Grande Carajás.” In O cerco está se fechando, edited by Hebette, J., 130–41. Petrópolis, R.J.: Vozes.Google Scholar
FONSECA, FRANCISCO 1981 “Projeto Carajás.” Ciencias da Terra, no. 1 (Nov.):2531.Google Scholar
FORUM DAS ONGS E MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS QUE ATUAM EM RONDONIA, FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, AND AMIGOS DE TERRA PROGRAMA AMAZONIA 1995 Request for Inspection Submitted to the World Bank Inspection Panel on the Planafloro-Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project. Porto Velho, Rondônia: Forum das ONGs e Movimentos Sociais que Atuam em Rondônia, Friends of the Earth, and Amigos de Terra Programa Amazônia.Google Scholar
FOX, JONATHAN 1992 The Politics of Food in Mexico: State Power and Social Mobilization. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
FREY, FREDERICK 1985The Problem of Actor Designation in Political Analysis.” Comparative Politics 17, no. 2 (Jan.):127–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GOODLAND, ROBERT 1989The Environmental Implications of Major Projects in Third World Development.” In Major Projects and the Environment, edited by Chester, P., 934. Oxford: Major Projects Association.Google Scholar
HALL, ANTHONY 1989 Developing Amazonia: Development and Social Conflict in Brazil's Carajás Programme. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
HAAS, PETER 1989Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control.” International Organization 43, no. 3 (Summer):377403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HECHT, SUSANNA 1983Cattle Ranching in the Eastern Amazon: Environmental and Social Implications.” In The Dilemma of Amazonian Development, edited by Moran, E., 155–88. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
HECHT, SUSANNA, and COCKBURN, ALEXANDER 1989 The Fate of the Forest. London: Verso.Google Scholar
HECLO, HUGH 1978Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment.” In The American Political System, edited by King, A., 99124. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.Google Scholar
IAJP (INSTITUTO DE APOIO JURIDICO POPULAR) 1989Inquérito civil Programa Grande Carajás.” Rio de Janeiro: IAJP.Google Scholar
IBGE (INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATISTICA) 1993 Anuário Estatístico do Brasil, 1993. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.Google Scholar
IDESP (INSTITUTO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONOMICO-SOCIAL DO PARA) 1988 Impacto de implantação do polo siderúrgico na estrutura produtiva e no movimento migratório em Marabá. Relatório de Pesquisa no. 12. Belém: IDESP.Google Scholar
INPE (INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS) 1992 Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia. 2d ed. São José dos Campos: INPE.Google Scholar
KECK, MARGARET 1995 “Social Equity and Environmental Politics in Brazil: Lessons from the Rubber Tappers of Acre.” Comparative Politics 27, no. 4 (July):410–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KECK, MARGARET, and SIKKINK, KATHRYN 1992 “International Issue Networks in the Environment and Human Rights.” Paper presented to the Latin American Studies Association, 24–27 Sept., Los Angeles. 1998 Activists beyond Borders. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. n.d. “Transnational Issue Networks in International Politics.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
LAWSON, RONALD 1983A Decentralized but Moving Pyramid: The Evolution of the Tenant Movement.” In Social Movements in the Sixties and Seventies, edited by Freeman, J., 119–32. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
MAGALHÃES, ANTONIO, ET AL. 1985 “Documento de Avaliação do Convenio FUNAI-CVRD.” No. 059/82, mimeo, São Paulo.Google Scholar
MAHAR, DENNIS 1989 Governmental Policies and Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon Region. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar
MILLIKAN, BRENT 1998Planafloro, modelo de projeto participativo.” In Bancos multilaterais e desenvolvimento participativo no Brasil, edited by Jean Pierre Leroy and Soares, Maria C., 79122. Rio de Janeiro: Federação de Orgãos para Assistência Social e Educacional and Instituto Brasileiro de Análises Sociais e Econômicas: Federação de Orgãos para Assistência Social e Educacional and Instituto Brasileiro de Análises Sociais e Econômicas.Google Scholar
MORAN, EMILIO 1981 Developing the Amazon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
NETO, FRED 1990Development Planning and Mineral Mega-Projects: Some Global Considerations.” In The Future of Amazonia: Destruction or Sustainable Development?, edited by Goodman, D. and Hall, A., 130–54. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
PRICE, DAVID 1989 Before the Bulldozer: The Nambikzvara Indians and the World Bank. Cabin John, Md.: Seven Lock.Google Scholar
RIPPER, JOÃO 1989 “Carajás: A floresta em perigo.” Tempo e Presença, no. 239 (Mar.):2225.Google Scholar
RISSE-KAPPEN, THOMAS 1994Ideas Do Not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures, and the End of the Cold War.” International Organization 48, no. 2: 185214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROSS, ROBERT J. 1983Generation Change and Primary Groups in a Social Movement.” In Social Movements in the Sixties and Seventies, edited by Freeman, J., 117–89. New York and London: Longman.Google Scholar
SIKKINK, KATHRYN 1993Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America.” International Organization 47, no. 3 (Summer):411–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SUTTON, ALISON 1994 Slavery in Brazil, a Link in the Chain of Modernization: The Case of Amazonia. London: Anti-Slavery International.Google Scholar
TREECE, DAVE 1987 Bound in Misery and Iron: The Impact of the Grande Carajás Programme on the Indians in Brazil. London: Survival International.Google Scholar
WORLD BANK 1992 World Bank Approaches to the Environment in Brazil: A Review of Selected Projects; Volume V: The Carajás Iron Ore Program. Washington, D.C.: Operations Evaluations Department, World Bank.Google Scholar
WORLD BANK 1996Brazil: Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project (Planafloro Project) (Loan 3444–BR): Report on the Status of Implementation, December 2, 1996.” In-house document.Google Scholar
YOUNG, ORAN 1972The Actors in World Politics.” In The Analysis of International Politics, edited by Rosenau, James, Davis, Vincent, and East, Maurice A., 125–44. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
ZISK, BETTY H. 1992 The Politics of Transformation. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.Google Scholar